Impact Of Global Change Research Articles

Soil Health Under Global Change and Human Impact

ABSTRACTSoil health is pivotal to sustain biological productivity, maintain environmental quality, and ensure the health of plants, animals, and ultimately humans. Global changes—such as climate warming, elevated CO₂ atmospheric concentration, droughts, and floods—as well as human impacts like land‐use change, chemical contamination, and application of fertilizer and pesticides, threaten soil health. Protecting soil health and raising global awareness on this topic are now critical to ensure sustainable management of natural and agricultural ecosystems under global change. This Special Issue includes 19 studies in three thematic groups. The first group includes methodological advances in the assessment of soil health, exploring new tools, techniques, and approaches for accurate evaluation. The second group encompasses studies examining how soil health responds to land‐use change, agricultural and forestry practices. The third group addresses human‐induced pollution and its effects on soil health. Overall, these studies provide contemporary insight into soil health in managed and natural ecosystems and methods for soil health evaluation. These contributions will shape strategies to sustain soil functions and preserve healthy soils for future generations, including efforts to meet Sustainable Development Goals for the 21st century.

A Machine Learning Approach for Filling Long Gaps in Eddy Covariance Time Series Data in a Tropical Dry Forest

AbstractLong‐term eddy covariance (EC) data are crucial for understanding the impact of global change on ecosystem functions. However, EC data often contain long gaps, particularly in tropical dry forests (TDF) due to seasonality and El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phases. These factors create high variability, complex dependencies, and dynamic flux footprints. No current gap‐filling method adequately addresses long gaps in TDFs. This study introduces a novel framework for addressing this issue by (a) defining gap sizes by their relative percentages, (b) training, tuning, and evaluating two machine learning (ML) models: MissForest for short gaps and Prophet for intermediate and long gaps, and (c) predicting half‐hourly EC data from 2013 to 2022 for six EC variables, where actual gap data sets ranged from 26.6% to 28.4%, at TDF in Costa Rica. Results indicate that MissForest excelled at filling short gaps (≤5%, R2 = 0.76 and Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) = 0.71), while Prophet performed exceptionally well for gaps between 5% and 10% (R2 = 0.72 and NSE = 0.67). However, both models struggled with gaps between 10% and 13%. Validation showed R2 values of 0.79, 0.88, and 0.77 for CO₂ flux, sensible heat flux, and latent heat flux, respectively, with corresponding NSE values of 0.78, 0.86, and 0.72, and normalized root mean squared error (NRMSE) around 2E‐4. Additionally, to validate our results, we applied our approach at three EC sites with different ecological conditions, demonstrating robust performance. This study presents a reliable ML approach for imputing long gaps in EC data, which can be applied to sites with strong variability.

Seronegativity of Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica) against Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum is consistent with eco-epidemiological and environmental features in Mediterranean mountainous areas.

Knowledge of pathogen epidemiological dynamics and habitat ecological features is essential for wildlife population and health monitoring and management. Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum are two broadly distributed multi-host parasites that affect both wild and domestic animals and, in the case of T. gondii, cause zoonosis. This study reports the seroprevalence of both parasites in Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica), a mountain wild ruminant native to the Iberian Peninsula, from the Natural Space of Sierra Nevada (NSSN) in southeastern Spain. Serum from 146 Iberian ibexes were analysed using two in-house ELISA techniques. The positive and doubtful sera were further checked by Western Blot (WB). Seventeen ibexes (11.6%; 95% confidence interval 6.4-16.7) were positive for T. gondii and seven (4.8%; 95% confidence interval 1.3-8.2) for N. caninum. However, no sera were positive to T. gondii nor to N. caninum by WB. Using at least two different serological techniques is recommended when they are not validated for the target host species. The NSSN is a hypoendemic area for T. gondii and N. caninum, probably determined by the reduced abundance and restricted distribution of their definitive hosts. This would explain the hypoendemic situation in the NSSN and the lack of specific antibodies against these two parasites in the Iberian ibex population. This eco-epidemiological scenario can be challenged by climate and anthropogenic changes, recommending long-term monitoring Iberian ibex population and health, both as a conservation measure for the species and as an indicator of the potential impact of global change on high mountain ecosystems.

