Impact Of Price Changes Research Articles

Impact of Price Changes on the Exported Quantities of Some Egyptian Agricultural Crops in its Most Important Foreign Markets

Impact of Price Changes on the Exported Quantities of Some Egyptian Agricultural Crops in its Most Important Foreign Markets

Az egészség ára – Az egészségesnek vélt élelmiszerek iránti fogyasztási és vásárlási szokások vizsgálata, kiemelt tekintettel az árra

The economic events of recent years (war, the COVID epidemic) have had a significant impact on our daily life, including our consumer and shopping habits. The main aim of this research is to examine how food consumption and purchasing habits have changed in response to price changes, particularly for foods perceived to be healthy. Two focus group surveys were conducted to explore consumer habits on this topic. The period covered by the research was the consumer prices in April 2022 and April 2023. Our research explored general food purchasing habits and consumer motivations. We examined the extent to which products that participants perceived as healthy were purchased online, and the impact of price changes on the demand for health-conscious foods and on consumers' brand loyalty. We also looked at the online price monitoring system, where we mapped consumer adoption and the consumer benefits that the system provided. One of our key achievements is to identify a growing consumer awareness, with more and more people choosing quality, expertise and choice over convenience and price. The types of consumer responses identified in the EUROPA.EU research was in terms of products perceived as healthy in the wake of the price rise, although the proportions have shifted significantly; many are looking for alternatives, seeking substitutes for products; and fewer are the concern-averse, loyal consumers and the well-off but not engaged. Price sensitivity is increasing as a result of recent sustained price rises, with a small proportion of people who are not concerned. There is also a low proportion of emotional comfort seekers, a group largely confined to high-income consumers. For those who are not aware of the price of products, there is no change in brand loyalty and no brand abandonment, but for those who are price-aware, there is a tendency to switch between brands. JEL-CODES: I12, M31, M38

The equitable impact of sugary drink taxation structures on sugary drink consumption among Canadians: a modelling study using the 2015 Canadian Community Health Survey-Nutrition.

Estimate the impact of 20 % flat-rate and tiered sugary drink tax structures on the consumption of sugary drinks, sugar-sweetened beverages and 100 % juice by age, sex and socio-economic position. We modelled the impact of price changes - for each tax structure - on the demand for sugary drinks by applying own- and cross-price elasticities to self-report sugary drink consumption measured using single-day 24-h dietary recalls from the cross-sectional, nationally representative 2015 Canadian Community Health Survey-Nutrition. For both 20 % flat-rate and tiered sugary drink tax scenarios, we used linear regression to estimate differences in mean energy intake and proportion of energy intake from sugary drinks by age, sex, education, food security and income. Canada. 19 742 respondents aged 2 and over. In the 20 % flat-rate scenario, we estimated mean energy intake and proportion of daily energy intake from sugary drinks on a given day would be reduced by 29 kcal/d (95 % UI: 18, 41) and 1·3 % (95 % UI: 0·8, 1·8), respectively. Similarly, in the tiered tax scenario, additional small, but meaningful reductions were estimated in mean energy intake (40 kcal/d, 95 % UI: 24, 55) and proportion of daily energy intake (1·8 %, 95 % UI: 1·1, 2·5). Both tax structures reduced, but did not eliminate, inequities in mean energy intake from sugary drinks despite larger consumption reductions in children/adolescents, males and individuals with lower education, food security and income. Sugary drink taxation, including the additional benefit of taxing 100 % juice, could reduce overall and inequities in mean energy intake from sugary drinks in Canada.

The structure of strategic food demand in Indonesian urban: An application of a Linearized Almost Ideal Demand System (LA/AIDS)

Indonesia’s strategic food refers to a group of food products that are important in meeting national food needs. This strategic food is the focus of government attention because of its significant impact on food security, the economy, and social stability. The research aims to analyze urban household preferences for strategic food, analyze estimates of urban household demand for strategic food, and analyze the impact of price changes and urban household expenditure on strategic food demand. The research uses Susenas data for 2023, specifically for urban households. Strategic Foods are grouped into rice, corn, soybeans, shallot, chilies, poultry meat, poultry eggs, ruminant meat, consumer sugar, and fish. Analysis of household preference data was carried out using expenditure shares. Demand estimates were analyzed using the LA/AIDS model with the SUR approach. The results of the analysis show that the highest share of urban household expenditure is for rice. Beef is still a luxury commodity with elastic price elasticity. Poultry meat, poultry eggs, and ruminant meat are commodities that are substitutes for each other.

