Immunological Research Articles

Summary on Immunology of Milk and Lactation.

Summary on Immunology of Milk and Lactation.

Evaluation of crossmatch techniques for deceased donor transplant program – Need of the hour

Background and Objective: It is important to strengthen deceased donor organ transplant program to help the patients who do not have living kidney donor available. However, there are lots of challenges in deceased donor program. There are challenges to convince families of brain dead patients for organ donation, but transportation of organ as well as allocation is also difficult. One of the main challenges for transplant immunology laboratory is correct crossmatch technique which is sensitive as well as quick and easy to perform. The aim of this study is to evaluate the results of Luminex lysate donor-specific antibody (DSA) crossmatch (LumCross-match) testing for deceased donor renal transplant cases and correlate with graft dysfunction. Methods: We use Luminex lysate DSA crossmatch for human leukocyte antigen testing for deceased donor renal transplants. In 2 years, we had 177 deceased donations and 1184 crossmatches were done. Results: Total 342 patients received kidneys in 2 years. No hyperacute rejection was reported though 28 cases had signs of antibody-mediated rejection posttransplant. Conclusion: We found Luminex lysate crossmatch useful in deceased donor transplant program because of easy procedure, high throughput, more sensitive, and less laborious as well as for posttransplant monitoring.

Research progress in immunoregulatory effects of adipose mesenchymal stem cells

Adipose derived mesenchymal stromal cells (ADSC) are pluripotent stem cells isolated from adipose tissue and have great application potential in regenerative medicine for their rich sources of derivation, relatively less trauma when sampling and few ethical problems. ADSC have preferable immunomodulatory capacity, and can regulate the immunologic functions of dendritic cells, macrophages, NK cells, NKT cells, B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes. In order to better understand the role of ADSC in immunoregulation, this paper systematically reviewed the immunomodulatory effects of ADSC on several representative immune cells. Key words: ADSC; Immunocyte; Immunoregulation

Progress in clinical application of probiotics in preterm infants

Very low birth weight infants (VLBW) and extremely low birth weight infants (ELBW) are prone to complications such as feeding intolerance and infectious diseases such as necrotizing enterocolitis due to the prematurity of the immunological and gastrointestinal system.In recent years, probiotics are being widely used in preterm infants to improve gut microbiota and enhance the resistance to foreign substance.In this way, probiotics plays a role in lessening the incidence of feeding intolerance, reducing the mortality and morbidity of severe NEC and shortening of hospital stay. Key words: Probiotics; Feeding intolerance; Necrotizing enterocolitis; Preterm infant

Diagnostic Values of Some Immunological Markers in Patients With Urinary Tract Infection

The study was carried out in Tikrit city from January 1st to July 1st 2015. These patients admitted to Sallah Al-Deen general hospital and primary health care centers in Tikrit city. The number of patients with Urinary tract infection was 300 patients whom their ages ranged from 2 months to 70 years. The control group included 100 individuals who appeared healthy with no history of UTI. A urine direct and indirect examination was held for all the patients and control. The result showed 70 % positive specimens in culture media. Most isolates were Staph. aureus with 25%. Staph. saprophyticus 24% , E. coli 16%, K. pneumoneae 5% . Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus Spp. and Citrobacter frundii were present in about 5% and 7%, respectively. A member of (yeast-like fungi) Candida Spp. was also found in the ear in about 11%. Blood analysis showed that there was a significant increase in WBC, ESR, neutrophil, and CRP in UTI patients compared to the control group. Serum cytokines showed that the mean level of serum IL-1 family (IL-1α and IL-1β), IL-6, and IL-8 in addition to TNF-α, all were significantly higher in UTI patients than in the control group. Also, results showed a significant increase in serum cytokines in UTI patients with gram-negative bacteria in comparison with gram-negative bacteria. Conclusion: A significant difference was found between patients with UTI and control group regarding some immunological markers. They are also can differentiate between gram-positive and negative UTI. How to cite this article: Miranda, F.C., Kamath, K.K. and Shabaraya, A.R. (2019). Diagnostic Values of Some Immunological Markers in Patients With Urinary Tract Infection. International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology, 9(4): 635-639. Source of support: Nil. Conflict of interest: None.