Deciphering the Patterns and Correlates of Zooplankton Functional Diversity in Mountain and Lowland Ponds

ABSTRACT Biodiversity studies have usually been conducted considering only the taxonomic dimension of ecological communities. However, diversity measurements taking into account the functional traits of species may be more sensitive in capturing aspects of community functioning that are not apparent with the more traditional taxonomic approach. Functional diversity (either based on alpha or beta diversity levels) is, therefore, a facet of diversity that provides a link between ecosystem functioning and community structure and may be an important metric for assessing the impact of global change in the context of applied conservation schemes. Zooplankton is a key element of lentic ecosystems due to its linkage between primary producers and secondary consumers. Here, we tried to disentangle the spatial patterns and correlates of zooplankton functional alpha and beta diversity along a relatively wide altitudinal gradient (700–2100 m a.s.l.) across central and northwestern Spain. We also identified key environmental controls of zooplankton functional alpha diversity across an extensive set of lowland (48) and mountain (28) ponds sampled in 2004–2005 and 2007–2008, respectively. We also assessed whether replacement or richness differences drove overall functional beta diversity patterns and evaluated the relative contributions of geographical and environmental distances to spatial variation in functional diversity. Our findings highlighted the importance of environmental filtering with increasing elevation, leading to a potentially concomitant decrease in functional alpha diversity values. However, altitudinal variation was not related to changes in functional beta diversity patterns, which were mostly the result of the pure loss or gain of species traits both in lowland and mountain ponds. We suggest that eutrophication associated with agricultural development was the main factor underlying the functional homogenisation of zooplankton communities in lowland ponds. Local environmental filtering was more strongly associated with functional beta diversity and its dominant trait richness difference component than with geographical distances. This study supports the prediction that elevation fosters changes in different aspects of the variation of zooplankton community functions. Our results highlighted the importance of local conditions determining the functional architecture of zooplankton communities, both in physiologically extreme environments (mountains) and in lowland areas suffering from agricultural pressures and associated eutrophication processes. However, the fraction characterising relationships between functional diversity and environmental correlates was generally low. This suggests the prevalence of idiosyncratic responses and random stochastic events in structuring variation of trait composition in freshwater zooplankton communities.

The Impact of Local and Global Changes on Some Economic Variables Related to Major Imports of Strategic Commodities in Egypt....

The Impact of Local and Global Changes on Some Economic Variables Related to Major Imports of Strategic Commodities in Egypt....

Impact des facteurs anthropiques et climatiques sur la structure de la forêt dans et autour du parc marin de la mangrove de Muanda en RD Congo

The study highlights the impact of global change on forest structure within and around the Muanda mangrove marine park in RD Congo, focusing on key forest struc-ture parameters such as species composition, basal area, tree height, and Leaf Area Index (LAI). This study assessed forest structure parameters in and around the park and linked between forest structure to global change. Forest structure parameters, namely species composition, basal area, tree height and Leaf Area Index (LAI), were measured at 5 sites. Analyses showed significant variation in mean height between the different sites, in the order of 22m, 25m and 30m for the marine sites, and 7m and 10m for the terrestial sites. The mean basal area of trees varied from 52 m2. ha-1 to 15 m2.ha-1. Two undisturbed mangrove sites have the highest basal area, the lesser disturbed sites have the average basal area and the degraded sites have the lowest ba-sal area. The carbon stock capacity shows the same trend. The highest average LAI is 3.79. The lowest is 1.08. Within the same site, there is a certain homogeneity of LAI values for undisturbed sites, whereas the variability of these values is high for de-graded sites. In other words, forest structure parameters vary from one area of the park to another for reasons related to human activities and climate change. The exist-ence of a link between forest structure and global change is evident.

Low pH Means More Female Offspring: A Multigenerational Plasticity in the Sex Ratio of Marine Bivalves.

