Impact Of Different Additives Research Articles

Enhancing Concrete Properties through Fly Ash Pelletized Aggregates and Fibre Reinforcement - A Review

This literature review examines recent studies in Lightweight Aggregate Concrete (LWAC), specifically focusing on utilizing fly ash pelletization and fibre reinforcement to enhance concrete properties. Fly ash, a by-product of coal combustion, has gathered attention because of its potential to be put forward as a critical component in creating lightweight aggregates. The process of pelletization, which involves forming fly ash into small, spherical pellets, has been shown to improve the mechanical properties of the resulting concrete. The process mainly includes the cold-bonded pelletization method, which consumes energy and is easy to use. The review gives fusion findings from various studies examining fly ash's role in producing lightweight aggregates and the impact of different additives and processes on the resulting material properties. Key insights reveal that incorporating silica fume, fly ash, and steel fibres remarkably improves concrete's compressive and bonding strengths. Additionally, the cold-bonded pelletization of fly ash and cement, especially when combined with Polypropylene (PP) and steel fibres, leads to enhanced aggregate properties, including strength, density, and water absorption. The review also highlights the importance of optimizing pelletization parameters and binder usage to improve the quality of lightweight aggregates and enhance the properties of concrete. Moreover, integrating hybrid fibres, such as carbon and polypropylene, enhances concrete's postpeak performance and flexibility. The findings suggest that these innovations in fly ash pelletization and fibre reinforcement improve mechanical performance and contribute to more sustainable and cost-effective concrete production. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of research, offering insights into the future direction of LWAC development.

Enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis of corn stover by γ-valerolactone pretreatment and the characteristics of enzymatic residues

Efficient pretreatment methods are crucial for the generation of fermentable sugars from the renewable lignocellulose. In this study, γ-valerolactone (GVL), a biomass-derived green solvent, was used to fractionate corn stover (CS). The impact of different additives on the enzymatic hydrolysis and pretreatment of CS within the GVL/water system was carefully investigated. The results demonstrate that the use of H2SO4-assisted GVL/H2O (80:20, w/w) pretreatment at mild conditions successfully facilitates the depolymerization of CS, thereby improving the cellulase accessibility. Furthermore, by increasing the GVL pretreatment temperature to 160 °C with 100 mM H2SO4 addition, the pretreated CS led to nearly 100 % of hydrolysis yield at 2 % (w/v) solid load. Finally, the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed to evaluate the thermal decomposition characteristics of untreated CS and enzymatic residues based on the H2SO4-assisted GVL/H2O pretreatment. The results indicate that the enzymatic residues had two depolymerization stages from 200 °C to 500 °C with a final residual mass of 22.73 %, which was higher than that of untreated CS (20.56 %). Overall, this study provides an efficient lignocellulose pretreatment for fermentable sugars production and valorization of enzymatic residues.

Study on the Effects of Additives on the Performance of Ni–Co–P Alloy Coatings Using Box–Behnken Design

Study on the Effects of Additives on the Performance of Ni–Co–P Alloy Coatings Using Box–Behnken Design

Development of high performance thin-film (nano) composite membranes for forward osmosis desalination applications- a review

The impact of different additives on the achievement of FO membranes was designed, reviewed, and highlighted the performances of nanocomposite over traditional membranes with evidenced literature support. This review found that the surface hydrophilicity, roughness, porosity, FO water permeation, solute retention, reverse solute permeates (RSP), and specific reverse salt permeate (SRSP) has been greatly affected by the alteration of a skin layered structure of FO membrane. The review revealed that the TFN-FO membranes showed very high surface hydrophilic properties than the TFC-FO membranes. For example, the graphene quantum dots (GODs) based UiO66-NH2 crystals (GQDs@UiO66-NH2, 250 ppm, TFN-0.25%) membrane had a goniometer (contact angle) reading of 12° which indicated a super-hydrophilic property of nanocomposite membrane over traditional TFC membranes. In addition, the TFN-FO membrane showed the highest FO permeation rate of 84.7 L m-2h−1 for the ZnO-based TFN membrane (TFN-ZnO-0.5) and a very lower RSP value of 0.005 g/L for nylon-6 (N6) substrate containing silica dioxide (SiO2) nano particle (NP) support membrane with polyamide (PA) layer nano membrane (E. Spun N6/SiO2-PA/SiO2 TFN) suggested an excellent FO performance than TFC membranes. This review also suggested that the TFN membranes provided enhanced salt rejection and FO water flux with superior fouling resistant properties which are important parameters to enhance FO performances. Hence, TFN-FO membranes can utilize as a suitable candidate for desalination applications compared to TFC membranes.