Do Spot, Futures, and Options Markets Exhibit Price and Volatility Interdependence? Evidence from India

This paper analyses the price- and volatility-based interdependency among spot, futures, and options markets in a unified framework. The paper utilizes the vector error correction model generated under the TGARCH framework, the conventional pair-wise Granger causality test, the block exogeneity and vector Granger causality test, and Schwartz–Szakmary’s factor weights to decipher the price interdependence. The paper also uses the DCC-GARCH model to examine the existence of time-varying conditional correlation in volatility. The study finds evidence of the dependency among these three markets with a stronger leading role of spot against futures and options and significant positive/(negative) influence of the previous day’s spot/(futures) price change on options’ price change. Further, the asymmetric impact of price changes on conditional volatility is observed in the case of the spot and futures market. The results also exhibit the existence of time-varying conditional correlation among these markets with spillover effect.

Dynamics of Price Transmission: Evidence from India’s Import Basket

This article uses granular information on trade flows between India and its trading-partners to estimate the impact of price changes on the import basket in general. We first investigate whether a change in world prices at the commodity level triggers a reorganisation of trading partners. Second, we examine the degree of transmission of world prices to Indian import prices. Lastly, we look at whether India imports less from countries that charge a higher markup on a product. Our results indicate that a change in world prices does not significantly change the set of importing countries. Using the country–product level price changes, we find a higher degree of transmission as compared to the world prices. This provides an important policy implication. In order to determine how the transmission of world prices to import prices works, we need to pay attention to the product price changes in the partner countries rather than focusing on the world prices. Lastly, we find that India imports less of a particular product on average from a country that charges a higher markup for that product relative to the average export prices charged by that country. JEL Codes: F14, F60, F02, Q27

The impact of oil price changes on the RTS index

Subject. The article explores the relationship between the price of Brent crude oil and the ruble exchange rate. The definition of existing relationships enables to make recommendations on the development of the Russian economy. Objectives. The purpose of the article is to assess the impact of changes in the price of Brent crude oil on the ruble exchange rate and the index of the Moscow Exchange and RTS index, as well as to substantiate the importance of market news monitoring. Methods. The rests on quantitative approaches of parametric testing, including the ADF test, the unit root test, the estimation of lag length and the quantile regression method. The study also employs methods of grouping and analysis. Results. The findings show that there is no short-term impact of changes in crude oil prices on the Russian economy. Conclusions. Based on the analysis of the oil market, we provide mathematical calculations that determine the need to search for new sales markets for Russian oil.

ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ РЫНКА БИОЛОГИЧЕСКИ АКТИВНЫХ ДОБАВОК В ФОКУСЕ РАЗВИТИЯ E-COMMERCE

COVID-19 pandemic has changed the eating habits of the population. The market of dietary supplements is growing both in offline retail and in the e-commerce segment. The concern of customers about their health can be considered by retailers as an opportunity to develop sales channels for dietary supplements and multivitamin complexes. Among the global trends, it is possible to designate an increase in the share of goods intended to increase immunity and provide the body with vitamins, minerals, micro- and macronutrients. Dietary supplements with vitamin D are considered by the consumer as an additional approach for the prevention of COVID-19. As a result, the growth of the dietary supplement market is recorded. From January to August 2023, Russians spent 78,7 billion rubles on dietary supplements in value terms, which is 13,7% more than the same period in 2022. In packages, sales increased by 1,2% to 248,1 million units compared to the period January–August 2022. The offline retail channel sells 80,3% of all dietary supplements, 19,7% online. The developed market of dietary supplements and the willingness of retailers to sell them creates a sufficient basis for the introduction of vitamin D supplements in stores. However, the impact of changes in price and assortment availability remains an important factor shaping consumer behavior.

Do tax and subsidy on unhealthy food induce consumer consumption for healthy food? Evidence from experiment in Surabaya, Indonesia.