Global changes can profoundly affect the sex determination and reproductive output of marine organisms, disrupting the population structure and ecosystems. High CO2driven low pH in the context of ocean acidification (OA) has been shown to severely affect various calcifiers, but less is known about the extent to which low pH influences sex determination and reproduction of marine organisms, particularly mollusks. This study is the first to report a biased sex ratio over multiple generations toward females, driven by exposure to high CO2-induced low pH environments, using the ecologically and economically important Portuguese oyster (Crassostrea angulata) as a model. This phenomenon, which we term pH-mediated sex determination (PSD), has no consequences for fecundity, gonadal development, or reproductive function in the offspring. Moreover, PSD persisted into a second year of reproduction and was inherited across multiple generations. Transcriptomic analysis indicates PSD is associated with the activation of the Wnt signaling pathway in females and inhibition of spermiogenesis-related functions in males. This work expands our understanding of environmental sex determination and highlights the possible impact of global changes on reproduction and population dynamics of mollusks and other marine organisms.

National innovation system for resilience, transformation and sustainable development in Uganda: contextual analysis of the factors, actors and associated linkages

Purpose While the role of the National Innovation System (NIS) in promoting economic growth is well recognized, there remains a significant knowledge gap concerning how interactions among actors and learning processes within these systems facilitate innovation commercialization in Uganda. This gap hinders the effective design and implementation of policies aimed at boosting innovation-driven development in emerging economies. This study aims to explore the linkages and interrelationships among NIS actors in Uganda. Design/methodology/approach This study used systematic document reviews and case-study techniques. A systematic review based on the SPAR-4-SLR protocol evaluated the literature on Uganda’s NIS, including policy and strategy documents, development frameworks, journal articles and working papers. This dual approach allowed for an in-depth analysis of policy documents and empirical examples, revealing complex mechanisms within Uganda’s NIS. A content analysis tool facilitated the reduction of qualitative data through codification, theme development and the reporting of results. Findings This study explored the relationships among NIS actors, offering insights into using Uganda’s unique institutional and economic landscape for sustainable growth. It identifies key drivers, such as improved collaboration between the government, industry and academia and strategic policy measures in technology transfer and innovation funding, which are essential for revitalizing Uganda’s innovation ecosystem. Research limitations/implications This study presents a preliminary analysis of Uganda’s NIS. Future studies should adopt a longitudinal approach to examine the evolution of NIS over time, including the impact of global technological advancements and policy changes on Uganda’s innovation ecosystem. To elucidate the complex interrelationships within an NIS, subsequent research could employ network analysis or systems thinking methodology. These approaches would facilitate a more nuanced understanding of the interconnections and reciprocal influences among various NIS stakeholders. Practical implications The inclusion of the innovation, technology development and transfer (ITDT) program in National Development Plan III demonstrates that National Innovation System (NIS) incorporation into the country’s development process is possible through a combination of policy/regulatory, market/economic and technical/technological factors. Originality/value This study significantly advances the understanding of innovation systems by detailing the intricate network of relationships within Uganda’s NIS. This highlights the unexplored dimensions of learning and cooperation and offers a thorough analysis of the factors that enable innovation, which are crucial for promoting innovation in a developing country.

The impact of global change factors on the functional genes of soil nitrogen and methane cycles in grassland ecosystems: a meta-analysis.

Soil functional genes in grasslands are crucial for processes like nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, methane production, and oxidation, integral to nitrogen and methane cycles. However, the impact of global changes on these genes is not well understood. We reviewed 84 studies to examine the effects of nitrogen addition (N), warming (W), increased precipitation (PPT +), decreased precipitation (PPT-), and elevated CO2 (eCO2) on these functional genes. For nitrogen cycling, global changes mainly boost genes involved in nitrification but reduce those in denitrification, with nirK being the most sensitive. Most nitrogen fixation-related genes did not show a significant response. Among single factors, N and PPT + have the most significant effects. The impact of global changes on nitrogen cycling genes is largely additive, and their interaction with N is particularly influential. For methane cycling, global changes notably affect mcrA, while only PPT + significantly reduces pmoA. The magnitude and duration of global change treatments are more critical than the treatment form for nitrogen cycling genes. For methane cycling, the form and intensity of nitrogen addition, along with treatment duration, affect pmoA abundance. We also identified a competitive relationship between methane oxidation and nitrification and a complex coupling with denitrification. This study provides new insights into microbial responses in nitrogen and methane cycling under global changes, with significant implications for experimental design and management strategies in grassland ecosystems.