Promotion of early-career discernment by an allergy and immunology medical student interest group

The future of Allergy and Immunology (AI) relies on attracting high-quality, prospective colleagues at an early stage in their medical training. To that end, we established an AI student interest group at our institution over the past five years that exposes young trainees to aspects of clinical care, research, medical education and outreach in AI.

Clinical and immunological substantiation for a new approach in the diagnosis of selective immunoglobulin A deficiency and common variable immune deficiency

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Molecular targeted therapy for advanced kidney cancer

Sorafenib is the first molecularly targeted drug for first-line treatment of patients with advanced kidney cancer and has achieved satisfactory results. Since then, a variety of molecularly targeted drugs have emerged, and the treatment of patients with advanced kidney cancer has entered a new era of molecular targeting. Molecular targeted therapy improves the clinical efficacy and response rate of patients, and prolongs the progression-free survival and overall survival of patients. Current targeted drugs include vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors, mammalian target of rapamycin, immunological checkpoint inhibitors, etc. Understanding the mechanism of action and clinical efficacy of different targeted drugs, and analyzing the challenges of current targeted drugs from the perspective of gene mutation and drug resistance are helpful to the personalized treatment of patients with advanced renal cancer. Key words: Kidney neoplasms; Urologic neoplasms; Molecular targeted therapy; Antineoplastic agents; Precision medicine

Discharge and Contents of Exosome from Leukocyte-Reduced Apheresis Platelet Stored for Different Storage Time

To explore the effect of storage time on discharge and content of exosome from leukocyte-reduced apheresis platelets (LRA-Plt). Exosome (EXO) from LRA-Plt were acquired by ExoQuick, and its' morphology, immunological marker and particle size distribution were detected by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Western blotting and dynamic light scattering (DLS), respectively. The changes in particle size distribution of EXO from LRA-Plt with different storage time were detected by DLS. The changes in content of protein and RNA of EXO from LRA-Plt with different storage time were detected by Nanodrop® ND-2000. EXO from LRA-Plt was acquired successfully, which was characterized by cup-like shape, CD63/TSG101 enriched and Calnexin negative, and the particle size of which ranged from 30 to 200 nm. At early stored stage (stored for 1 day and 2 days), particle size of EXO from LRA-Plt was small and ranges from 30 to 40 nm. Meanwhile, the contents of protein and RNA were low. The particle size distribution, contents of protein and RNA of EXO from LRA-Plt were not significanty different ammg groups (P＞0.05). At middle-late stored stage (stored for 3, 4 and 5 days), the particle size of EXO from LRA-Plt was larger than that of early stored stage, which ranges was from 130 to 200 nm. Meanwhile, the contents of protein and RNA were higher than those of early stored stage. Particle size distribution, contents of protein and RNA of EXO from LRA-Plt stored for middle-late stage were significant higher than those of early stored stage (P＜0.05). Morphology of EXO from LRA-Plt stored for middle-late stage was different from that stored for early stored stage. Moreover, the particle size distribution, contents of protein and RNA of EXO from LRA-Plt stored for middle-late stage were higher than those of early stored stage. A large amount of protein and RNA contained in EXO from LRA-Plt may participate in the multiple functions caused by platelet transfusion.

The Antibody Club of the French Society of Immunology: structuring the assets of French research

The Antibody Club of the French Society of Immunology: structuring the assets of French research

Hematology and immunology

Hematology and immunology

Research progress in microsatellite instability and diagnosis and treatment of gallbladder cancer

Gallbladder cancer is a kind of common biliary tract tumor with high malignancy and poor prognosis. In recent years, many studies have shown that microsatellite instability (MSI) may be one of the mechanisms of gallbladder carcinogenesis. High frequency microsatellite instability (MSI-H) gallbladder cancer has a better therapeutic effect by treatment with an immunological checkpoint inhibitor due to its unique clinicopathological features. The general characteristics and the detection methods of MSI, clinicopathological features of gallbladder cancer, treatment of programmed cell death 1/programmed cell death ligand 1 immunological checkpoint inhibitors with MSI have been reviewed in this article. Key words: Biliary tract neoplasms, malignant; Gallbladder cancer; Microsatellite instability; Programmed cell death 1; Programmed cell death 1 ligand 1; Immunological checkpoint inhibitors

