Immunological Techniques Research Articles

Monoclonal Antibodies: Usage in the Treatment of COVID-19 Infection

Since the COVID-19 emergence in December 2019, significant efforts are being made in the hunt for appropriate medical interventions. This forces scientists to produce or discover traditional curative medications, preventive vaccinations, or passive immunological techniques as quickly as possible. Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have drawn a lot of interest throughout this context. COVID-19 approved Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) medications for the outpatient treatment of mild to moderate symptoms for many monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) aimed against the Receptor binding domain of the S protein of the coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We investigated the feasibility of monoclonal antibodies for the diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 infection in this review. Human monoclonal antibodies targeted SARS-CoV-2 viral protein domains, especially the spike protein area, and hyper-immune plasma from recovered COVID-19 patients are also included in this review. In summary, monoclonal antibodies are the promising remedies that could be used to regulate the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19 infection causal agent) through immunotherapy, vaccine development, and viral screening.

Ultrafast Electrothermal Flow‐Enhanced Magneto Biosensor for Highly Sensitive Protein Detection in Whole Blood

AbstractCurrent diagnostic tests for sensitive protein detection rely on immunological techniques, such as ELISA, which require sample purification, multiple washing steps and lengthy incubation, hindering their use for rapid testing. Here, we report a simple electrothermal flow‐enhanced biosensor for ultrafast, high sensitivity measurements of protein biomarkers in whole blood. Magnetic nanobeads dually‐labeled with a detection antibody and enzyme reporter are used to form immunocomplexes with the target protein, which are readily transported to the sensor via magnetic concentration. The incorporation of electrothermal flows enhances immunocomplex formation, allowing for rapid and sensitive detection without requiring blood purification or lengthy incubation. Proof of concept was carried out using Plasmodium falciparum histidine‐rich protein 2 (PfHRP2), a malaria parasite biomarker, which could be detected at concentrations as low as 5.7 pg mL−1 (95 fM) in whole blood in 7 min. The speed, sensitivity and simplicity of this device make it attractive for rapid diagnostic testing.

Ultrafast Electrothermal Flow-Enhanced Magneto Biosensor for Highly Sensitive Protein Detection in Whole Blood.

Current diagnostic tests for sensitive protein detection rely on immunological techniques, such as ELISA, which require sample purification, multiple washing steps and lengthy incubation, hindering their use for rapid testing. Here, we report a simple electrothermal flow-enhanced biosensor for ultrafast, high sensitivity measurements of protein biomarkers in whole blood. Magnetic nanobeads dually-labeled with a detection antibody and enzyme reporter are used to form immunocomplexes with the target protein, which are readily transported to the sensor via magnetic concentration. The incorporation of electrothermal flows enhances immunocomplex formation, allowing for rapid and sensitive detection without requiring blood purification or lengthy incubation. Proof of concept was carried out using Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 (PfHRP2), a malaria parasite biomarker, which could be detected at concentrations as low as 5.7 pg mL-1 (95 fM) in whole blood in 7 min. The speed, sensitivity and simplicity of this device make it attractive for rapid diagnostic testing.

NUTRARET: Effect of 2-Year Nutraceutical Supplementation on Redox Status and Visual Function of Patients With Retinitis Pigmentosa: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.

Oxidative stress plays a major role in the pathogenesis of retinitis pigmentosa (RP). The main goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of 2-year nutritional intervention with antioxidant nutraceuticals on the visual function of RP patients. Secondly, we assessed how nutritional intervention affected ocular and systemic redox status. We carried out a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Thirty-one patients with RP participated in the study. RP patients randomly received either a mixture of nutraceuticals (NUT) containing folic acid, vitamin B6, vitamin A, zinc, copper, selenium, lutein, and zeaxanthin or placebo daily for 2 years. At baseline and after 2-year of the nutritional supplementation, visual function, dietetic-nutritional evaluations, serum concentration of nutraceuticals, plasma and aqueous humor concentration of several markers of redox status and inflammation were assessed. Retinal function and structure were assessed by multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG), spectral domain-optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and automated visual field (VF) tests. Nutritional status was estimated with validated questionnaires. Total antioxidant capacity, extracellular superoxide dismutase (SOD3), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities, protein carbonyl adducts (CAR) content, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) formation (as indicator of lipid peroxidation), metabolites of the nitric oxide (NOX) and cytokine (interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha) concentrations were assessed by biochemical and immunological techniques in aqueous humor or/and blood. Bayesian approach was performed to determine the probability of an effect. Region of practical equivalence (ROPE) was used. At baseline, Bayesian analysis revealed a high probability of an altered ocular redox status and to a lesser extent systemic redox status in RP patients compared to controls. Twenty-five patients (10 in the treated arm and 15 in the placebo arm) completed the nutritional intervention. After 2 years of supplementation, patients who received NUT presented better retinal responses (mfERG responses) compared to patients who received placebo. Besides, patients who received NUT showed better ocular antioxidant response (SOD3 activity) and lower oxidative damage (CAR) than those who received placebo. This study suggested that long-term NUT supplementation could slow down visual impairment and ameliorate ocular oxidative stress.

