Impact Of Changes Research Articles

Comparative analysis of lumped and semi-distributed hydrological models in humid Mediterranean environments

ABSTRACT This study conducts a comparative analysis of four hydrological models—GR4J, HBV-light, HEC-HMS, and WEAP—to evaluate their effectiveness in simulating surface water responses in humid Mediterranean climates. The Longaví basin, located in the Maule River basin of central Chile, was selected for its characteristic climate. The models used lumped and semi-distributed approaches to simulate the basin’s hydrological cycle. The study area was divided into three zones, considering climate, soil properties, and altitude. Results showed that GR4J, HEC-HMS, and WEAP performed well during the winter months (June to October), while HBV-light was more effective in summer (November to May). WEAP model, with its extensive parameterization, effectively captured streamflow variability during the rainy season. The Differential Split Sample Test indicated that GR4J and WEAP offered the best fit for analysing climatic variability. These models are highly recommended for climate change impact studies, given their strong performance in capturing seasonal hydrologic responses across similar regions.

Is There a Correlation Between Preoperative HbA1c Change, Long-Term Weight Loss and Glycaemic Control in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Undergoing Metabolic Surgery?

Introduction Optimisation of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) prior to metabolic surgery aims to achieve tight glycaemic control by the time of surgery. Little is known about the influence of altering preoperative glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) on postoperative weight loss and glycaemic control. The aim of this study was to determine whether a change in HbA1c during the preoperative period correlated with long-term weight maintenance and HbA1c in patients undergoing metabolic surgery. The quantity of glucose-lowering medication used prior to and following surgery was also examined. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on patients with T2DM who underwent metabolic surgery between 2013 and 2017. Preoperative HbA1c change was measured as a change in glycaemic control during the one-year pre-surgery. The primary outcomes were % excess weight loss (EWL) and HbA1c at five-year post-surgery. Secondary outcomes were % EWL and HbA1c at one-year post-surgery and the use of glucose-lowering medications post-surgery. The Pearson correlation coefficient (r) was used to determine the relationship between the pre-surgery HbA1c change and postoperative % EWL and HbA1c. A chi-squared test was used to calculate the statistical impact of changes in medication use post-surgery. Results Sixty-nine patients with complete data were included in the study. The mean change in HbA1cin the one-year pre-surgery, the one-year post-surgery and five-year post-surgery was -0.9% (1.5), -0.7% (1.2) and 0% (0 1.8), respectively. A change in HbA1cin the one-year pre-surgery did not correlate with % EWL at one-year and five-year post-surgery or with HbA1cat one-year and five-year post-surgery. At one-year and five-year post-surgery, there was a significant decrease in the proportion of patients requiring glucose-lowering medications compared to patient use prior to surgery (p < 0.001). Conclusion This study demonstrated a significant reduction in the proportion of glucose-lowering medication required long-term following metabolic surgery. Altering preoperative glycaemic control was not associated with long-term weight maintenance or glycaemic control.

Changes in Vegetation Greenness and Responses to Land Use Changes in the Yongding River Basin (in North China) from 2002 to 2022

Vegetation is an important component of an ecosystem, fulfilling various ecological functions in areas such as soil and water conservation, climate regulation, and water source maintenance. This study focuses on the Yongding River Basin as a research area. This study used vegetation indices with long time series as a data source in combination with Landsat land use data. This study applied linear trend estimation to analyze the interannual variation trend in vegetation greenness from 2002 to 2022 in the Yongding River Basin and quantitatively analyzed the impact of land use changes on vegetation greenness. The results show that, from 2002 to 2022, the vegetation greenness in the Yongding River Basin has shown an overall increasing trend. The average growth season and the maximum annual normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) growth rates were 0.006/10a and 0.008/10a, respectively, and the area of increased vegetation greenness accounted for 90% of the total area. During the main growth season (April to October) in the Yongding River Basin, the NDVI generally showed a spatial pattern of being higher in mountainous areas and lower in water areas, with the largest coefficient of variation in vegetation in the river water areas, and the most stable vegetation in forest land. In terms of the changes in vegetation greenness, the contribution rate of arable land was between 36.73% and 38.63%, followed by grassland and forest land, with contribution rates of 26.86% to 27.11% and 23.94% to 26.43%, respectively. The total contribution rate of water areas, construction land, and unused land was around 10.18%. This study can provide a theoretical basis for environmental protection and rational land use in the Yongding River Basin.

