Impact Of Weapons Research Articles

Pharmaceutical care of premedical and first aid in case of injuries: impact of biological and nuclear weapons and radiation exposure from military destruction of nuclear power plants

The relevance of the topic is due to the increased risk of radiation hazards on the territory of Ukraine caused by the frequent shelling of nuclear power plants in the Zaporizhzhya region. This research work aims to calculate the percentage of the population that is sufficiently aware of the issues in providing medical care for radiation and other injuries. During the scientific research, the authors used analytical, statistical, and diagnostic methods to study information on radiation hazards and define the specifics and consequences of the use of various types of biological weapons. The main results achieved within the framework of this scientific study would be a clear justification and assessment of the radiation hazards for Ukrainians and a determination of the feasibility and indications for the use of certain medicines. The results obtained and the conclusions formulated on their basis are of practical importance for the military, territorial defence fighters, students of medical universities, sanitary workers, police officers, teachers, drivers, and civilians.

Nuclear Disarmament in Latin America: Unveiling the Impact of Humanitarian Perspectives and Advocacy Campaigns on the TPNW

This essay explores the evolution of the humanitarian disarmament initiative toward the TPNW and the links and influences from Latin America civil society efforts. Shifting away from traditional military objectives, humanitarian disarmament integrates civil society organizations, prioritizes Human Security over State security, and emphasizes the humanitarian impact of weapons. The paper examines key campaigns, including the International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL), the Control Arms Campaign, the Cluster Munition Coalition (CMC), and the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN), elucidating their advocacy strategies. It highlights the unique features of humanitarian disarmament, stressing obligations beyond elimination, addressing challenges in multilateral forums, and presenting Latin America’s distinct approach. The essay concludes by discussing the status of nuclear disarmament in the region, emphasizing universalization efforts and contextual challenges, including the rise of alt-right movements and the region’s historical commitment to nuclear disarmament.

How Useful Are Nuclear Weapons in Practice? Case-Study: The War in Ukraine

ABSTRACT The debate about nuclear weapons has been based on abstract notions. The war in Ukraine is a fascinating case-study for testing these decades-old abstract theories. The puzzle can be formulated as follows: what has been the impact of nuclear weapons in the war in Ukraine and what does that tell us about the usefulness of nuclear weapons in general? That question is further split up in three questions: what does this war tells us respectively about nuclear deterrence theory, nuclear responsibility theory, and the theory of nuclear coercion? Each time, the theory will be explained, and matched with the facts on the ground. The answers to these questions will in all likelihood be important for the future of nuclear weapons. All in all, the analysis points out a bleak picture with respect to the usefulness of nuclear weapons. Apart from deterring an attack against the vital interests of a state, nuclear weapons do not seem to provide many benefits apart from many (potential) costs. And even with respect to deterring an attack against the vital interests of a state, it is unclear to what extent nuclear deterrence works.

MINIMISATION OF THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE TO OF THE IMPACT OF INCENDIARY WEAPONS ON THE CIVILIAN POPULATION