This study investigates the impact of price changes on decision to buy particular foods among adults in Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia. Tax and subsidy were introduced for influencing decision buy particular foods, especially unhealthy foods that are predicted have consequences on health outcome. Unhealthy foods such as fast foods or junk foods, sugar sweetened beverages (SSB), salty, and fatty foods are reported as one of main causes of obesity incidence in most countries, such as Indonesia. Computer laboratory experimental is designed for investigating the impacts of difference rates of taxes and subsidy on decision to buy foods. Taxes and subsidies rate are designed from low (5%), moderate (15%), and high rates (25%). The findings are as follows. Firstly, participants do not respond immediately to price changes, that is, higher prices due to taxes and lower prices due to subsidies. Economic theory suggests that consumers demand for basic need such as foods is sensitive with change in price, they respond inversely to the price changes. However, the finding in this experimental study do not support this theory prediction. Secondly, 15% and subsidies are the threshold and the larger taxes and rate for changing consumer's choices on targeted foods. This study concludes that low rates of taxes and subsidies for unhealthy and healthy foods make these targeted foods affordable for majority of consumers. Besides introducing higher rates of taxes and subsidies, promoting and encouraging healthy life style such as consuming fresh and healthy foods is another alternative policy option.

The impact of changes in prices and income on demand patterns for food commodities in Banjarmasin City and Banjarbaru City, South Kalimantan Province, Indonesia

The impact of changes in prices and income on demand patterns for food commodities in Banjarmasin City and Banjarbaru City, South Kalimantan Province, Indonesia

Impacts of price changes on public hospital reforms in China: evidence from 25 million patients at tertiary hospitals.

China's public hospital price change reform was progressively piloted at urban-level tertiary hospitals in 2015, aiming to adjust the healthcare expenditure structure, reorient public hospitals towards social objectives and control inflated healthcare expenditure. This study investigates the impacts of price changes on inpatient expenditure, service quantity, quality and efficiency and whether the impacts varied in different specialities, treatments and hospitals. A difference-in-differences analysis was conducted using data from 25 million patients from 124 nationally representative tertiary hospitals between 2013 and 2018. The study analyses changes in total expenditure, drug, medical services and diagnostic test/medical consumables expenditure per admission, the use of antibiotics, performed surgery, readmission within 30 days and length of stay (LOS). These factors are examined before and after adjusting the price changes for demographic, socioeconomic and clinical covariates. The price changes decreased drug expenditure per admission (-13.5%, P < 0.001, USD 96.6) and increased medical services expenditure per admission (30.9%, P < 0.001, USD 153.3). They also reduced the LOS (-1.2%, P = 0.019, 0.1 days) while not significantly affecting total expenditure per admission, diagnostic test/medical consumables per admission and the use of antibiotics, surgery performed and readmission rates. In heterogeneity analysis, price changes reform increased efficiency in major diagnostic categories (MDCs) with high drug share and improved quality in nonoperating room surgical groups and hospitals with high drug share; however, it increased total expenditure in MDCs with low drug share or surgical groups. China's public hospital price change reform generally adjusted the inpatient expenditure structure and reduced the LOS in tertiary public hospitals. Sufficient compensation from medical services and government subsidies that minimize the income effects may be the key to the success of price change reform.

Experiments with Pyrotechnic Compositions Based on a Mathematical Model—Part III: Comparative Analysis of Manufacturing Costs of Pyrotechnic Composition Producing an Acoustic Effect

The article presents a comparison of the influence of price change of the components of pyrotechnic compositions producing an acoustic effect on their manufacturing costs. The analysis was based on the prices of raw materials in 1981 and 2021. The influence of price fluctuations of individual raw materials on the final cost of composites was determined. The impact of price changes on the profitability of pyrotechnic composition manufacturing was evaluated for the adopted models. The conducted economic analysis allowed for the determination of pyrotechnic compositions characterised by the lowest manufacturing costs, in terms of the unit cost, and for the assumed industrial models.