Cadmium absorption and translocation in rice plants are influenced by lower air temperatures during grain filling stage

The increasing frequency and severity of low temperatures, and soil cadmium (Cd) pollution threaten food security. However, the interactive effects of Cd exposure and low temperatures on rice yield and quality, as well as the mechanisms of Cd absorption and translocation, remain unclear. In this study, two rice varieties were cultivated in soils with two Cd contamination levels (Cdhigh and Cdlow) and exposed to control (CT25) or lower temperatures of 20 °C (LT20) and 17 °C (LT17) during grain-filling stage. Results showed significant decreases in seed setting rate and grain weight, reduced head rice yield, and increased chalkiness due to low temperatures, particularly in Cdhigh soils. Compared to CT25, LT17 and LT20 increased Cd concentration by 37.6 % and accumulation by 14.8 % in grains grown in Cdhigh soils. Enhanced root activity and upregulation of OsNramp1 and OsNramp5 under both low-temperatures increased Cd levels in roots. Lower temperatures also decreased phytochelatins (PCs) and increased expression of OsHMA2 and OsCAL1, facilitating Cd transport and raising Cd levels in stems. Furthermore, upregulated OsHMA2, OsLCT1, and OsZIP7 in stems under low-temperatures promoted Cd transport to panicles. Overall, low temperatures during grain filling increased Cd uptake and translocation into rice grains, especially in high Cd contaminated soils, raising health risks. The study highlights the need to address climate change's impact on cadmium hazards in rice.

From Protectionist to Regulator: Policy-Driven Transformation of Digital Urban Networks in China’s Online Gaming Industry

In the digital era, data-driven production organizes digital urban networks. This study explores the critical role of government policies in shaping these networks, focusing on China’s evolving policy contexts. While existing research has mainly emphasized qualitative analyses, this paper quantitatively assesses the impact of policy changes on digital urban networks, specifically through the lens of China’s online gaming industry. The study aimed to elucidate the relationship between the policy environment and digital urban networks. By examining China’s transition from protectionist to regulatory policies, this research employed a social network analysis and valued exponential random graph models (ERGMs) across two key phases: the competitive protection phase (2014–2017) and the systematic regulatory phase (2018–2022). The findings revealed a significant transformation in urban network structure, shifting from a centralized model dominated by a few core cities to a decentralized, multi-centered network. The key factors influencing this evolution include the institutional proximity and cross-regional collaborations. This study offers valuable insights into how policy shifts affect urban networks in the digital economy, contributing both theoretically and practically to future policy design.

Nestlé's role in global food security, climate change and consumer health

Nestlé, as a global leader in the food and beverage industry, plays a pivotal role in addressing critical challenges related to food security, climate change, and consumer health. This paper examines Nestlé's strategies and initiatives aimed at contributing to global food security by enhancing sustainable agricultural practices, reducing food waste, and promoting responsible sourcing. The study also explores the company's efforts to mitigate the impact of climate change through carbon reduction initiatives, sustainable packaging, and energy-efficient operations. Additionally, Nestlé's focus on consumer health is analyzed, highlighting its commitment to offering nutritious products, promoting healthy lifestyles, and reducing harmful ingredients such as sugar and salt in its offerings. By evaluating Nestlé's multi-faceted approach, this paper underscores the company's potential to influence positive change at the intersection of food security, environmental sustainability, and public health, while also identifying areas for future improvement and broader impact.

Spatio-temporal pattern change of LULC and its response to climate in the Loess Plateau, China

Exploring land use/cover (LULC) change is essential for the sustainable development of ecologically fragile areas. The main objective of this study was to clarify the characteristics and differences in the spatiotemporal changes of LULC on the Loess Plateau (LP) based on the transfer matrix and land use dynamics and to quantitatively describe the impact of natural factors on LULC using a geodetector. The results indicated that the overall LULC change in the LP was characterized by a decrease in the area of cropland, grassland, and bare land, and an increase in the area of woodland and built-up land. This trend shows a clear phase-change characteristic around 2000. LULC changes were primarily affected by human activities in the southeastern agricultural region. The project of returning farmland to forest and grassland had a great impact on LULC change in the central region. Vegetation was sensitive to temperature and precipitation, and the impact of LULC change was significantly higher than that in the humid region in the northwest arid region. NDVI, PRE, and TEM were determined to be the main contributors to LULC changes in the LP. These results provide a scientific basis for the sustainable development of LP.