Incendiary weapons are understood as incendiary substances and means of their combat use. Incendiary weapons are intended to defeat personnel, destroy and damage weapons and military equipment, structures and other objects. Throughout the history of warfare, incendiary weapons have caused suffering to millions of people who were not directly involved in the armed conflict. The situation remains unchanged today, with civilians being killed, injured or disabled for life, often losing loved ones or property as a result of the use of incendiary weapons. Virtually all existing publications on protecting people from incendiary weapons are focused on the protection of military personnel. There is very little information on how to protect civilians.
 An algorithm of actions for a civilian to minimise the negative effects of the impact of incendiary weapons has been developed. This algorithm includes the following actions: timely warn others about the use of incendiary weapons, help and, if necessary, guide the actions of those who need it (elderly people, children, people in panic); take shelter in the nearest civil defence structure, shelter (shelter). In the absence of such facilities, use underground passages, subway stations, basements and entrances of residential buildings, and shops; in the event of a sudden attack and the absence of nearby civil defence structures, shelters and refuges, use the protective properties of vehicles. It should be borne in mind that cars, buses and vehicles covered with tents provide only short-term protection, as they quickly catch fire.
 Use the protective properties of the terrain (uneven terrain, pits, covered public transport stops, fences, benches, curbs) to reduce the chance of pieces of incendiary material falling on a person; if it is impossible to find any shelter, lie down on the ground. Use local materials available to protect the surface of the body from incendiary weapons (suitcases, backpacks, billboards, paper clips). Burning surfaces are immediately thrown off and extinguished. Use personal respiratory protection equipment (handkerchiefs soaked in liquid, pieces of cloth) and skin protection equipment (cotton jackets, half-coats, raincoats, which are short-term protection equipment and should be immediately discarded if they come in contact with pieces of incendiary mixture); provide first aid to the victims. First aid shall begin with extinguishing by the victims themselves or with the help of surrounding inflammable substances that have got on their skin or clothing. At this point (period), no loss of self-control is allowed. To extinguish a small amount of inflammable substance, it is necessary to cover the burning area with a sleeve, jacket, wet clay, earth or snow. If several pieces of clothing are burning on your person, the flames should be knocked down by rolling them successively on the ground.
 If a significant amount of inflammable substance gets on a person, extinguishing is carried out by covering the victim with clothes, pouring water, covering with earth or sand.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF COMBAT CAPABILITIES OF MODERN TANKS OF VARIOUS TYPES

Modern war is a test of the material and spiritual forces of the people, the state and its Armed Forces, which prompts each country to maintain its defense capability at a level that guarantees reliable protection of society. Analysis of the nature of armed conflict in recent decades shows a sharp increase in the impact of modern weapons and military equipment on the course and outcome of military operations. Currently, weapons and military equipment form the basis of the combat power of the armed forces of any state and are the determining factor in achieving success in war or armed conflict. Despite the rapid development of anti-tank weapons and the decrease in survivability on the battlefield, main battle tanks remain one of the decisive means of modern combined arms combat, which is characterized by dynamism, saturation and speed. They provide the combat stability of their own forces in defense and advance during the offensive, destroy enemy armored vehicles, fire points and living forces. A comparative analysis of the main characteristics of modern combat tanks, the advantages and disadvantages of various types of vehicles of foreign and domestic production, used by the Armed Forces of Ukraine for the defense of the state and countering the aggression of Russia against Ukraine, in order to improve the effectiveness of their use in different conditions of combat. Western models of modern tanks and the Ukrainian tank "Oplot" in some significant combat characteristics prevail over the modern Russian tank T-90, in particular: in the power of the engine and its reliability of operation (engine overheating and failure); in the effectiveness of optoelectronic counteraction to optical enemy means; in the effectiveness of dynamic protection and countering modern weapons; in the perfection of the fire control system; in the sufficiency of the armor of the machine; in the effectiveness of actions in urban conditions. Keywords: war, battle tank, tactical and technical characteristics, effectiveness, comparative analysis

Long-Term Hearing Loss after Acute Acoustic Trauma inthe French Military: A Retrospective Study.

Acute acoustic trauma (AAT) is characterized by cochlea-vestibular signs following intense noise exposure, often caused by impulse noise. French military faces a high risk of AAT because of the use of weapons with peak sound levels exceeding 150 dB. Hearing loss (HL) resulting from AAT can have a significant impact on quality of life and operational capacity. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of long-term hearing impairment after AAT. The study involved a retrospective review of computer-based patient records from four military medical centers in Northeast France between January 2016 and December 2021. The inclusion criteria required the presence of cochlea-vestibular signs following impulse acoustic exposure and the absence of other causes. Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected, including audiometric data before and after exposure. The primary end point was the presence of a threshold elevation greater than 10 dB between reference and late audiograms. A total of 419 patients were included in the analysis, with a majority of males (n = 419; 84.7%) and a mean age of 23.6 yrs. The most common causative agent was the 5.56-mm assault rifle (n = 327; 78.0%). Tinnitus was the most frequent symptom (n = 366; 87.4%), followed by hypoacusis (n = 147; 35.1%) and earache (n = 89; 21.2%). The initial audiograms showed no HL in 31.0% of cases, while the mean deficit across all frequencies was 15.4 dB. All patients received corticosteroid therapy, with a mean duration of 6.0 d. Late audiograms conducted at an average interval of 448.0 d after AAT revealed a prevalence of long-term HL exceeding 20%. Higher doses of corticosteroid therapy (>1 mg/kg) were associated with a reduced frequency of long-term HL. This study highlights the prevalence of long-term hearing impairment after AAT in the French military. The findings emphasize the importance of preventive measures, including proper use of hearing protection devices, and the need for timely diagnosis and treatment. Further research is warranted to explore gender susceptibility to AAT and evaluate the impact of different weapons on AAT characteristics. The study also underscores the potential benefits of higher doses of corticosteroid therapy in reducing the risk of long-term hearing impairment. Overall, the findings contribute to a better understanding of AAT and can inform strategies for its prevention and management in military settings.