Immunomodulatory Effect of Carica Papaya and Actinidia Delicosa on Methotrexate Induced Immunosuppression in Male Rats

This study was carried out to explore the effects of alcoholic extract of Carica papaya fruit (C. papya) and Actinidia delicosa (Kiwi) fruit on some immunological, proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory biomarkers in methotrexate (MTX) treated rats. Forty adult male rats were weighted (130-160gm) and equally allocated into four groups and treated daily for 8weeks with orally as follow: Group G1: (control group) received tap water, G2: rats in this group were injected (20mg/kg /B.W) of MTX in 5thweek, G3: were orally received daily (400 mg/kg /B.W) of Carica papaya fruit alcoholic extract and injected (20mg/kg /B.W) of MTX in 5thweek , G4: were orally received daily (400mg/kg /B.W) of Actinidia delicosa fruit alcoholic extract and were injected (20mg/kg /B.W) of MTX in 5thweek. At the end of experiment, all animals were sacrificed and blood was drawn from median canthus of eye for measuring Serum immunoglobulin M, Serum immunoglobulin G, TNFα, interleukin-10 and C – reactive protein concentrations. Liver tissue collected in liquid nitrogen for Real Time PCR of IL1β and IL6 mRNA expression levels. Spleen tissue collected for histopathological examination and immunohistochemistry of TNFα expression levels. The results of the current study revealed A significant increase in serum serum IgM, IgG and IL10 as well as significant decrease in serum CRP concentrations and TNFα concentrations , mRNA expression levels of IL1β IL6 and immunohistochemical expression of TNFα were return to normal following extract administration comparing to the immune-suppression effect of MTX. Histopathological examination of spleen proved the protective effect of C.papaya and Kiwi fruit extract against necrosis and degenerative changes caused by MTX injection. Immunohistochemically, the expression level of TNFα in spleen tissue was decreased in Carica papaya fruit and Actinidia delicosa fruit groups when compared to MTX treated group. Conclusion, alcoholic extract of Carica papaya fruit and Actinidia delicosa fruit compete the side effects of MTX correlated with immune suppressive and pro-inflammatory effect.

Analysis of the autoantibodies characteristics of 77 anti-soluble liver antigen positive patients with liver diseases

Objective To understand the characteristics and clinical significance of anti-soluble liver antigen antibody (anti-SLA) in patients with liver diseases. Methods Serum samples from seventy-seven patients with anti-SLA were collected from Beijing You'An Hospital during the period between January 2010 and December 2018. Anti-SLA, anti-liver cytosol type 1 antibody (anti-LC1), anti-glycoprotein 210 antibody(anti-gp210) and anti-nuclear body protein sp100 antibody(anti-sp100) were detected by immunoblotting; indirect immunofluorescence assay used for detecting anti-nuclear antibody (ANA), anti-mitochondrial antibody (AMA), anti-smooth muscle antibody (SMA), and anti-liver kidney microsome antibody (anti-LKM). One-way analysis of variance was used to compare the ages of different anti-SLA groups. The non-parametric rank sum test was used to compare the liver function indexes and immunoglobulins in different intensity groups of anti-SLA. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Further comparisons were made between the two groups, the correction level α′=0.008 3, P<0.008 3 was considered statistically significant. Results The average age of 77 anti-SLA positive patients was (52.50±1.25) years old, 70 females (90.9%) and 7 males (9.1%). 80.5% of anti-SLA-positive patients (62/77 cases) were strongly positive at the time of initial diagnosis (+++ to ++++).The Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level in the SLA++ group was higher than that in the SLA++++ group (232.7 U/L vs 65.6 U/L,χ2=7.751,P=0.005) and the immunoglobulin M(IgM) level in the SLA+++ group was lower than that in the SLA++++ group (1 270 mg/L vs 2 270 mg/L,χ2=8.337,P=0.004).There was no significant difference in age, other liver function and immunological indicators among the different groups.Seventy cases (90.9%) were both anti-SLA and ANA positive, 13 cases (16.9%) were positive with SMA, and none positive with anti-LKM and anti-LC1. Among anti-SLA positive patients, 58 cases were diagnosed with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), 12 were AIH/primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) overlap syndrome (OS), 2 were drug-induced liver injury, 2 were chronic hepatitis B, and 3 were hepatitis A, hepatitis E and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) with liver injury, respectively.Cases of AIH and AIH/PBC OS accounted for 90.9% (70/77 cases) of anti-SLA-positive patients, and 5 of 7 patients diagnosed with non-AIH (and OS) had elevated IgG, showing AIH feature.92.3% (12/13 cases) of anti-SLA with high titers of AMA were diagnosed as AIH/PBC overlap syndrome. Of the 77 anti-SLA-positive patients, 28 (36.4%) had advanced or end-stage liver disease, including decompensated cirrhosis (22 cases), chronic acute liver failure (4 cases), and liver transplantation (1 case) and death from liver failure (1 case). Conclusions Anti-SLA has high diagnostic specificity for AIH;anti-SLA positive in patients with PBC should be an important biomarker for the diagnosis of AIH/PBC overlap syndrome. Key words: Liver diseases; Hepatitis, autoimmune; Autoantibodies