Differences in seasonal dynamics and pyrethroid resistance development among Anopheles Hyrcanus group species

BackgroundThe Anopheles Hyrcanus group, which transmits Plasmodium vivax, consists of six confirmed species in South Korea. An epidemiological study revealed differences in the seasonal occurrence patterns of each species. Pyrethroid resistance in An. sinensis dates back to the early 2000s, whereas information on pyrethroid resistance in other species is lacking despite their greater significance in malaria epidemiology.MethodsAnopheles mosquitoes were collected from two malaria-endemic regions in South Korea for 2 years and their knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations were genotyped. The larval susceptibility to λ-cyhalothrin was compared in six Anopheles species and its seasonal changes in three species were investigated. The full-length sequences of the voltage-sensitive sodium channel (VSSC) were compared across six species to evaluate potential target-site insensitivity. The contribution of the kdr mutation to phenotypic resistance was confirmed by comparing median lethal time (LT50) to λ-cyhalothrin between populations of Anopheles belenrae with distinct genotypes.ResultsThe composition and seasonal occurrence of rare species (Anopheles kleini, Anopheles lestri, and Anopheles sineroides) varied considerably, whereas An. sinensis occurs continuously throughout the season. A kdr mutation in the form of heterozygous allele was newly identified in An. belenrae, An. lesteri, An. pullus, and An. sineroides. The baseline susceptibility to λ-cyhalothrin was the highest in An. belenrae, followed by An. lesteri, An. sineroides, An. kleini, An. pullus, and An. sinensis, with median lethal concentration (LC50) values ranging from 6.0- to 73.5-fold higher than that of An. belenrae. The susceptibility of An. sinensis and An. pullus varied by season, whereas that of An. belenrae remained stable. The kdr-heterozygous An. belenare population exhibited 5.1 times higher LT50 than that of the susceptible population. Species-specific VSSC sequence differences were observed among the six species.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that the status and extent of pyrethroid resistance vary among Anopheles Hyrcanus group species. While An. sinensis, the predominant species, developed a considerable level of pyrethroid resistance through kdr mutation, the resistance levels of other species appeared to be less pronounced. Large-scale monitoring is crucial to fully understand species-specific seasonal occurrence and resistance status for effective management strategies, considering the ongoing impact of climate change on their vectorial capacity.Graphical

Assessing the impact of climate change on spring discharge using hydrological modelling in Musanze District, Rwanda

Assessing the impact of climate change on spring discharge using hydrological modelling in Musanze District, Rwanda

Unpacking Technological Risks: Different Sources of Concern and Policy Preferences

How concerned are workers about the impact of technological changes on employment, and what policies do they prefer to mitigate potential negative effects of these changes? We address these questions by presenting new analytical distinctions among different types of labour market concerns. We differentiate among the risk of job substitution, ‘technostress’ and general apprehension about the impact of technology in the workplace. In terms of policy responses, we distinguish between worker preferences for job loss compensation, retraining and distinct measures of ‘technological protectionism’. Using survey data from Spain and innovative measures of these concepts, our findings reveal that concern about job substitution is modestly correlated with support for some redistribution policies. By contrast, both technostress and general concerns about the impact of technology significantly increase support for protectionist policies but not redistribution. These results contribute to understanding how workers might respond to the labour market effects of new technologies such as artificial intelligence.

Early region-specific impact of adjuvant radiation therapy on cognition and quality of life in adult patients with primary brain tumors.

While treatments for primary brain tumors increase survival, they have cognitive sequelae. Neurocognition's anatomical distribution makes it susceptible to brain damage. This study aims to evaluate the contribution of radiotherapy on short-term cognitive impairment. Using a prospective database of cognitive rehabilitation in adults operated on for primary brain tumors, a retrospective sub-analysis of the contribution of radiotherapy was performed. Thirty-four subdivisions of 12 neurocognitive regions were delineated in 48 irradiated patients and 30 non-irradiated patients. In the first group, the correlation between radiation dose and deterioration was evaluated. In all patients, the impact of tumor and surgical changes on dysfunction was calculated and compared with dose-dependent response. The correlation between cognitive status and radiation dose is especially strong and significant in the left hemisphere and in specific subdivisions such as the posterior hippocampus or the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, with the left prevailing over posterior dominance. Memory is the most affected domain 1month after radiotherapy, as attention is three months later. The hippocampus is involved in various cognitive domains in addition to memory. The prefrontal subregions and the genu of the corpus callosum are more affected by the relationship with disease and surgical changes than by radiation exposure. Patients ongoing a course of radiotherapy do not benefit from concurrent cognitive rehabilitation. There is a correlation between the dose of radiation received by several encephalic regions and degree of short-term domain-specific cognition decline, considering other factors of risk and cognitive rehabilitation.