Dreams of atomic genocide: The bomb, racial violence, and fantasies of annihilation

Abstract This paper examines the influence of nuclear weapons on fantasies of racial violence. Specifically, it argues that weapons impact the emergence of social formations, producing unique patterns of thought, desire, anticipation, and identity. While the effects of nuclear power have been central to disciplinary debates in international studies, existing critical commentary has largely focused on the discriminatory nature of the global nuclear hierarchy. By focusing on the productive impact of weapons on cultural registers, this article demonstrates that nuclear power not only reinforces global structures of racism and colonialism but also creates new articulations of white supremacy. It argues that a specific fantasy of nuclear genocide, seizing nuclear power as a means for executing a global race war, is an expression germane to the nuclear age. This article concludes by arguing that this fantasy plays an important role in white supremacist approaches to politics and existing forms of racist hierarchy.

The role of nuclear weapons in modern global politics

The place of nuclear weapons in current world politics remains an important issue due to the threat of nuclear war, strategic relations between countries with nuclear capabilities, and the impact on international stability and security. However, this issue is becoming increasingly relevant in light of the growing confrontation between countries with significant nuclear capabilities, in particular between China and the United States. Thus, the purpose of this study is to examine the impact of nuclear weapons on international relations, the preservation of peace and security in the modern world, and the use of nuclear weapons as a deterrent and/or threat tool. The methodological basis of the study is the analysis of documents and legislation, historical analysis, structural and functional method, and system method. The results of the study highlight the history of the emergence and development of nuclear weapons, and attempts to regulate their volumes. The current state of nuclear arsenals of states, the location of nuclear weapons, their modernisation and role in modern international relations are investigated, and statistics on nuclear warheads of nuclear countries are provided. The role of diplomacy and international agreements in the management of nuclear weapons is also analysed. They recalled the current geopolitical conflicts and tensions between states, and manipulations by nuclear countries that can lead to an increase in the risks of nuclear escalation. As a result of the study, key factors and aspects that determine the role of nuclear weapons in international politics were identified, such as deterrence, threats, proliferation, and international agreements, their impact on international stability, international diplomacy, terrorism, and technological challenges related to nuclear issues. Research on this topic is of practical importance for shaping political strategies, ensuring world peace and security, and raising awareness of possible threats and challenges associated with nuclear weapons

FREEZE! The Grassroots Movement to Halt the Arms Race and End the Cold War by Henry Richard Maar III