Efforts to eliminate schistosomiasis in Hubei province, China: 2005–2018

BackgroundThe Hubei province is one of the most schistosomiasis-epidemic-prone provinces in China. A series of strategies were adopted by the government to curb the rebound schistosomiasis endemic status that has prevailed since the early 2000s. This study aimed to elucidate the trends of schistosomiasis transmission and to appraise the effectiveness of the integrated control strategy in lake and marshland areas. MethodsSurveillance data of schistosomiasis in the Hubei province between 2005 and 2018 were analyzed, including conventional health control measures, integrated strategies, and measures that focused on the infection source. According to the local annual plan for schistosomiasis control in endemic counties, previous measures were human and snail control and surveillance. Residents aged 6–65 years were screened by an immunological detection method called indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA) after the transmission season each year. All residents who tested positive were then asked to provide a fecal sample for examination by the miracidium hatching technique (MHT) to detect the presence of schistosomes. Moreover, systematic snail surveys were conducted as a part of the combined environmental sampling method. The latter included integrated strategies and measures that focused on the infection source. Bovine stool samples were also collected and concurrently assessed using the MHT by the agriculture department, river-hardening slope protection was constructed by the water conservancy department, and forestation promotion was conducted by the forest department. The effectiveness of the integrated control strategy was assessed using two indicators of resident and livestock infection rates and three indicators of snail epidemics across all endemic areas. ResultsFrom 2005 to 2018, a total of 28. 46 million and 2. 05 million residents were assessed by immunological (IHA) and etiological (MHT) detection techniques, respectively. Snail surveys and molluscicide application were performed in 2. 26 hectares and 0. 37 hectares, respectively. Moreover, 2. 60 million bovines were assessed by etiological detection techniques (MHT). The river-hardening slope protection project was implemented in 503 places, and 46 thousand hectares in endemic areas underwent environmental modification. Forestation was implemented at an area of 0. 15 million hectares. Between 2005 and 2018, the epidemic indicators, including resident and livestock infection rates and the infested areas and infection rate of snails, all presented downward trends. The resident infection rate decreased from 3. 78% in 2005 to 0% in 2016, which persisted through 2018. The livestock infection rate decreased from 5. 63% in 2005 to 0% in 2013, which also persisted through 2018. From 2005 to 2018, the snail-inhabited area was slightly reduced, but the area of infected snails decreased to 0 in 2012; this persisted through 2018. All counties met the goal for schistosomiasis infection control, transmission control, and disruption of schistosomiasis activity in 2008, 2013, and 2018 separately. That means the goal has been achieved in each stage. ConclusionsThe decline of the schistosomiasis epidemic rate demonstrates that the Chinese government was successful in meeting its public health goal in Hubei province. In the next decade, precision interventions must be implemented in endemic counties with a relatively low epidemic status to achieve the goals of the Outline of the Healthy China 2030 Plan. A similar strategy can be applied in other countries to eliminate schistosomiasis globally.

Current Advances in Immunoassays for the Detection of β2-Agonists

β2-agonists are a group of synthetic phenylethanolamine compounds which are traditionally used for treating bronchospasm. These compounds can also increase skeletal muscle mass and decrease body fat. The illegal use of β2-agonists in food-producing animals results in residue of β2-agonists in edible tissues and causes adverse health effects in humans. Thus, the detection of β2-agonists at trace level in complex sample matrices is of great importance for monitoring the abuse of β2-agonists. Many methods have been developed to detect β2-agonists. Among them, a variety of antigen–antibody interaction-based techniques have been established to detect β2-agonists in various samples, including animal feed, urine, serum, milk, tissues and hair. In this review, we summarized current achievement in the extraction of β2-agonists from testing samples and detection of β2-agonists using immunological techniques. Future perspectives were briefly discussed.