Effect of different alternative additives on nutritional value, in vitro digestibility, and carbohydrate fractionation of whole-plant sorghum silage

This study aimed to evaluate the impact of different additives on nutritional value, in vitro digestibility, and fractionation of carbohydrates of sorghum silage. The experimental design was completely randomized with four replications and seven treatments: 1) Control (C), whole-plant sorghum with no additives; 2) Microbial (M), whole-plant sorghum + microbial additive (0.2% of original matter); 3) Sugar (S), whole-plant sorghum + brown sugar (4.0% of original matter); 4) Microbial plus sugar additives (MS), whole-plant sorghum + microbial additive (0.2% of original matter) + brown sugar (4.0% of original matter); 5) Whey (W), whole-plant sorghum + whey (3% of original matter); 6) Microbial plus whey additives (MW), whole-plant sorghum + microbial additive (0.2% of original matter) + whey (3% of original matter); 7) Microbial plus sugar plus whey (MSW), whole-plant sorghum + microbial additive (0.2% of original matter) + brown sugar (4.0% of original matter) + whey (3% of original matter). The sorghum was cut 111 days after emergence, in the milky-floury stage, and ensiled in polyvinyl chloride silos, adapted with a Bunsen valve. After 35 days of storage, the silos were opened, and samples were collected for the respective analyzes. The additives only presented differences for dry matter, mineral matter, organic matter, crude protein, ether extract, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, total carbohydrates, and A + B1 fraction of the carbohydrates. In the present study, microbial inoculants, brown sugar, whey, and their interactions were effective in improving the chemical profile as well as the soluble carbohydrate fraction of whole-plant sorghum silage.

Impact of different additives on low-temperature recrosslinkable preformed particle gel to mitigate fluid losses in fractured formations

During drilling through highly permeable or fractured formations, the entire drilling fluid or most of it might be lost into formations; this phenomenon is called lost circulation. Lost circulation can cause serious issues during drilling, such as challenging well control operations, and in some cases, complete loss of the well. In this paper, a Low-Temperature Recrosslinkable Preformed Particle Gel (LT-RPPG) was evaluated in the presence of various conventional additives to control drilling fluid loss in fractured formations. The additives tested in the study included mica, walnut shell and bentonite. Different factors were investigated, including mica concentrations, mica particle size, walnut shell concentrations and bentonite. Core flooding experiments were conducted to evaluate the LT-RPPG with the various additives plugging performance utilizing open fractured cores. The results showed that by mixing the LT-RPPG with the drilling fluid, a stronger material, reflected in a higher elastic modulus and sealing pressure, was obtained as compared by solely hydrating the LT-RPPG with brine. Also, the addition of mica and walnut shell further improved the LT-RPPG strength. While the mica particle size selection influenced the LT-RPPG rheological properties, the results from the core flooding experiments indicated the mica particle size had insignificant impact on the sealing pressure as compared with the mica concentration. Among the different tested addtivies, the optimum improvement on the LT-RPPG plugging performance was obtained by introducing 1.00% walnut shell. The mixture achieved a sealing pressure up to 5685.41 psi/ft for 3.0 mm fracture width. Furthermore, the core flooding results exhibited that the LT-RPPG combined with the additives effectivility reduced the fracture permeability to more than 108 times even after the gel rupture by subsequent drilling fluid circulation.

Studying the impact of different additives on the properties of straight-run diesel fuels with various hydrocarbon compositions

One of the most widely used way to improve low-temperature properties of diesel fuels is the use of additives. However, a variety of additives and the effect of susceptibility make it difficult to select additive for a particular composition of diesel fuel and operating conditions. The laws of interaction between functional groups of additives and hydrocarbons of the diesel fraction have not been investigated yet. The article discusses the influence of fractional, group and structural-group composition of straight-run diesel fuels on the effectiveness of cold flow improvers. The effect of additives concentration on the effectiveness of their action is considered. It was shown that when selecting a cold flow improver for diesel fuel and determining its optimal concentration, it is necessary to take into account the optimal content of various groups of hydrocarbons in diesel fuel, at which a cold flow improver is most effective.

Impact of different additives on spawn production of different strains of lion’s mane mushroom (Hericium Spp.)