Henry Richard Maar III gives the reader the most definitive study yet of the nuclear weapons freeze movement and its impact on the arms race in the 1980s. (Full disclosure: As the chief foreign policy adviser to Senator Edward M. Kennedy from 1977 to 1984, I wrote the U.S. Senate resolution favoring a nuclear freeze, which Senator Kennedy introduced jointly with Senator Mark O. Hatfield, a Republican from Oregon.) The book provides broad discussion of the U.S. and European peace movements, covering the policies of the Reagan administration, the role of Congress, debates within the Catholic Church, broader cultural and political trends, and the outcomes in national politics and U.S.-Soviet diplomacy.Maar traces the freeze movement's evolution from a grassroots movement to a national vehicle countering the Reagan administration. He is especially persuasive in his discussion of policy and politics. He convincingly highlights the freeze movement's catalytic role in helping to transform President Ronald Reagan's rhetoric, at least, from nuclear weapons to disarmament advocacy. Maar also tells a compelling story of how congressional leaders, including Senators Kennedy and Hatfield and Representatives Edward Markey (D-MA) and Silvio Conte (R-MA), were able to harness a more diffuse national movement behind a more focused congressional initiative. The book also captures well the irony, even the hypocrisy, of congressional support for the freeze while simultaneously voting in favor of new weapons systems such as the B-1 bomber and the Strategic Defense Initiative.Maar acknowledges the tactical compromises the freeze movement found itself having to make with its political supporters, but he underestimates the contribution of the latter to elite support for the freeze. He gives little attention, for example, to how widely Senators Kennedy and Hatfield were able to garner academic, labor, professional, religious, think tank, and business support, which played a large role in transforming U.S. arms control policies in the 1980s.Maar also overstates his argument that the freeze movement played a major role in ending the Cold War. Although the movement did affect U.S. policies, far more decisive were such factors as the Soviet war in Afghanistan, anti-Communism in Eastern Europe, and the bankruptcy of the Communist system in the Soviet Union itself, not to mention the emergence of Mikhail Gorbachev.In one of the book's best chapters, Maar examines the impact of nuclear weapons fears on political and popular culture in the 1980s. From Jonathan Schell's book The Fate of the Earth (1982) to the seminal made-for-TV film The Day After (1983), with references to comics, cartoon strips, Hollywood films, rock performances, and television shows, Maar vividly re-creates the spirit of the age and the freeze's place in it.The book is most effective, and moving, in its description of the rise and fall of the nuclear freeze movement itself. Maar achieves his goal of “decentering the narrative away from a top-down focus on the personalities of statesmen.” In the great tradition of U.S. popular movements, the freeze was perhaps most impressive as an expression of the grassroots, and Maar tells that story exceedingly well.

THE EFFECTS OF NUCLEAR WAR AND THE IMPACT ON THE SOCIAL ORGANISATION OF THE MODERN NATION-STATE

The prospect of a nuclear conflict can be viewed as a concept of terrifying significance to civilisation. It is a contingency that is the antithesis to human existence in organised societies. The following paper is an examination of the effects, which can be brought upon mankind through the large-scale deployment of nuclear weapons and the impact upon the structure of modern civilisation, viewed through the lens of organisations theory. The paper presents some of the principal short-term and long-term consequences from the utilisation of nuclear weapons, based upon research covering the past five decades. The paper examines the impact of nuclear weapons on society by presenting the modern nation-state as a complex social organisation, whose social structure and complexity would be severely degraded. The paper concludes that the deployment of nuclear weapons in the modern era would have consequences of utmost severity in transforming national societies and the nation state, severely altering, or outright eliminating their ability to function effectively and necessitating societal readjustment and even devolution to ensure survival.

Augustine, Costs and Defense Industries

Augustine weapons systems are presented as a new class of economic good. Their distinguishing characteristics are identified in the form of advanced technology, inter-generational cost escalation and small quantities. A distinction is made between cost increases between generations of weapons and falling unit costs within a generation of equipment. The impact of Augustine weapons on learning curves is assessed and the article concludes with an evaluation of Augustine systems for the future defense industrial base.

The impact of weapons and unusual objects on the construction of facial composites

ABSTRACT The presence of a weapon in the perpetration of a crime can impede an observer’s ability to describe and/or recognise the person responsible. In the current experiment, we explore whether weapons when present at encoding of a target identity interfere with the construction of a facial composite. Participants encoded an unfamiliar target face seen either on its own or paired with a knife. Encoding duration (10 or 30 s) was also manipulated. The following day, participants recalled the face and constructed a composite of it using a holistic system (EvoFIT). Correct naming of the participants’ composites was found to reduce reliably when target faces were paired with the weapon at 10 s but not at 30 s. These data suggest that the presence of a weapon reduces the effectiveness of facial composites following a short encoding duration. Implications for theory and police practice are discussed.