ASSOCIATION OF MULTIMORBIDITY WITH INCIDENT SHINGLES AMONG OLDER AMERICANS

AbstractOlder adults with multimorbidity are susceptible to shingles due to deterioration of immune function related to coexisting chronic disorders and immunological change. Although the association between individual chronic diseases and incident shingles has been documented, little is known about the effect of having multiple conditions on the risk for developing a new case of the disease. Multimorbidity is a normal condition with advanced aging. This paper examines risk of shingles onset associated with multimorbidity defined as having one or more chronic diseases including hypertension, diabetes, cancer, heart disease, lung disease, arthritis, and stroke among older American. Data for this study come from the 1992 -2016 Health and Retirement Study. The study finds that risk for onset of shingles linearly increases with number of chronic disorders when age, gender, and race/ethnicity were adjusted (adjusted OR: 1.58, 95% CI; 1.37, 1.80 for those with 1 chronic condition vs adjusted OR: 3.43, 95% CI: 2.21, 5.53 for those with 6 conditions). The risks for multimorbidity were little changed after additional adjustments for socioeconomic status and health behaviors. The effect of multimorbidity on developing shingles is greater among young-old adults in their 50s than among the older-old adults aged 80 and higher. Our finding challenges the single-disease framework that is often used in previous studies examining risk factors for shingles. Our finding highlights the need for primary prevention and treatment of multimorbidity for reduction of shingles cases among older adults, especially young old adults in 50s.

Влияние различных схем иммуносупрессивной терапии на динамику показателей клинико-иммунологической активности у больных системной красной волчанкой с антифосфолипидным синдромом

Влияние различных схем иммуносупрессивной терапии на динамику показателей клинико-иммунологической активности у больных системной красной волчанкой с антифосфолипидным синдромом

Research progress in multifunctional nanomedicine for the combination of tumor chemotherapy and immunotherapy

Although the combination of surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy is the main methods of cancer treatment, it still fails to solve certain tumors, especially metastatic tumors. With the in-depth study of tumorigenesis and development mechanism, and the exploration and clinical application of tumor immunotherapy, the survival period of patients with malignant tumors has been significantly prolonged. Tumor immunotherapy has become an effective anti-tumor method by activating the body′s own immune system to achieve tumor suppression. The combination of chemotherapy and immunotherapy has a significant effect and has become a feasible solution for cancer treatment. The rationally designed nanomedicines can effectively combine chemical drugs and immunological preparations, and have become an effective delivery carrier basis and treatment means for clinically targeting tumor tissues, synergistic immune mechanisms to kill tumor cells, and treating tumors. In this paper, the types of multifunctional nanomedicines used in chemotherapy and various immunotherapies in recent years and their advantages in cancer therapy were reviewed. Key words: Nanomedicine; Cancer therapy; Immunotherapy; Chemotherapy; Combined treatment

Advances in immunoregulatory effects of dietary nutrition on juvenile idiopathic arthritis