Expert opinions on clinical application of interferon-γ release assay of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (2021 edition)

Interferon-γ release assay (IGRA) is an in vitro immunological technique for Mycobacterium tuberculosis diagnosis, which is recommended by the World Health Organization. As one of the auxiliary diagnosis methods for active tuberculosis in diagnostic criteria of China, the method and technique have been developed in recent years, and a wealth of clinical applied experience has been accumulated in the clinical application in China. Based on the "Opinions of applications of IGRA in China (2014 edition)" issued by Chinese Society for Tuberculosis, Chinese Medical Association, it was revised and improved according to the latest developments and clinical experience, and the expert opinions were presented in six parts: principles and technical advances, quality control, application of latent tuberculosis infection diagnosis, auxiliary diagnosis of active tuberculosis, application in special populations, and the influence of common drugs on IGRA results, with a view to providing guidance for the clinical application of IGRA in China.

AN OVERVIEW OF EXPERIMENTAL RODENT PATHOGENS: HEALTH MONITORING AND LATEST DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES

The system of Rodent health monitoring is critically and crucially dependent upon diagnostics. There are two most important reasons to keep research rodents healthy and free from infections those are; to protect the health and welfare of research rodents and detection and subsequent elimination of disease factors at early stages by using ideal methods can prevent infections from negatively impacting research. Sub clinical infections in rodents modify or alteration in research outcome. In India, over and above 1500 facilities are using laboratory animals for biomedical research. However, majority of them have not implemented the comprehensive disease diagnostic programme or health monitoring due to prohibitive cost of the diagnostic kits. Few facilities in India have implemented international guidelines in health monitoring/disease diagnosis and this includes conventional methods, ELISA and PCR for rapid diagnosis. The expansion of various molecular techniques has developed diagnostic procedures by providing specific diagnosis or detailed characterization of any pathogen or host pathogen interactions. Some of the current immunological and molecular techniques in addition to the conventional ones for the diagnostic technique are discussed in brief. These techniques have been advanced and recognized elsewhere needs to be implemented for rapid and accurate diagnosis of rodent pathogens.

Severely impaired CTL killing is a feature of the neurological disorder Niemann-Pick disease type C1

Niemann-Pick disease type C1 (NP-C1) is a rare lysosomal storage disorder resulting from mutations in an endolysosomal cholesterol transporter, NPC1. Despite typically presenting with pronounced neurological manifestations, NP-C1 also resembles long-term congenital immunodeficiencies that arise from impairment of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) effector function. CTLs kill their targets through exocytosis of the contents of lysosome-like secretory cytotoxic granules (CGs) that store and ultimately release the essential pore-forming protein perforin and proapoptotic serine proteases, granzymes, into the synapse formed between the CTL and target cell. We discovered that NPC1 deficiency increases CG lipid burden, impairs autophagic flux through stalled trafficking of the transcription factor EB (TFEB), and dramatically reduces CTL cytotoxicity. Using a variety of immunological and cell biological techniques, we found that the cytotoxic defect arises specifically from impaired perforin pore formation. We demonstrated defects of CTL function of varying severity in patients with NP-C1, with the greatest losses of function associated with the most florid and/or earliest disease presentations. Remarkably, perforin function and CTL cytotoxicity were restored in vitro by promoting lipid clearance with therapeutic 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin; however, restoration of autophagy through TFEB overexpression was ineffective. Overall, our study revealed that NPC1 deficiency has a deleterious impact on CTL (but not natural killer cell) cytotoxicity that, in the long term, may predispose patients with NP-C1 to atypical infections and impaired immune surveillance more generally.

Dimerization of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein affects sensitivity of ELISA based diagnostics of COVID-19

Nucleocapsid protein (N protein) is the primary antigen of the virus for development of sensitive diagnostic assays of COVID-19. In this paper, we demonstrate the significant impact of dimerization of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) N-protein on sensitivity of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based diagnostics. The expressed purified protein from E. coli is composed of dimeric and monomeric forms, which have been further characterized using biophysical and immunological techniques. Indirect ELISA indicated elevated susceptibility of the dimeric form of the nucleocapsid protein for identification of protein-specific monoclonal antibody as compared to the monomeric form. This finding also confirmed with the modelled structure of monomeric and dimeric nucleocapsid protein via HHPred software and its solvent accessible surface area, which indicates higher stability and antigenicity of the dimeric type as compared to the monomeric form. The sensitivity and specificity of the ELISA at 95% CI are 99.0% (94.5–99.9) and 95.0% (83.0–99.4), respectively, for the highest purified dimeric form of the N protein. As a result, using the highest purified dimeric form will improve the sensitivity of the current nucleocapsid-dependent ELISA for COVID-19 diagnosis, and manufacturers should monitor and maintain the monomer-dimer composition for accurate and robust diagnostics.