Borders of Masculinity: The Hero's Journey in the Marvel Cinematic Universe

The Marvel Cinematic Universe has grown into one of the most popular entertainment franchises since its debut film in 2008. Even with competition rising in the superhero film industry, the MCU continues to stand out due to its unique and intricate depiction of the hero’s journey. The three foundational heroes of the MCU (Iron Man, Captain America, and Thor) illustrate how toxic expressions of masculinity create borders to their emotional development and character growth, borders that they must overcome along the hero’s journey. In his first film, Iron Man, Tony Stark begins to reevaluate the path that his father laid out for him when he undergoes a major moral transformation that makes him realize the violent impact of weapons manufacturing at Stark Industries. By becoming Iron Man, Tony makes a commitment to bettering himself and serving as a protector, but his insecurities continue to manifest into his public image as hero until his final appearance in Avengers: Endgame. Captain America, though not the most obvious depiction of toxic masculinity, struggles with the same identity issues as Tony Stark. From his first film, Captain America: The First Avenger, Steve Rodgers battles with insecurities that stem from always having been the “little guy.” Steve constantly starts fights that he cannot win to stand up for others, and repeatedly enlists to the WWII draft despite being rejected due to poor health every time. His desperation to fulfill the hero role separates him from his only love, Peggy Carter, by an uncrossable border, time, until he gives these toxic traits up to return to her in Avengers: Endgame. Thor also struggles to fill his father’s shoes as the king and protector of his home world, Asgard. His need to be seen as a hero and fierce warrior make him impulsive and quick to violence, which puts his kingdom at risk and bases his self-esteem on this image of himself. Though Thor’s arc isn’t finished yet, Avengers: Endgame illustrates his coping with his failure to fulfill this image as he rebuilds his self-esteem into his own identity. These three heroes demonstrate how toxic masculinity creates borders to their personal growth and progression along the hero's journey.

How to Assess the Impact of Non-Lethal Weapons

How to Assess the Impact of Non-Lethal Weapons

Respiratory health in Syria: an analysis of primary data from the Syrian American Medical Society

Abstract Despite a decade of conflict, there has been little exploration of respiratory health in Syria. We explore the burden and trends of respiratory consultations in Syrian American Medical Society (SAMS) facilities in northwest Syria using mixed methods. We performed i) a scoping review of available academic and grey literature on respiratory health in Syria between 2011 and 2020 (17 databases) and ii) a retrospective review of routinely collected data relating to respiratory presentations in SAMS' facilities between March 2017 and June 2020. We identified 23 papers (19 peer-reviewed); 7 analysed primary data. Key themes included the impact of conflict on asthma diagnosis and management, the burden of respiratory tract infections (RTIs), the impact of chemical weapons and those relating to the destruction of the health system. In our quantitative analysis, data were available for 5,058,864 consultations, of which 1,228,722 (24%) were respiratory presentations. 45% of respiratory presentations were from hospitals, 44% from primary healthcare clinics and 9% from mobile clinics. The median monthly number of respiratory cases was 30,279 (25,792-33,732) out of a median 128,923 total monthly consultations (112,917-140,189). 73% of respiratory consultations were for children. Key findings include: respiratory presentations accounted for up to 38% of consultations each month with seasonal variation. RTIs accounted for 91% of all respiratory presentations. A steep decrease in consultations occurred between the end of 2019 (160,000) and the first quarter of 2020 (90,000), correlating with an escalation of violence in Idlib governorate. This study presents the largest quantitative analysis of respiratory data collected during the Syrian conflict. Our findings support the need for improved measures to aid the prevention, diagnosis and management of respiratory conditions during conflict. Further work exploring such interventions is needed. Key messages We present the largest study of the burden of respiratory presentations during the Syrian conflict accounting for 1,228,722 (24%) of all consultations; of these 72% were for children. Despite the burden of respiratory disease in the Syrian conflict, optimisation of respiratory health is neglected. Public health measures which address the causes and consequences are needed.