Multi-pressure based environmental vulnerability assessment in a coastal area of Bangladesh: A case study on Cox’s Bazar

Bangladesh ranks among the top 10 countries globally in terms of climate change impacts and faces numerous anthropogenic and natural pressures. Cox’s Bazar, its primary tourist district, is experiencing severe degradation of its physical and ecological environments due to anthropogenic disturbances and climate change. To improve its environmental quality and preserve its ecological resources effectively, it is essential to develop a spatial decision support instrument addressing multi-pressures and cumulative environmental vulnerability (EV). This study presents an expert opinion-independent, scalable, and customizable spatial methodological framework, integrating multi-sourced geospatial data with GIS-based Fuzzy Logic to assess spatial distributions of five pressure groups and their resulting EV in Cox’s Bazar. 18 criteria were chosen based on a structured literature review to evaluate the five pressure groups. Results revealed that 17 % to 27 % of the study area is exposed to high to very high hydro-meteorological, topographic, land resource, anthropogenic, and natural hazard pressures. The EV results indicated that one-third of the study area, majorly covering Kutubdia, Pekua, Cox’s Bazar Sadar, Teknaf, and Ukhia upazilas, is highly environmentally vulnerable. For enhanced environmental protection, this study improved the existing method of environmental protection zoning by introducing a novel zoning approach that integrates in-situ biodiversity data with EV data. This new zoning method delineated 24 % (555 sq. km.) as strict, 45 % (1047 sq. km.) as medium, and 31 % (725 sq. km.) as soft protection zones in the study area. The sensitivity analysis identified land resource pressure as the most influential component of EV. With a correlation coefficient of 0.91, the accuracy assessment confirms a high level of reliability in the EV results. This study provides valuable insights into environmental pressures and vulnerability in Cox’s Bazar, which are crucial for informing policies at various levels, including international and national frameworks, emphasizing terrestrial ecosystem protection, coastal vulnerability mitigation, climate change impact reduction, biodiversity preservation, and sustainable land resource management.

Enhancing Olive Cultivation Resilience: Sustainable Long-Term and Short-Term Adaptation Strategies to Alleviate Climate Change Impacts

Olive cultivation, an icon of Mediterranean agriculture, economy, and cultural heritage, faces significant challenges due to climate change and soil degradation. Climate projections indicate that altered precipitation patterns, rising temperatures, and increased frequency of extreme weather events will adversely affect olive tree growth, fruit quality, and yield. This review provides a novel perspective on addressing these challenges through both long-term and short-term adaptation strategies, emphasizing innovative products, advanced technologies, and practical solutions that must work synergistically and be tailored to regional conditions. Long-term practices refer to proactive strategies for enduring climate resilience, including cover cropping, mulching, soil amendments, and breeding programs which enhance soil health, improve water retention, and increase the trees’ resilience. Short-term strategies focus on immediate impacts, offering immediate stress relief and enhanced plant physiological responses, including optimized irrigation systems, pruning management, particle coating films, biostimulants, and plant growth regulators. The review underscores the importance of aligning agricultural practices with sustainability goals and evolving environmental policies and the education of farmers and policymakers. By integrating adaptive practices and technological advancements, the olive sector can better address climate challenges, contribute to global food security, and advance environmental sustainability.

The Longitudinal Evidence on Social Ties and Fruit and Vegetable Intake among Aging Adults: A Systematic Review.

