Abstract
β2-agonists are a group of synthetic phenylethanolamine compounds which are traditionally used for treating bronchospasm. These compounds can also increase skeletal muscle mass and decrease body fat. The illegal use of β2-agonists in food-producing animals results in residue of β2-agonists in edible tissues and causes adverse health effects in humans. Thus, the detection of β2-agonists at trace level in complex sample matrices is of great importance for monitoring the abuse of β2-agonists. Many methods have been developed to detect β2-agonists. Among them, a variety of antigen–antibody interaction-based techniques have been established to detect β2-agonists in various samples, including animal feed, urine, serum, milk, tissues and hair. In this review, we summarized current achievement in the extraction of β2-agonists from testing samples and detection of β2-agonists using immunological techniques. Future perspectives were briefly discussed.
Highlights
CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100021, China
The monoclonal antibody (mAb) or polyclonal antibodies (pAb) against β2 -agonist is coated onto the microtiter plate, the β-agonist in sample and β2 -agonist labeled with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or alkaline phosphatase (ALP) competes for binding with the mobilized antibody
The principle of this method is similar to the Lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) based on colloidal gold particles, but the anti-β2 -agonist antibody was labeled with Au@Ag core–shell nanoparticles sandwiched with a Raman reporter (4-mercaptobenzoic acid, MBA) [76,77], or with flower-like gold–silver core–shell bimetallic nanoparticles carrying the MBA [78]
Summary
Β2 -agonists are a group of synthetic compounds with phenylethylamine structures, which are commonly used to treat asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [1] They relax the smooth muscle of respiratory tract by combining to β2 adrenoreceptor. Β2 agonists are powerful anabolic agents which can promote protein synthesis, increase muscle mass and decrease fat tissue [2] They are illegally used in food-producing animals as the growth promoters and nutrient repartitioning agents to escalate lean muscle gain, increase growth rate and feed efficiency [3–6]. In order to monitor the illegal use of β2 -agonists, various techniques have been developed to detect β2 -agonists in animal samples (tissues, milk, urine, hair, etc.), including chromatography, spectrometry and related techniques [13,14], immunoassays [13,14], biosensors [14,15] and β2 adrenoreceptor-based assays [16,17]. Antibody-based techniques provide better cleanup of the samples and higher selectivity than aforementioned other techniques and were summarized
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