Medicinal mushrooms have bioactive compounds with therapeutic properties. Lion’s Mane Mushroom is found throughout the northern hemisphere in Europe, Asia, and North America. The present investigation was conducted with the aim to determine the effect of organic and inorganic additiveon mycelium growth (spawn) of Lion’s mane mushroom (Hericium Spp.). In the present study organic additive viz. pulses flour (Pigeon pea) and cereal flour (Rice flour) @2% and inorganic additive (MgSo4) were mixed @1% as a supplement with wheat grains for spawn production of six different strains of Hericium. The results obtained during the present investigation, in the spawn production maximum mycelial growth (90.00 mm) was found in strain He-02 in the organic additive Pigeon pea flour and also in cereal flour (Rice flour) on 20th days, while maximum mycelial growth (90.00 mm) was also found in strain He-02 when Mgso4 was mix in wheat grains for spawn production of six strains of Hericium as inorganic supplements. Based on the results obtained, for spawn production of Lion’s mane mushroom (Hericium Spp.) strains He-02, by organic and inorganic supplementation, Pigeon pea flour and rice flour while in case of inorganic additive Mgso4 would be recommended most effective supplement in wheat grains for strain He-02.

Films from an Aqueous Suspension of Alkaline Pretreated and Fine Milled Chicken Feathers

The purpose was to test the feasibility of preparing cast films directly from an aqueous suspension of alkaline pretreated and fine milled chicken feathers, and to evaluate the impact of different additives on film formation and the tensile properties of the resulting films. The feather suspension consisted of stiff and sharp-pointed fibers together with more round-shaped fines. Films cast from this suspension were opaque and porous. While films without additives were fragile with drying-induced defects, film formation was improved with additives, especially with ethanolamine and maleic acid at 20% and 30% concentrations. A synergistic plasticizing effect was observed with ethanolamine and formamide, and strength of the films was improved with sodium alginate. However, the overall impact of additives on the tensile properties in general and strain at break in specific was limited. This was likely due to the dominating role of the porous film structure and the stiff fibers with a limited reactivity towards the additives.

Influence of Polyol/Salt Additives on the Drug-Mediated Phase Separation and Thermodynamic Properties of Triton X-100

Herein, we investigated the impact of different additives [polyols (glucose, galactose, and maltose)/electrolytes (KCl, K2SO4, and K3PO4·7H2O)] on the interaction between quinolone antibiotic drug,...

Mitigation of ammonia, nitrous oxide and methane emissions during solid waste composting with different additives: A meta-analysis

Composting of solid waste can be associated with a loss of the agronomic value (nutrient loss), as well as a source of environmental impact through the emission of the greenhouse gases (GHG) nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) and volatilization of ammonia (NH3). Additives have been considered as a useful option to mitigate these environmental emissions, but the wider effects of using different additives on multiple gas emissions is still uncertain. Here, a global meta-analysis was conducted using 105 studies with 303 paired comparisons, to quantify the impact of different additives on NH3 and GHG emissions, considering different composting feedstock properties. On average, additives reduced the total nitrogen (TN) loss (46.4%), NH3 (44.5%), N2O (44.6%) and CH4 (68.5%) emissions, and total GHG emissions expressed as global warming potential (GWP) (54.2%) during composting. Chemical, physical and microbial additives all significantly reduced TN loss and NH3 emission; however, the strongest effect was observed for chemical additives under the condition of low moisture content (≤65%), low C/N ratios (≤20) or alkalinity (pH > 7.5). Specifically, PO43− and Mg2+ salt had the greatest mean mitigation for TN loss (68.0%) and NH3 emission (62.0%). In contrast, physical additives (e.g. biochar and zeolite) were more effective at reducing the total GHG emissions (67.2%) compared with chemical additives because of the greater mitigation of N2O emission. Low moisture content (≤65%) or low C/N ratios (≤20) enhanced the effectiveness of chemical additives in reducing TN loss and NH3 emission. Physical additives were suggested to be more effective in reducing N2O emission at low moisture content (≤65%) or high C/N ratios (>20 to ≤ 30). The magnitude of the mitigation of TN loss and NH3 emission increased as the dosage rate of PO43− and Mg2+ salt/superphosphate increased between 0 and 20%. This meta-analysis suggests that an optimized combination of chemical and physical additives tailored to feedstock characteristics and application dosage may be a promising approach for the synergistic mitigation of NH3 and GHG emissions.