INFLUENCE OF MAIN DIRECTIONS OF BEHAVIORAL ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROCESSES

The article investigates the main stages and aspects of behavioral economics based on the works of foreign and Ukrainian scientists. The scientists’ main stages and achievements in the process of development of behavioral economics are highlighted. In accordance with the scientists’ economic and psychological approaches, the main scientific areas of behavioral economics are identified, among which we can indicate behavioral finance, which is based on the irrationality of human behavior. The main purpose of research in the field of behavioral finance is to study the impact of price changes or resource allocation on the market situation, investment sentiment, the ability to predict investor behavior, stock market value, consumption, investment and savings, and asset pricing. Knowing the main reasons for irrational actions of subjects, it is possible to manage similar situations therefore to avoid negative consequences. The main achievements of behavioral economics in the decision-making process of individuals based on the works of Nobel laureates G. Simon, D. Kahneman, M. Alli are studied. People's propensity to take risks, derive dependencies between income and losses, and people's behavior are studied using the utility function and basing on the scientists’ research and experiments. The research uses mathematical tools, such as game theory and prediction, but with the use of cognitive factors. It is determined that the study of irrationality of human behavior in trade and marketing activities for the strategic interaction of economic agents is of particular importance. It is especially important to study human social nature in the needs, desires, and goals, i.e. the use of social benefits by people. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the country's economy and financial markets is becoming particularly relevant. It was found that the reaction of investors to the pandemic varies in different countries due to peculiarities of their national culture, different levels of individuality and uncertainty. This aspects are very important because the behavioral approach factors influence psychological factors, which are the most important in explaining many tasks of financial behavior for economic entities.

Uncertainty, variability, price changes and their implications on a regional building materials industry: The case of Swiss canton Argovia

There is an increasing effort of the cement and concrete industry to increase material efficiency and reduce CO2 emissions. Several strategies have been identified to achieve this goal, but the implementation of a circular economy (CE) strategy is being pursued most actively by governments and public organizations to increase material efficiency and improve sustainability in the construction industry. This transition to a CE, however, is a process, which features a high multi-dimensional complexity and a fundamental change of a complex socio-technical system. It can be interpreted as a co-evolutionary process between public policies and business models It is, therefore, necessary to understand the existing system and the interactions between business models and public policies to support decision- and policy-makers in the transition towards a CE.We would like to contribute to this understanding and identify initial implications on which business models and which public policies support a transition towards a CE. The aim of the paper is to provide a novel analysis of the economic structure of a regional building materials industry to identify regional conditions and give first implications on how to implement a CE in a regional context. We use an integrated assessment model to enable a comprehensive environmental and economical assessment of an industry and to generate data for policymaking. This method combines Material-Flow-Analysis (MFA) and Life-Cycle-Assessment (LCA) using an input-output approach. We demonstrate how we can evaluate uncertainties in model application and demonstrate in a case study that our model produces robust results. On this basis, we discuss what additional insights on systems behavior we gain from uncertainty analysis focusing on price data. We use an uncertainty analysis as a basis for identifying implications for business models and policies. In addition, we use the price model in the Input-Output Analysis (IOA) to investigate the impact of price changes on linked sectors. We use an exemplary assessment of the building materials industry in the Swiss canton of A-rgovia as a case study.First, we were able to show that the model used here is robust and has reasonable uncertainties. Using the results of the Sensitivity-Analysis we could formulate initial indications of how business models are affected by the shift to CE. We have shown that vertical integration of different sectors makes sense regarding a CE to buffer price volatilities, but also to secure the supply of raw materials. Furthermore, the results of the uncertainty analysis and the price model provided us with initial findings, in which sectors policies are most efficient and how price changes affect the downstream sectors. The new approach presented here to capture a regional industry in detail using economic calculations and uncertainty considerations represents an important contribution to better understand a regional industry and to support the process of decision- and policymaking.

Income Shocks and Conflict: Evidence from Nigeria

Abstract This paper examines the relationship between income shocks and conflict across Nigerian states over the 2000s. By matching consumption, production, commodity prices and conflict data, the analysis captures two opposite channels linking agricultural price changes to conflict. Consistently with the opportunity cost mechanism of conflict, price increases of commodities produced by the households have a conflict-reducing effect, while the opposite is true for prices of consumed commodities. The net impact turns out to be conflict inducing in contrast with most of the related literature that focuses on the production side of agricultural price shocks. These results underscore the importance of modelling both production and consumption effects to get consistent estimates of the impact of price changes on conflict.