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis(JIA)is a common disease in pediatric rheumatology and immunology department, characterized with the repeated attack of chronic arthrosynovitis.Considering recurrent inflammatory in the disease progress, the long-term use of glucocorticoids or immunosuppreants may cause various side effects and compliance problems in patients.Nutritional status and nutrients play an important role in regulating immune function, the effects of dietary nutrition on chronic inflammatory diseases has become a research hotspot recently.Good nutritional status, reasonable dietary structure and adequate intake of micronutrients can decrease disease activity and improve the long-term outcome.This article summarizes the immunoregulatory effects of nutritional status, dietary patterns and micronutrients on JIA, providing basis for reasonable dietary intake of patients. Key words: Juvenile idiopathic arthritis; Dietary pattern; Micronutrients; Immunoregulation

Clinical characteristics and prognosis analysis of childhood B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia with TEL-AML1 fusion gene positive

Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics and prognosis of children B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) with TEL-AML1 fusion gene positive. Methods Clinical characteristics, therapeutic effects and prognostic factors of 55 children B-ALL patients with TEL-AML1 fusion gene positive in Children's Hospital of Shanxi from January 2013 to June 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. Kaplan-Meier method was used to evaluate 3-year event-free survival (EFS) rate and overall survival (OS) rate. Influencing factors of EFS and OS were evaluated by using Cox regression analysis. Results TEL-AML1 fusion gene was positive in all 55 children, and no other fusion gene positive was merged. There were 4 patients (7.3%) ≥10 years old. At initial diagnosis, 33 patients (60.0%) had hepatomegaly, 28 patients (50.9%) had splenomegaly, and 27 patients (49.1%) had superficial lymphadenectasis. There were 5 patients (9.1%) with white blood cell count ≥50×109/L, and 19 patients (34.6%) had abnormalities of chromosome. All the 55 children were divided into the low risk group [36 cases (65.5%)], the intermediate risk group [18 cases(32.7%)], high risk group [1 case (1.8%)] according to Morphology, Immunology, Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology (MICM) and adjusted risk. After regular treatments, 50 patients achieved complete remission (CR) on the 15th day. The CR rate after one-course of induction therapy was 100.0%. On the 33rd day, 43 patients (78.2%) had minimal residual disease (MRD) <10-4, 12 patients (21.8%) had MRD≥10-4 and MRD<10-2, 1 patient (1.8%) had MRD≥10-3 at the 12th week. During three to six months, the negative rate of fusion gene was 61.8% (34/55). There were 3 deaths (5.5%), and one (1.8%) of them died of recurrence, and the recurrence time was 27 months from the initial diagnosis; the other 2 cases (3.6%) died of infection during chemotherapy. In 55 patients, the 3-year EFS rate and OS rate was 90.3% and 93.2%, respectively. The 3-year EFS rate and OS rate in the low risk group was 100.0% both; the 3-year EFS rate and OS rate in the intermediate risk group was 78.7% and 86.6%, respectively; the 3-year EFS rate and OS rate in the high risk group was 0 both and one died. EFS rate and OS rate in low risk group were higher than those in the intermediate risk group, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The EFS rate was 92.0% and 0 at the 12th week MRD<10-3 group and MRD≥10-3 group, and OS rate was 95.0% and 0 at the 12th week MRD<10-3 group and MRD≥10-3 group (P < 0.05). Cox multivariate analysis showed that MRD at the 12th week was an independent risk factor influencing EFS and OS (OR= 2.971, 95% CI 1.330-6.633, P= 0.008; OR= 2.884, 95% CI 1.295-6.419, P= 0.009). Conclusions Children B-ALL patients with TEL-AML1 fusion gene positive have a low recurrence rate, high survival rate and good prognosis. Risk stratification and the 12th week MRD are the influencing factors of the prognosis. Key words: Leukemia, B-cell; Gene fusion; Child; Survival; Prognosis

Advance on early diagnosis and treatment of fulminant myocarditis in children

Fulminant myocarditis is characterized by acute hemodynamic disorder, with rapid progress and high mortality.This article reviewed the current diagnostic criteria, the development of diagnostic techniques, as well as the development of current immunological, antiviral, and mechanical circulation adjuvant therapy for fulminant myocarditis in children. Key words: Fulminant myocarditis; Early diagnosis; Therapy; Children