All-solid-state SARS-CoV-2 protein biosensor employing colloidal quantum dots-modified electrode

Rapid and reliable detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibody can provide immunological evidence in addition to nucleic acid test for the early diagnosis and on-site screening of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). All-solid-state biosensor capable of rapid, quantitative SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing is still lacking. Herein, we propose an electronic labelling strategy of protein molecules and demonstrate SARS-CoV-2 protein biosensor employing colloidal quantum dots (CQDs)-modified electrode. The feature current peak corresponding to the specific binding reaction of SARS-CoV-2 antigen and antibody proteins was observed for the first time. The unique charging and discharging effect depending on the alternating voltage applied was ascribed to the quantum confinement, Coulomb blockade and quantum tunneling effects of quantum dots. CQDs-modified electrode could recognize the specific binding reaction between antigen and antibody and then transduce it into significant electrical current. In the case of serum specimens from COVID-19 patient samples, the all-solid-state protein biosensor provides quantitative analysis of SARS-CoV-2 antibody with correlation coefficient of 93.8% compared to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results. It discriminates patient and normal samples with accuracy of about 90%. The results could be read within 1 min by handheld testing system prototype. The sensitive and specific protein biosensor combines the advantages of rapidity, accuracy, and convenience, facilitating the implement of low-cost, high-throughput immunological diagnostic technique for clinical lab, point-of-care testing (POCT) as well as home-use test.

Familial Tuberculosis and its Prevention in Terms of Health Care Restructuring

Aim: To study the peculiarities of the course of familial tuberculosis, which includes tuberculosis revealed in someone in the family if there is a source of this infection. Materials and methods: We studied 199 families. One member of each family contracted pulmonary tuberculosis and later became a source of the disease for contactees. The examination was performed with standard clinical techniques using radiological, bacteriological, and immunological examination techniques. Results: We found that in 12-24 months, 207 people were diseased in these families. We also revealed the shift toward a younger age among the diseased contactees. Special emphasis should be paid to the disease of children under 18–52 people, while there was only one patient among the sources of tuberculosis. There were more cases of familial tuberculosis in urban than in rural areas. Females were more likely to suffer from these forms of tuberculosis. Conclusions: Considering the above, we believe that the development of familial tuberculosis occurs due to closer contact of TB source patients with family members, which is facilitated by bad habits of source patients and lack of isolation of contactees from sources and ill-considered reform of health care in general and tuberculosis particularly.

High prevalence of neurocysticercosis among patients with epilepsy in a tertiary care hospital of Assam, India.

Background:Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is a parasitic disease of the central nervous system, which is caused by the metacestode of the pork tapeworm, Taenia solium. The present unicentric, hospital-based, cross-sectional study was undertaken to assess the contribution of NCC as a cause of active epilepsy among patients attending a tertiary health care center in Assam, India.Materials and Methods:Over a period of 2 years, 152 active epilepsy patients were investigated based on clinical, epidemiological, neuroimaging (contrast-enhanced computerized tomography), and immunological techniques to establish the diagnosis of NCC. A precoded questionnaire was administered to patients and/or guardians to collect detailed medical history.Results:Ninety-three cases (61.2%) fulfilled either definitive or probable diagnostic criteria for NCC. Anti-cysticercus immunoglobulin G antibodies were detected by ELISA and enzyme electro-immune transfer blot in 69 (45.4%) active epilepsy patients. Seroprevalence was higher in males, 46.6% (54/116); than in females, 41.7% (15/36), and increased significantly with age; peaking in the 20–39 years age group (36/76; χ2 = 5.64; P = 0.02). Among the seropositive cases, 54 (78.3%) were diagnosed with NCC. A significantly higher number of seropositive individuals were diagnosed with NCC in the 20–39 years age group as compared to the 40 years and above age group (χ2 = 6.28; P = 0.01). The association between seropositivity for NCC, and the number of lesions in the brain was statistically significant (χ2 = −8.33; P = 0.003).Conclusions:This study indicates that NCC is a major cause of active epilepsy in Assam. A high prevalence of pediatric NCC is also a major concern.