Social ties are associated with the mortality and morbidity of aging populations; however, the role of social ties in healthy eating practices or gender differences in this link is less understood. The objective of this study was to examine the longitudinal evidence for the impact of changes in social ties on fruit and vegetable (FV) intakes among aging adults, with attention to gender differences. Medline, Embase, Scopus, CINAHL, and ProQuest databases were searched until December 2022. Longitudinal studies evaluating changes in living arrangement, marital status, social network, or social participation and changes in FV intake among middle- and older-age adults were included. Data from the included studies were extracted using a standardized template and analyzed using a narrative approach. A total of 4956 titles were eligible after deduplication, and 75 full texts were screened. Seven studies met the inclusion criteria, and all examined marital transitions only. Five marital transitions were assessed: staying married, becoming widowed, becoming divorced, remaining unmarried, and becoming married. Both the quantity and variety of fruit and/or vegetables eaten were studied. Three of the included studies had only male or only female populations. The studies found that marital dissolution (divorce or widowhood), and remaining unmarried, were associated with reduced FV intakes in older women or men, compared with staying married. The associations were stronger in men than in women. Two studies showed that becoming married was associated with increased vegetable intakes, but 3 reported null results. The included studies were of medium quality. There is a paucity of longitudinal research on whether changes in social ties are associated with changes in FV intakes among aging adults. This review showed that specific marital transitions may influence healthy eating habits, especially in older men. No evidence exists on whether changes in other social ties might alter healthy eating. PROSPERO registration No. CRD42022365795.

Development of a feed-forward audio-visual notification system for reducing motion sickness in autonomous vehicles

To mitigate motion sickness occurring in seat positions where driving conditions cannot be predicted due to the changed interior structure of autonomous vehicles, a feed-forward audio-visual notification system was developed. The design, implemented in the driving environment, provides information through ambient light and notifying sound by predicting signal processing information, including steering angle and turn signals, to address the audio-visual impact of changes in the vehicle's direction, speed, and acceleration with feed-forward alerts. The correlation model between psychological and physiological responses was developed through measurements such as MSQ, MISC, EEG, fNIRS, and HRV during driving, quantifying the degree of motion sickness and improvement situations. The effect of visual variation by ambient light and the customized effect of notifying sound were combined to compare and analyze the degree of motion sickness reduction following the installation of the notification system.

Providing very low-birth-weight infants with fast enteral feeding reduced how long they needed a central venous catheter.

To determine the impact of the protocol change from slow to fast enteral feeding progression on duration of central venous catheter placement, and the rates of late-onset sepsis and necrotising enterocolitis. We compared the evolution of all very low-birth-weight infants admitted on their first postnatal day in neonatal intensive care unit during a 12-month period, before (2021 Cohort) and after (2022 Cohort) implementation of a new feeding protocol. Linear regression model was used to adjust for confounding factors. A total of 343 VLBW infants were included (median gestational age ± SD 28.3 ± 1.7 weeks; median birth weight ± SD 980 ± 300 g). Median initial duration of central venous catheter was 5 days in 2022 cohort compared with 9 days in 2021 cohort (unadjusted p = 0.006, adjusted p = 0.001). Median time to achieve full enteral feeding was 8 days versus 12 days, p < 0.001, with no significant difference in late-onset sepsis or necrotising enterocolitis rates. The change from slow to fast enteral feeding progression for very low-birth-weight infants significantly decreased the central venous catheter duration with no adverse outcomes. This is consistent with recent randomised study results and supports the safe implementation in neonatal intensive care units.

Female-age-dependent changes in the lipid fingerprint of the mammalian oocytes.