AN OVERVIEW ON ROBOTICS AND CONTROL SYSTEMS

A robot is a virtual or mechanical agent. In practice, it is often an electro-mechanical system, which looks and speeds as if it were one of its own. The intent and its own agency. The term robot refers to both physical robots and virtual software agents, but often virtual software agents are called bots. There has been no consensus that machines are qualified as robots, but there is a consensus among experts and the public that some or all of the following can be done such as: walking, operating a device or a component of the environment, the environment Understanding and manipulating it and imparting intelligent behavior that mimics human and animal behaveor. The stories of artificial assistants and companions and and the effort to create them have a long history, but fully autonomous machines were the only programmed first robot to run in the digital system since the 20th century, Unimate, In 1971, hot pieces of metal were picked up from the stamp making machine and made to make their stack. Today, commercial and industrial robots are widely used inexpensively and with greater accuracy and greater reliability than humans. They are also employed for tasks which are very dangerous in human terms. , Messy and boring tasks. Robots are being widely used for manufacturing, assembly and bundling, transportation, earth and space exploration, surgery, weapons manufacturing, laboratory research and consumer and industrial production. Domestic robots are generally common around homes for cleaning and maintenance work. Concerns about the economic impact of robotic weapons and automation are generally common. Remains, a concern that is not resolved by the villainous, intelligent, acrobatic robots described in popular entertainment. Real robots are still benign, retarded, and gross compared to their imaginary counterparts.

Numerical and experimental studies of deflections of conventional and strengthened reinforced concrete bendable elements under short-term dynamic loading

The relevance of this study is conditioned by the technical complexity of the design solutions for construction projects of ground-based space infrastructure. It is associated with the possibility of special loads in the form of an air shock wave in the event of a launch abort, a fall of a fragment, an emergency shutdown of engines, an air shock wave from the indirect impact of nuclear weapons, seismic loads, accidental cargo falls, terrorist attacks, etc. Such impacts with a high degree of probability lead to damage to building structures and in the future, they need to be reinforced. These building structures must have survivability under special loads and deform without collapsing. Under the dynamic loading, the energy intensity of the bendable structures is important, to determine which it is necessary to know the magnitude of the acting force and deflections. The effective load in a wide class of problems refers to the initial data, and the determination of reliable values of the dynamic deflection of the bendable structure is an actual problem. The purpose of this study is to conduct a numerical and experimental investigation of the deflection of conventional and strengthened reinforced concrete structures under short-term dynamic loading. This study used the following research methods: measurements of deflections and loads by strain measurement, graphical analytic research using Microsoft Excel, numerical calculation in the environment of the Explicit Dynamics module of the Ansys software package. As a result of the study, experimental investigation of conventional and strengthened bendable reinforced concrete elements under short-term dynamic loading was carried out, the values of the effective force and deflections were obtained. The same experiment was modelled in the environment of the Explicit Dynamics module of the Ansys software package. A comparison of the deflection parameters was made, based on the results of numerical and physical experiments on the example of a specific design, which showed satisfactory convergence.

Организационные и цифросетевые средства терминальной деструкции развития социума

At the moment, there is a change in the universal attractors of the historical process; in this regard, a new management model is required, corresponding to the new “program requirements” of the attractor “from the future”. The former political and economic regulators have fulfilled their role, but the patterns of thinking developed over the centuries do not allow for any other means of “reset” than destruction. The article analyzes who, why, and by what means attempts to preserve the existing world order. As a tool of destruction, the actors of globalization have chosen ultra-effective digital network methods of cross-border impact — a hidden organizational weapon that allows, without destroying the infrastructure facilities necessary to meet vital needs, to block the development of society through the deformation of the motivational and need base of a person. In order to identify the hidden impact of organizational weapons, the authors propose to use a methodological “polarizing filter” — a normative ranking that allows us to determine the direction of various social phenomena as the results of “horizontal” or “vertical” regulation, leading to the limit of destruction or development.

Desarme Nuclear y Derecho Internacional: Tratados y Las Conferencias Sobre el Impacto Humanitario de las Armas Nucleares

El texto trata sobre las armas nucleares como riesgo global para la humanidad, los esfuerzos en tratados internacionales para el desarme y la no proliferación. El eje del estudio es el análisis de las tres conferencias sobre el impacto humanitario de las armas nucleares celebra- das en Noruega, México y Austria en relación con la carrera armamentista nuclear y el Tratado Sobre la Prohibición de las Armas Nucleares. El artículo analiza las posturas de los Estados basadas en las doctrinas de la disuasión nuclear en debate con los Estados que buscan el desarme inmediato, repercutiendo en las consecuencias humanitarias y jurídicas.

Disarming doomsday: the human impact of nuclear weapons since Hiroshima

Disarming doomsday: the human impact of nuclear weapons since Hiroshima