STATISTICAL STUDY OF THE STATE AND DEVELOPMENT OF FOREIGN TRADE OF UKRAINE

The directions of statistical analysis of the country’s foreign trade processes are considered in the article. Possibilities of statistical methods for studying the state and the main trends that have developed in this area are highlighted. The conclusions about the intensity of the dynamics of the trade balance indicators are generalized. The processes of the outstripping development of imports over exports are highlighted. The dynamics of the balance of export-import operations is analyzed and trends of its deterioration are demonstrated. The degree of coverage of imports by exports and the processes of formation of the trade balance deficit are investigated in time. The directions of development of characteristics of the balance of foreign trade operations are studied. High levels of export and import dependence of the country have been demonstrated, which leads to vulnerability to external shocks and instability in the world. The results of the analysis of the structure and structural shifts in the trade of Ukraine with the countries of the Visegrad Four are presented. The emphasis is made on the prospects of interrelations with this group of countries from the point of view of using their experience in preparing for accession to the EU. The article demonstrates more intensive changes in the geographical structure of exports than imports and highlights the tendencies towards an increase in the role of Poland and a decrease in Hungary in the export-import operations of the Visegrad Four with Ukraine. The processes of changing the terms of trade have been investigated in terms of changes in export and import prices and in terms of changes in the physical volume of exports and imports on the example of a group of dairy products, which are widely represented among both export and import goods of Ukraine. The index method was used to analyze the absolute and relative impact of changes in prices and the physical volume of exports and imports of a number of dairy products on the value of exports and imports. Changes in the terms of trade are highlighted by constructing quantitative and price indices of the terms of trade. It was clarified that it was the sharp reduction in the physical volume of exports that contributed to the decrease in foreign exchange earnings from the export of dairy products. The necessity of measures to promote domestic goods abroad, primarily to European countries, has been substantiated. The research results can be used in foreign trade policy at the macro level.

ЕКОНОМІЧНИЙ АНАЛІЗ У СИСТЕМІ УПРАВЛІННЯ ОБОРОТНИМИ АКТИВАМИ ПІДПРИЄМСТВА

The article considers the methodology of financial analysis in the process of managing current assets of an agricultural enterprise. It is noted that economic activity and the economic mechanism should encourage the interests of people to achieve a certain positive result from the main activity: an increase in the volume of manufactured products, an increase in income and profit of the enterprise, an increase in labor productivity of workers and an intensification of activities. It is proved that the successful solution of the strategic task of overcoming the global financial crisis and stabilizing market relations is largely based on the restructuring and improvement of forms and methods of economic analysis. In the management system, financial and economic analysis is an integral part of management, and not an emergency measure, because it is impossible to carry out management without a systematic analysis of the state and availability of material values and funds, their expenditure, operations and processes that are associated with the sale of goods. It is noted that in the conditions of stabilization, the timeliness and effectiveness of economic analysis are of great importance. The efficiency of inventory sales largely depends on these factors. The main task of all enterprises of the agro – industrial complex is to adapt to modern realities in the agricultural sector, which involves solving a large number of legislative misunderstandings and economic problems and inconsistencies. The traditional approach to organizing a financial analysis system in modern conditions is marked exclusively by international market terminology, but by old approaches, estimates and tools. One of these examples of enterprises with modern approaches to solving problems of financial analysis of current assets is Public Joint Stock Company "Dashkivtsi", where not only financial and economic indicators are improving, but also sales markets and the range of agricultural products are expanding, its quality is improving, which is highly appreciated by consumers. Assets of an enterprise are resources – tangible or intangible resources of value (property objects) that are received by the enterprise as a result of previous operational and economic processes and tend to bring it (the enterprise) economic benefits in the future in the form of income. In world practice, assets are most often defined as a certain type of resource that an enterprise receives as a result of past events. The use of such resources in current or future periods may lead to an increase in the economic benefits of the enterprise itself or its owners. For the preparation of financial statements, the main valuation of assets is historical cost. Some enterprises use the current cost of assets as the main one, because they are not able or ready to complete the accounting model of their historical cost and reflect the impact of price changes on non-monetary assets. At the same time, each type of enterprise asset has a special methodology for evaluating various business operations in the course of its activities. The company's assets are divided into current and non-current. In foreign practice, each enterprise, taking into account the nature of its activities and the specifics of technology and organization of business operations, independently decides on the issue of dividing assets into current and non-current. In Ukraine, in accordance with the accounting regulation (standard) No. 2 "Balance sheet", the division of assets into current and non-current is mandatory.