Modification of Alkali Activated Blast Furnace Slag for Pothole Repairs

Potholes denote small, typically sharp edged holes in the pavement. The aim of this research was to study the usability of alkali activated (AA) blast furnace slag based material in the repair of paved roads, especially during the cold winter and spring seasons when such repairs are needed most and the use of hot asphalt is not possible. The objective was to a find material which is both more cost-efficient and durable than plain cold asphalt. Properties like rapid strength development, good bonding with old paving material, weather resistance, abrasion resistance, and low shrinkage were required. The influence of the chosen factors on the performance of the material was studied applying the multi-attribute optimization method. The impact of different additives, such as Portland cement, fibers and crushed tire rubber were studied. The results indicated that the AA slag based materials studied can be improved by suitable additives to make them reach desired performance. According to the tests, adding Portland cement increased compressive strength threefold after 3 hours and reduced shrinkage by 34% but should be a negative impact on higher levels related to freeze-thaw resistance. In addition, crushed rubber was indicated to have a positive impact related to all the studied performance properties.

LC-Orbitrap MS analysis of the glycation modification effects of ovalbumin during freeze-drying with three reducing sugar additives

In general, the reducing sugars were extensively utilized as additives to prevent denaturation and inactivation during the freeze-drying process. However, different additives have unequal protective effects on the protein conformation. To evaluate the mechanism of protection the protein structure using different additives in the freeze-drying process, the glycated sites and degree of substitution per peptide (DSP) of each site were investigated by LC-Orbitrap MS. We found that the ovalbumin that was supplemented with ribose and then lyophilized (R-oval) have the highest extent of glycation modification. K227 was the most reactive glycated site in R-Oval, with a DSP of 0.83. The ovalbumin that was supplemented with lactose and then lyophilized (L-Oval) have the lowest degree of glycation, and K227 did not undergo the glycation reaction. It was hypothesized that the order impact of different additives on protection of the protein conformation were lactose > galactose > ribose during the freeze-drying process.

Inhibition of sodium release from Zhundong coal via the addition of mineral additives: A combination of online multi-point LIBS and offline experimental measurements

The retention performance of 5 different sorbent additives, including 2 pure additives, i.e., silica and alumina, and 3 typical natural mineral additives, i.e., kaolin, mica and pyrophyllite, on the release of sodium during the combustion of Zhundong coal is investigated via a combination of online multi-point Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) technique and offline measurements including inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES), X-ray diffraction, and ash fusion temperatures (AFTs). The online and offline measurement results for the sodium release of Zhundong coal/additives mixtures are compared and verified with each other. Ternary phase diagram simulations are performed to further substantiate the impact of different additives on liquidus temperatures of Zhundong coal ash. All the five sorbent additives show a significant sodium retention effect, while alumina and kaolin are better additives considering the effects on AFTs.

Formulation-properties versatility of wood fiber biocomposites based on polylactide and polylactide/thermoplastic starch blends

This article discusses the interrelation between formulation, processing, and properties of biocomposites composed of a bioplastic reinforced with wood fibers. Polylactide (PLA) and polylactide/thermoplastic starch blends (PLA/TPS) were used as polymeric matrices. Two grades of PLA, an amorphous and a semicrystalline one, were studied. TPS content in the PLA/TPS blends was set at 30, 50, and 70 wt%. Two types of wood fiber were selected, a hardwood (HW) and a softwood (SW), to investigate the effect of the fiber type on the biocomposite properties. Finally, the impact of different additives on biocomposite properties was studied with the purpose to enhance the bioplastic/wood fiber adhesion and, therefore, the final mechanical performance. The biocomposites containing 30 wt% of wood fibers were obtained by twin-screw extrusion. The properties of the biocomposites are described in terms of morphology, thermal, rheological, and mechanical properties. Furthermore, the biocomposites were tested for humidity and water absorption and biodegradability. An almost 100% increase in elastic modulus and 25% in tensile strength were observed for PLA/wood fiber biocomposite with the best compatibilization strategy used. The presence of the TPS in the biocomposites at 30 and 50 wt% maintained the tensile strength higher or at least equal as for the virgin PLA. These superior tensile results were due to the inherent affinity between the matrices and wood fibers improved by the addition of a combination of coupling and a branching agent. In addition to their outstanding mechanical performance, the biocomposites showed high biodegradation within 60 days. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 54:1325–1340, 2014. © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada 20131