Can oocyte functionality be assessed by observing changes in their intracytoplasmic lipid droplets (LDs) profiles? Lipid profile changes can reliably be detected in human oocytes; lipid changes are linked with maternal age and impaired developmental competence in a mouse model. In all cellular components, lipid damage is the earliest manifestation of oxidative stress (OS), which leads to a cascade of negative consequences for organelles and DNA. Lipid damage is marked by the accumulation of LDs. We hypothesized that impaired oocyte functionality resulting from aging and associated OS could be assessed by changes in LDs profile, hereafter called lipid fingerprint (LF). To investigate if it is possible to detect differences in oocyte LF, we subjected human GV-stage oocytes to spectroscopic examinations. For this, a total of 48 oocytes derived from 26 young healthy women (under 33 years of age) with no history of infertility, enrolled in an oocyte donation program, were analyzed. Furthermore, 30 GV human oocytes from 12 women were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). To evaluate the effect of oocytes' lipid profile changes on embryo development, a total of 52 C57BL/6 wild-type mice and 125 Gnpat+/- mice were also used. Human oocytes were assessed by label-free cell imaging via coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS). Further confirmation of LF changes was conducted using spontaneous Raman followed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopies and TEM. Additionally, to evaluate whether LF changes are associated with developmental competence, mouse oocytes and blastocysts were evaluated using TEM and the lipid dyes BODIPY and Nile Red. Mouse embryonic exosomes were evaluated using flow cytometry, FTIR and FT-Raman spectroscopies. Here we demonstrated progressive changes in the LF of oocytes associated with the woman's age consisting of increased LDs size, area, and number. LF variations in oocytes were detectable also within individual donors. This finding makes LF assessment a promising tool to grade oocytes of the same patient, based on their quality. We next demonstrated age-associated changes in oocytes reflected by lipid peroxidation and composition changes; the accumulation of carotenoids; and alterations of structural properties of lipid bilayers. Finally, using a mouse model, we showed that LF changes in oocytes are negatively associated with the secretion of embryonic exosomes prior to implantation. Deficient exosome secretion disrupts communication between the embryo and the uterus and thus may explain recurrent implantation failures in advanced-age patients. Due to differences in lipid content between different species' oocytes, the developmental impact of lipid oxidation and consequent LF changes may differ across mammalian oocytes. Our findings open the possibility to develop an innovative tool for oocyte assessment and highlight likely functional connections between oocyte LDs and embryonic exosome secretion. By recognizing the role of oocyte LF in shaping the embryo's ability to implant, our original work points to future directions of research relevant to developmental biology and reproductive medicine. This research was funded by National Science Centre of Poland, Grants: 2021/41/B/NZ3/03507 and 2019/35/B/NZ4/03547 (to G.E.P.); 2022/44/C/NZ4/00076 (to M.F.H.) and 2019/35/N/NZ3/03213 (to Ł.G.). M.F.H. is a National Agency for Academic Exchange (NAWA) fellow (GA ULM/2019/1/00097/U/00001). K.F. is a Diamond Grant fellow (Ministry of Education and Science GA 0175/DIA/2019/28). The open-access publication of this article was funded by the Priority Research Area BioS under the program "Excellence Initiative - Research University" at the Jagiellonian University in Krakow. The authors declare no competing interest. N/A.

Impacts of Land Use and Land Cover Changes on Biomass and Carbon Sequestration in Coastal Kinondoni, Tanzania

Impacts of Land Use and Land Cover Changes on Biomass and Carbon Sequestration in Coastal Kinondoni, Tanzania

Atmospheric Fungal Spore Injection: A Promising Breakthrough for Challenging the Impacts of Climate Change Through Cloud Seeding and Weather Modification

Cloud seeding is a technique used to enhance precipitation in drought-prone areas, support agricultural productivity, ensure water supply for human consumption, improve hydropower generation from dams, lessen hurricanes, cool urban heat, and disperse fog in airports. Growing global population size and climate change are the biggest impetus for weather modification and cloud seeding operations. Currently, salt powders like silver iodide, potassium iodide, sodium chloride, calcium chloride, dry ice (solid carbon dioxide), and liquid propane are widely used as ice nucleating particles for cloud seeding purposes while in natural cloud formation, and precipitation particles from dust storms, mineral dust and biological aerosols (like spores, pollen, bacteria) are the dominant ice nucleators. Having this knowledge on hand and the ubiquitous nature of fungi on the other hand; it is feasible to exploit the ice nucleating ability of fungal spores and use it as potential candidates for cloud seeding and weather modification operations.

Following up on "Alarming sound: A case study of noise in an emergency department"

Building on "Alarming Sound: A Case Study on Noise in an Emergency Ward," this follow-up study aims to explore the outcomes of a redesigned floorplan on the Jeroen Bosch Hospital in the city of Den Bosch (NL), it's emergency department staff experiences and workplace dynamics focusing on sound. Leveraging both qualitative and quantitative research methodologies, the study seeks to investigate anticipated changes in staff satisfaction, communication efficiency, and the overall work environment following the implementation of spatial modifications. While the outcomes of these interventions are yet to be determined, the research aims to contribute to the existing body of knowledge on the impact of physical workspace changes on healthcare delivery and staff well-being. This research aims to help develop healthcare environments that improve working conditions and better patient care outcomes.