An Empirical Study on the Interrelationship of the Sales Price Fluctuations by Real Estate Types

본 연구는 주택시장을 이해하기 위한 시계열적 연구에 있어 다른 부동산 유형과의 관계 속에서 주택시장의 변화 특성을 찾기 위한 목적으로 진행되었다. 이를 위해 부동산 유형별 종류 및 특성, 서울시 권역별 부동산 유형별 특성, 주택하위시장 이론 및 관련 선행연구를 고찰하여 연구의 차별성 및 연구의 방향성을 찾았다. 분석자료는 부동산 114Reps의 데이터를 활용하여 서울시 4개 권역별로 아파트, 오피스텔, 집합상가에 대한 2006년 1분기~2019년 2분기까지 매매가격에 대한 시계열데이터를 구축한 뒤 지수화하여 실증분석을 진행하였다. 본 연구에 나타난 부동산 유형별 가격 간의 상관관계에 대한 실증분석의 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 부동산 유형별 가격 간 인과관계는 권역별 특성에 따라 원인변수와 결과변수에 차이가 존재하였다. 둘째, 부동산 유형별 가격 간 상관관계에 있어 권역별 특성에 따라 정(+)과 부(-) 관계가 나타났다. 셋째, 부동산 유형별 가격 간 영향관계에 있어 아파트, 오피스텔, 집합상가의 단기간 내 상호 영향력은 크지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 실증분석 결과, 부동산 유형별 가격 간 상호관계에 있어서 권역별 시장 상황 및 특성에 따라 인과관계 및 상관관계에 차이가 있음과 투자수요의 움직임에 따라 부동산 유형별 가격 변동에 대한 영향관계가 다르게 나타날 수 있음을 확인하였다.This study was conducted with the aim of finding the characteristics of changes in the housing market in relation to other types of real estate in a time series study to understand the housing market. To this end, we looked into the types and characteristics of each type of real estate, the characteristics of each type of real estate in Seoul, the housing sub-market theory, and related prior research to find the differentiation of research and direction of research. Using the data of real estate 114Reps, time series data on selling prices were established between Q1 2006 and Q2019 for apartment, officetels, and collective commercial stores in each of the four districts of Seoul, and the empirical analysis was conducted by indexing them. The main results of the empirical analysis of the interrelationships between prices by type of real estate shown in this study are as follows : First, the causal relationship between prices by type of real estate was different in cause and effect variables depending on regional characteristics. Second, in terms of correlation between prices by type of real estate, positive (+) and negative (-) relationships were shown depending on regional characteristics. Third, it was found that the mutual influence of apartments, officetels, and collective commercial stores in the short term was not significant in terms of the impact relationship between prices by type of real estate. The empirical analysis results confirmed that there are differences in causality and correlation between prices by type of real estate depending on the market situation and characteristics of each region, and meaningful research results were derived that confirmed that the impact of price changes by type of real estate may vary depending on the movement of investment demand.

Tobacco excise tax policy in Indonesia: who does reap the benefits?

In Indonesian tobacco, excise tax policy never decrease every year. As a result, the number of tobacco industries sharply declines, however the prevalence of tobacco smoking steadily increase since 1995. Therefore, this research aims to estimate the increase of tobacco excise tax and its impact on cigarette consumption, government revenue, and the possibility of cigarette sold illegally. There are two analytical model, Logit and Tobit. Logit model is used to estimate the impact of cigarette price towards the probability of household member to smoke or not, and Tobit model is used to estimate the impact of price change towards the amount of cigarette consumption. Tobit model is employed since it include non-smoker household, covering 40% of total household. The estimation is based on SUSENAS published on March 2017. The result suggests increasing cigarette prices does not lessen people desire to be smokers; indicating that most Indonesian consider cigarette as basic needs. Consequently, the increase of tobacco excise tax leads to the growth of government revenue and number of illegally sold cigarette. Therefore, it conclude that large-scale industries benefit the most, when this result is linked to the decrease of tobacco industries data. Meanwhile, Indonesian people may get the benefit, if the government revenue is appropriately allocated to stimulate economic and development.

Economic Factors of Vacuum Rail’s Competitiveness in Poland Compared to Alternative Solutions

Abstract A comparative analysis of factors of vacuum rail’s competitiveness in Poland relative to other means of transport is presented. Only such determinants of competitiveness as price and time of travel are focussed on and compared with alternative solutions on selected routes. Impact of price changes on effectiveness of vacuum rail construction is additionally analysed. Investment effectiveness in the case of vacuum rail is considered in the long time-frame, given the time of infrastructure depreciation and of due return on sources of committed financing. The analysis helps to identify key factors which may decide competitive advantage of vacuum rail in Poland over other means of transport.