Description and Comparison of Methods for the Determination of Anti-Sars-Cov-2 Antibodies

Introduction: The SARS-COV-2 pandemic had an impact with more than 570 million cases and more than 6.8 million deaths as recorded by the United Nations by July 2022. Within the diagnostic context, a few immunological techniques for the detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies emerged, including Chemiluminescent Microparticle Immunoassay (CMIA) and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). This study aimed to compare three detection techniques that have different methodological basis. The study was observational, cross-sectional and retrospective in design. Materials and Methods: Serum samples were processed by the following methodologies: CMIA and “in-house” ELISA. Results: The methodologies were quantitatively evaluated by the correlation method, and qualitatively by assessing individual and simultaneous sensitivity and specificity. Conclusion: These methodologies were designed in a health emergency context so they do not have a gold standard; thus, different algorithms are proposed to improve both the sensitivity and specificity of the detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies.

Multi-dimensional nanoscale liquid chromatography and nano-electrospray ion-trap mass spectrometry for detection of Clostridium botulinum type C and the produced botulinum neurotoxin type C complex

Botulinum neurotoxin types C, D and their mosaic forms C/D and D/C produced mainly by Clostridium botulinum types C and D cause botulism in animals and belong to the most toxic substances for poultry and fish. In addition to intoxications, also toxoinfections with C. botulinum types C and D play a role that should not be underestimated, especially in veterinary medicine.Contrary to other botulinum neurotoxin complexes (BT x), the biosynthesis of these types is phage-encoded. Currently, the gold standard for neurotoxin detection in cases of clinical botulism is the mouse bioassay. In the last few years, alternatives for replacing this mouse bioassay have become increasingly interesting for the detection and characterisation of botulinum neurotoxins. Therefore, immunological techniques based mainly on antibodies, PCR or mass spectral methods have been developed. In this context, the most promising development is that of different endopeptidase assays.In our study, we were able to show that the 2D-nano-LC-MS/MS method presented by Klaubert et al. 2009 especially for detecting BT x A, B, E and F in complex culture media can also be used for detecting BT x C. The focus was therefore on transferring this method to detecting BT x C and pointing out necessary modifications of this current method. For method development, we used different culture preparations and sample conditions. To find out whether BT x C is just as stable against acetic peptic pretreatment as other BT x, we used sample preparations with and without peptic pretreatment.The decisive difference to previous publications is the detection of produced BT x C directly from culture supernatant of different strains of C. botulinum type C.In addition, we present a new approach of detecting protein fragments from C3 and C2 toxin and some specific host cell proteins of the bacterium Clostridium spp. in order to specify the carrier bacterium, therefore verifying the presence of an intact neurotoxin-encoding phage also without directly detecting BT x C and thus the possibility to produce neurotoxin. Herein, we describe a new method to examine environmental samples or suspected feed samples in cases of toxoinfections as well as finding out the causes of clinical botulism. This new approach is particularly interesting for veterinary medicine, especially for diseases like chronic botulism in cows or equine grass sickness.

IMMUNOLOGICAL AND BIOSSENSORY TECHNIQUES FOR DETECTION OF SALMONELLA IN FOOD DERIVED FROM FISH FARMING - REVIEW

Salmonellosis is the world's most common foodborne illness. In Brazil, foods contaminated by salmonella lead the statistics. Therefore, the aim of this study is, through biotechnological knowledge, to compile alternative and innovative techniques for the detection of salmonella in foods, such as fish-farming derivatives, immunological and biosensorial techniques. This is a descriptive exploratory data survey of a qualitative nature, aiming at data analysis. Research and data collection were carried out in bibliographic databases: Academic Google, Scielo, CAPES journals and institutional repositories using specific descriptors - in Portuguese and English, with words and terms separated by the Boolean operators 'AND' and 'OR'. Some innovative and alternative methods are available to identify the presence of salmonella in food. Immunological and biosensory techniques, despite being less frequent in the scientific literature than molecular methods, are techniques that present high specificity and sensitivity. These techniques have been the most developed alternative methods in fish in recent years. And, they can employ both molecular and immunological techniques in biorecognition, which is characterized as an advantage of not having a requirement for pre-enrichment of the sample. According to the literature found, the techniques covered in this study are quick to respond, which speeds up decision-making by researchers and technicians, which makes the techniques very promising for industrial application.