The Impact of Global Economic Fluctuation on the Game Accessories Market

With the fluctuations and changes in the global economic environment, the game accessories market, as an independent and dynamic economic sector, faces multiple challenges and opportunities. The gaming industry has become an important support for the development of the national cultural market. Game accessories, including virtual weapons, skins, and decorations, are not only a part of video games but also an important component of players' personalized expression and gaming experience. This paper explores the impact of global economic changes on the game accessories market, focusing on three aspects. First, economic growth or recession directly affects players' disposable income and willingness to spend. Second, currency exchange rate fluctuations significantly impact the international market. Finally, the consumption habits and preferences of modern male consumers show distinct trends. In summary, the global economic situation has a broad and profound impact on the game accessories market, involving multiple aspects such as market demand, currency exchange rates, technological trends, socio-cultural factors, and market competition.

Excess mortality of infected ectotherms induced by warming depends on pathogen kingdom and evolutionary history.

Climate change is causing extreme heating events and can lead to more infectious disease outbreaks, putting species persistence at risk. The extent to which warming temperatures and infection may together impair host health is unclear. Using a meta-analysis of >190 effect sizes representing 101 ectothermic animal host-pathogen systems, we demonstrate that warming significantly increased the mortality of hosts infected by bacterial pathogens. Pathogens that have been evolutionarily established within the host species showed higher virulence under warmer temperatures. Conversely, the effect of warming on novel infections-from pathogens without a shared evolutionary history with the host species-were more pronounced with larger differences between compared temperatures. We found that compared to established infections, novel infections were more deadly at lower/baseline temperatures. Moreover, we revealed that the virulence of fungal pathogens increased only when temperatures were shifted upwards towards the pathogen thermal optimum. The magnitude of all these significant effects was not impacted by host life-stage, immune complexity, pathogen inoculation methods, or exposure time. Overall, our findings reveal distinct patterns in changes of pathogen virulence during warming. We highlight the importance of pathogen taxa, thermal optima, and evolutionary history in determining the impact of global change on infection outcomes.

Impact of global environmental changes on the range contraction of Eurasian moose since the Late Pleistocene

Climatic oscillations are considered primary factors influencing the distribution of various life forms on Earth. Large species adapted to cold climates are particularly vulnerable to extinction due to climate changes. In our study, we investigated whether temperature increase since the Late Pleistocene and the contraction of environmental niche during the Holocene were the main factors contributing to the decreasing range of moose (Alces alces) in Europe. We also examined whether there were significant differences in environmental conditions between areas inhabited by moose in Europe and Asia, that could support the division of moose into western and eastern forms, as suggested by genetic and morphological data. We analysed environmental conditions in the locations of 655 subfossil and modern moose occurrences over the past 50,000 years in Eurasia. We found that the most limiting climatic factor for the moose distribution since the Late Pleistocene was July temperature. More than 90 % of moose records were found in areas where mean summer temperature was below 19 °C, with July temperatures showing over 3 times narrower interquartile range compared to January temperatures. We identified significant differences in environmental conditions between areas inhabited by the European and Asiatic moose. In Europe, the species occurred in regions with milder climates, higher primary productivity, and more frequently within forest biomes compared to Asiatic individuals. The moose range shifted more in the west-east than in the south-north direction during the Holocene climate warming in Europe. We conclude that although the area of suitable moose habitat has increased since 12–8 ka years BP, as demonstrated by environmental niche modeling, the retreat of A. alces in large areas of Europe was likely caused by anthropogenic landscape change (e.g., deforestation) and overhunting by humans during the late Holocene rather than by climate warming during the Pleistocene to Holocene transition.

Multigenerational impact of global change: Increased mercury toxicity in a marine copepod

A multi-generational experiment (F1-F4) was conducted for a marine copepod Tigriopus japonicus to investigate its physiological and molecular responses to mercury (Hg) pollution and/or its combination with ocean acidification (OA) plus ocean warming (OW). The projected future scenario, i.e., OA plus OW (AW) significantly increased methylmercury accumulation in copepods by 1.14 times, despite insignificant change for total Hg bioaccumulation. Transcriptomic analysis indicated that copepods initiated several detoxification defense processes, including reactive oxygen species metabolic process, glutathione metabolism, and protein refolding, in response to increased Hg toxicity under combined exposure of AW and Hg; meanwhile, inhibited energy metabolism was observed in this case, linking to reduced number of nauplii/clutch but accelerated development in copepods probably due to an energetic trade-off. Increased Hg toxicity due to AW could also be ascribed to the impairment in immune defense (e.g., lysosome and vitamin metabolism) and reproduction-related processes (e.g., growth factor activity). Collectively, this study reveals the multi-generational response mechanism of copepods to Hg pollution under global change, emphasizing an exacerbated adverse effect of Hg, and it provides a scientific basis for an accurate understanding of the potential impact of Hg pollution on marine ecosystems.