The Impact Of Different Additives To Neutral Buffered Formalin

BackgroundNeutral Buffered Formalin (NBF) is the industry standard fixative for anatomic pathology. In addition to 105 formaldehyde, NBF contains up to 10% methanol as well as buffering agents. In addition to NBF, different reagents can be added in an effort to improve the quality of proteins and nucleic acids isolated from formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissue.MethodsTissue was fixed individually in different fixative formulations to evaluate the contribution of each reagentt in the fixative. Tissues were subsequently paraffin embedded. Endpoint analysis included evaluation of cyto‐and histo‐morphology, immunohistochemistry, and RNA quality.ResultsThe addition of phosphate buffer contributes to the greatest improvement in quality, at the RNA level compared to other ingredients and additives in neutral buffered formalin.ConclusionsThe presence or absence of other reagents in neutral buffered formalin has limited impact on biomolecule quality in the presence of appropriate buffers.

Impact of Different Additives on Performances of Unfired Magnesia-Calcia Brick for AOD Furnace

This paper studied the impact of different additives and their amount on the performances of unfired magnesia-calcia brick by detecting cold crushing strength, volume concentration, after-firing linear change, slag resistance and microstructure. The results showed that samples with Zirconia or Zircon had relatively high cold crushing strength. The sample with 4% TiO2 had the maximum volume concentration after firing. With the increase in the amount of additives, contraction occurred to all the samples, in which samples with Zircon had the smallest linear change and the most stable volume. Samples with 4% ZrO2 and Zircon had better slag resistance.

Analyzing Settling of Fine-Grained Soil by Electrical Resistance Measurements

Abstract The industry and construction sector face an increasing problem of how to dispose of its voluminous residues. Much of these residues are constituted of large amounts of liquid phase and fine-grained solids in suspension, for example mine tailings and dredged materials. Therefore, there is a need to develop technologies that aim at reducing the volume of these residues for economical disposal or treatment. Depending on the type of solid and liquid phase, a number of additives are currently used to speed up the sedimentation and reduce the volume of these suspensions. In order to investigate the impact of different additives, a laboratory setup was designed to monitor the sedimentation process. This setup consists of a transparent plastic tube provided with electrodes. This paper focuses on the evaluation and performance of electrical resistance measurement as a means to monitor the sedimentation of a fine-grained soil. Experimental work was carried out on suspensions of kaolin clay in deionized water and electrolyte solutions. The results showed that electrical resistance measurements can provide valuable information related to densification and fabric of the soft sediment.

Analysis of the impact of different additives during etch processes of dense and porous low- k with OES and QMS

The focus of this paper is the impact of CF 4 based plasma etch processes with the additives argon and C 4F 8 on material properties and geometrical parameters of etched trenches using dense and porous SiCOH. Argon and C 4F 8 were added to change the radical to ion composition and to shift the carbon to fluorine ratio, respectively. With several techniques, FTIR, spectral ellipsometry and contact angle measurements, modifications in the structure of the materials and their surface conditions were analyzed. To understand the influences of the additives on the plasma conditions, optical emission spectroscopy (OES) and quadrupole mass spectrometry (QMS) were used to estimate the composition of the plasma in situ. For the additive argon, a slightly enhanced etch rate and an increased refractive index due to serious plasma damage for porous SiCOH was observed. At higher Ar flow rates peaks of Si 2O 4H x clusters in the QMS spectra and increased CO and O lines, measured with OES, indicate a higher sputter yield on the SiCOH network. SEM cross-sections show, that argon has no effect on the sidewall geometry of etched trenches. A higher CH/CN line in the OES spectra indicates an enhanced sputter effect of the SiCN films in via bottoms. For C 4F 8 addition results of spectral ellipsometry show a decreased etch rate and refractive index. Using FTIR the formation of a polymer film on the surface was observed. Higher C 2 lines in the OES spectra are indications of enhanced polymerization efficiency. Finally, the addition of C 4F 8 decreases the etch rate in the trench sidewalls and therewith assumedly the sidewall damage.

Matrices for toxic slime utilization after the polluted water treatment

A new effective matrix type (glass-ceramic matrices) has been obtained for the toxic slime utilization after water purification. Optimal formulas and operating conditions were developed for molding the matrices proposed. The impact of different additives on physicochemical properties of model matrices was studied. It was established that structures featuring high physical and mechanical characteristics were formed during the thermal treatment of the developed matrices at 700–800°C.