Detection of bovine tuberculosis in cattle and buffaloes in three districts of Punjab by immunological and molecular techniques

Detection of bovine tuberculosis in cattle and buffaloes in three districts of Punjab by immunological and molecular techniques

Comparison of three albumin assay methods: a need for standardization within a healthcare area

Albumin is a main biomarker of denutrition severity. Since 2019, the French National Authority of Health (HAS) recommends an immunologic technique as a reference for measuring albuminemia. In a context of partial recovery by the laboratory of GHBS (using colorimetric method with bromcresol purple) of the biological activity of the dialysis center, until then carried out by the Ouest biology - Biolor laboratory (using colorimetric method with bromcresol green) and in order to standardize practices in the healthcare sector, we compared 3 albumin assay techniques: immunoturbidimetric (Diagam®), BCG (Siemens®), BCP (Siemens®) on Siemens Atellica PLCs. The albumin level of 183 patient samples was measured. We show an overestimation of the dosage by the BCG (+5.46g/L compared to IT) and an interference related to the inflammatory state of the patient during the dosage with this technique, as well as an underestimation of the dosage by the BCP (-0.91g/L relative to the IT), increased in patients with renal injury. This biological difference is added to a discrepancy in clinical conclusions. A change in dosing technique from BCG to BCP may impact the biological follow-up of patients and the PMSI score (mean difference of -6.67g/L between BCG and BCP while the classification of the severity of denutrition uses thresholds set in steps of 5g/L). This variability of results should be taken into account by the clinicians and constitutes an argument in favor of the standardization of laboratories around a reference technique.

A Comparative Study of Immunological and Molecular Techniques to Diagnose Human Cytomegalovirus in renal Failure Patients in Diyala Governor

Background: Cytomegalovirus (CMV)belongsto the herpes virus family, it has the ability to cause systemic infection and serious diseases in immunocompromised patients such as hemodialysis patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of CMV infectionamonghemodialysis (HD) patients.. Renal failure is a condition in which the kidneys fail to remove metabolic end-products from the blood and regulate fluid, electrolytes and pH balance of extracellular fluids.Renal failure diesease is a wide dissemination among kidney patients inBa’quba City.Aim: the study was carried out toImmunological andMolecular detection of CMV among renal failure patients whom admitted to IbnSina Center for kidney Dialysis in Baquba Teaching Hospital .Patients and Methods: This study was conducted for the period from 1/12/2019 to 15/6/2020 in Baquba city in Iraq ,The study involved a total of 100 patients (62 males and 38 females) with kidney diseasewith ageand 50 healthy individuals considered as controls.First step includes Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) diagnosis in studied groupsbyEnzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay technique(ELISA) and second step was detection of Human Cytomegalovirus(HCMV) by Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction.Results: The obtained results showed that HCMV antibody was detected in renal failure patients by ELISAIgG (100%) while IgM were (15.0%) . Also,Distribution Of Detection of human cytomegalovirus DNA in serum between patients with renal failure and control by using sensitive molecular techniques, The obtainedresults showed that the HCMV DNA was detected in (6 out of 45) or 6 % in patients, while in control group (0 out of 5) or 0.0 %.Also, the HCMV DNA was detected in males 1(16.66) %. while in females was 5(83.34) %, while in control group (0 out of 5) or 0.0 %. with highly precent differences was noticing among both sexes. These results showed the age group 60-70 showed the highest rate of infection among other groups.Conclusions: Real time PCR was rapid, sensitive and useful for diagnosing CMV infection in such patients.The results showed that Cytomegalovirus has relationship with chronic and acute renal failure and can affect the patient’s immune status. our results can provide an advanced diagnosis of viral infections among patients in hospitals in Iraq.

Lésions infectieuses génitales

External genital infections are multiple, possibly linked to viral, bacterial, mycosic, or parasitic infections. Viral and bacterial infections often integrate within the framework of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD/STI) and can be associated with a context of immunosuppression. Skin or mucosae damage is often isolated. Their diagnosis is often referred to clinically, and confirmed by local samples without the need for biopsy. Histological examination is indicated in unusual clinical cases or in cases of persistent lesions or atypical appearance or pseudotumoral, posing a challenge for clinical differential diagnosis. In these cases, the morphological analysis can be supplemented by special colorations, immunological techniques or even molecular analysis allowing in some cases the detection and identification of infectious agents. This chapter will integrate external genital infections of viral, bacterial and parasitic origin where histological analysis is the diagnostic element of orientation.