For a Sustainable Management of Potential Impacts of Global Change on Coastal Aquifers: Case Study of Coastal Aquifers in Annaba City, Algeria

For a Sustainable Management of Potential Impacts of Global Change on Coastal Aquifers: Case Study of Coastal Aquifers in Annaba City, Algeria

The effects of global product design on supply chain efficiency and natural resources management

The significance of global product design as a primary factor in determining supply chain efficiency and natural resource management. This study examines the impact of global product design changes on process and supply chain practices. Specifically, it seeks to understand in promoting sustainable practices across global supply chains. This study, utilizes the fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and fuzzy Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) methods to evaluate the criteria, sub-criteria, and various significant opportunities influencing sustainable product design and supply chain management. The fuzzy AHP method is used to assess the key criteria and their respective sub-criteria. The fuzzy TOPSIS method is used to rank the opportunities in driving sustainable practices across global supply chains. The results of fuzzy AHP show that innovation and product differentiation (C4), economic viability (C1), and supply chain efficiency (C5) are the crucial criteria. While the results of fuzzy TOPSIS present that supply chain transparency (O2) is the most suitable opportunity, followed by circular economy practices (O1) and policy advocacy and compliance (O6) in adopting global product design on supply chain efficiency and natural resources management. Thus, this study is highly relevant to the governments, industry specialists, and policymakers who aim at enhancing the dynamic business environment and sustainable development.

Unraveling the impact of global change on glomalin and implications for soil carbon storage in terrestrial ecosystems

Glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) is a potential byproduct of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and a major contributor to the passive soil organic carbon (SOC) pool. Despite its crucial role in SOC storage, we know little about the response of GRSP to anthropogenic global change factors (GCFs). Here, using 530 observations from 107 primary studies, we conducted a global meta-analysis to unravel the effects of multiple GCFs (climate change, plant invasion (PI), wildfire, urbanization, land-use change (LUC), and nutrient addition (nitrogen; N, phosphorus; P, and potassium; K) on two functional GRSP fractions (easily extractable- (EE-) and total- (T-) GRSPs) in terrestrial ecosystems. We found that elevated carbon-dioxide increased T-GRSP by 28%, combined NP addition by 39.9%, and NPK addition by 29.5%. Climate warming and alone N addition increased EE-GRSP solely by 2.4% and 13.6%, respectively, but did not influence T-GRSP. However, urbanization and drought decreased T-GRSP by 26% and 15%, respectively. The LUC from natural ecosystems to cropland decreased T-GRSP by 40%, while afforestation in croplands increased it by 32%. Other GCFs (PI, wildfire, and P) had non-significant effects on GRSP probably because of (i) minor changes in AMF activity and (ii) the counterbalancing of effects by opposite processes. GCF impacts were robust when applied at higher intensities for medium-to-long durations (3–10＋ years) in humid conditions and clay-rich soils. The sandy soils experienced greater T-GRSP losses during LUC. Increases in T-GRSP were positively correlated with AMF-root colonization, soil mean-weight diameter, and SOC content. Further, our structure equation model confirmed that GCFs directly influence SOC by altering AMF-GRSP production and indirectly affecting soil aggregate formation and protection, suggesting that optimizing GRSP production can enhance SOC sequestration.

Spatial variation of soil carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in the Caatinga dry forest

Soil nutrients are crucial for understanding the impact of global changes on terrestrial ecosystems. Carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) are required in specific quantities by plants and are related to soil fertility. In the Caatinga, one of the world’s largest and most diverse tropical dry forests, there have been limited studies investigating the factors that contribute to the spatial distribution of organic carbon (OC), N, and P in the soil and, even fewer, those that explored the use of Machine learning (ML) modeling. In this research, we aim to predict the spatial distribution of these properties at depths ranging from 0 to 20 cm in the Caatinga biome and assess the predictive capability of environmental and geographic variables. We used the Random Forest model in Google Earth Engine to forecast maps with a spatial resolution of 30 m. The best result was obtained for predicting P [Lin's concordance correlation coefficient (LCCC) of 0.32 and R2 of 0.25], followed by OC (LCCC of 0.25 and R2 of 0.17), N (LCCC of 0.21 and R2 of 0.12) and C/N ratio (LCCC of 0.14 and R2 of 0.10). The final maps exhibited a consistent spatial pattern, with OC, N, and C/N ratio showing correlation with climatic covariates (air and soil temperature in the first 15 cm deep), topographic data (altitude), and geographic regions (longitude and latitude). The variation in P content was primarily influenced by parent material. We highlight the relevance of ecotones, which recorded the highest average levels of C and N and C/N, demonstrating the importance of these areas for the maintenance and dynamics of these ecosystems.

Overview of the russian food production market

The food production market is one of the key components of the economy that meets the population’s needs for food. In recent years, healthy lifestyle trends, increasing consumer awareness of product quality and sustainable development have led to increased interest in this area. The main areas of food production market analysis include research into the dynamics of innovations in production, consumption, technology and packaging. An important aspect is also the impact of global changes, such as climate change and economic and political factors, on the availability and cost of food. Current market trends are also influenced by consumer demand for organic and environmentally friendly products, which ultimately encourages agricultural companies to implement more sustainable production methods. The market also faces challenges such as compliance with food safety standards, waste management and the need to preserve biodiversity. Therefore, the food production market plays an important role in ensuring food security, and its further development requires an integrated approach that takes into account economic, social and environmental factors.

When the Going Gets Tough, the Females Get Going: Sex-Specific Physiological Responses to Simultaneous Exposure to Hypoxia and Marine Heatwave Events in a Ubiquitous Copepod.

The existence of sex-specific differences in phenotypic traits is widely recognized. Yet they are often ignored in studies looking at the impact of global changes on marine organisms, particularly within the context of combined drivers that are known to elicit complex interactions. We tested sex-specific physiological responses of the cosmopolitan and ecologically important marine copepod Acartia tonsa exposed to combined hypoxia and marine heatwave (MHW) conditions, both of which individually strongly affect marine ectotherms. Females and males were acutely exposed for 5 days to a combination of either control (18°C) or a high temperature mimicking a MHW (25°C), and normoxia (100% O2 sat.) or mild hypoxia (35% O2 sat.). Life-history traits, as well as sex-specific survival and physiological traits, were measured. Females had overall higher thermal tolerance levels and responded differently than males when exposed to the combined global change drivers investigated. Females also showed lower metabolic thermal sensitivity when compared to males. Additionally, the MHW exerted a dominant effect on the traits investigated, causing a lower survival and higher metabolic rate at 25°C. However, egg production rates appeared unaffected by hypoxia and MHW conditions. Our results showed that MHWs could strongly affect copepods' survival, that combined exposure to hypoxia and MHW exerted an interactive effect only on CTmax, and that sex-specific vulnerability to these global change drivers could have major implications for population dynamics. Our results highlight the importance of considering the differences in the responses of females and males to rapid environmental changes to improve the implementation of climate-smart conservation approaches.

Application of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) Model for hydrological modelling in the Upper Oum Er Rbia watershed (Middle Atlas, Morocco)

Abstract In the study assessing the impact of global change on hydrosystems, particularly water resources, calibrated and validated tools are deemed crucial for accurate representation of the area’s characteristics. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool “SWAT” model is identified through literature review as well-suited for evaluating changes in land use and climate effects on water balance components. Applied to the Upper Oum Er Rbia watershed and its sub-basins, namely Oum Er Rbia, Srou, and Ouaoumana, the SWAT model demonstrates its effectiveness over the 1982-2019 period. Employing the sequential uncertainty adjustment method (SUFI-2) in SWAT-CUP software for calibration and validation, the model achieves good performance in simulating river flows. Statistical tests, including “R²,” “NSE,” “PBIAS,” and “RSR,” reveal consistent accuracy across various stations. The positive outcomes affirm the SWAT model’s operational capability for diagnostic assessments, risk evaluation, adaptation measures, and potential future projections in these three sub-basins.