Immunohistochemical Examination Research Articles

The Relevance of the Virchow Node and Virchow Triad in Renal Cancer Diagnosis

Background: The purpose of this article is to overview the clinical significance of left supraclavicular adenopathy and review the etiology of inferior vena cava (IVC) thrombosis, starting from a presentation of a rare case of renal cell carcinoma (RCCs) with Xp11.2 translocation involving TFE3 gene fusion. This article also aims to review the literature to understand the characteristics of this rare type of renal tumor. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) associated with Xp11.2 translocation/gene fusion TFE3 is a rare subtype of kidney cancer that was classified in 2016 as belonging to the family of renal carcinomas with MiT gene translocation (microphthalmia-associated transcription factor). The prognosis for these kidney cancers is poorer compared to other types. Methods: We present a case of a 66-year-old man with Virchow–Troisier adenopathy during physical examination, which raises the suspicion of infra-diaphragmatic tumor. The echocardiography highlighted a heterogeneous mass in the right cardiac cavities, and the abdominal ultrasound exam revealed a solid mass at the upper pole of the left kidney. Results: Following computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, PET-CT, and histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations, the patient was diagnosed with renal carcinoma with Xp11.2 translocation and TFE3 gene fusion. Conclusions: IVC thrombosis is often associated with neoplastic disease due to the procoagulant state of these patients, the most common malignancies related to IVC thrombosis being represented by RCCs (38%), genitourinary cancers (25%), bronchus and lung cancers, retroperitoneal leiomyosarcoma, and adrenal cortical carcinoma. Imaging methods play a crucial role in differential diagnosis, allowing for the localization of the primary tumor and assessment of its characteristics.

Synergy of zinc oxide nanoparticles to losartan attenuates kidney injury induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction through modulation of the TNF-α/IL6 and BAX/BCL2 signaling pathways.

Although the relief of ureteral obstruction seems to be a radical treatment for obstructive uropathy (OU), progressive kidney damage is the result because of the associated increased apoptosis and fibrosis. Therefore, it is urgent to find a complementary renoprotective therapy against partially obstructed uropathy cascades. Thus, this study investigated the renoprotective effects of both losartan (LOS) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) in partial unilateral ureteral obstruction (PUUO). In controlled (n = 16) and shamed (n = 16) study, 64 healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats, both PUUO and right nephrectomy (RNX) were induced. The rats were equally allocated into four groups according to treatment protocol: (1) PUUO group (no treatment), (2) ZnONPs group, (3) LOS group and (4) ZnONPs/LOS group. Antioxidant status and gene expression were assessed in renal tissues. Moreover, histologic and immunohistochemical examinations were performed. LOS and ZnONPs significantly mitigated the PUUO-induced renal injury, by significant (P < 0.0001) suppressing of oxidative stress (MDA and TOS), upregulating of antioxidant gene (SOD) and antiapoptotic gene (BCL2), and downregulating the expression of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, and IL6), apoptotic gene (Bax) and fibrotic marker (β-Catenin). The combination of both agents offered a more powerful renoprotective effect with additional significant upregulation of the antioxidant marker (TAC, P < 0.0001). Both losartan and ZnONPs and specially their combination have synergistic action in protecting the kidney against PUUO-induced chronic renal cascades through improvement the renal function tests, amelioration of oxidative stress, inhibition of induced apoptosis and fibrosis with marked renal regeneration which highlights the possible application of these drugs as a complementary therapies for different chronic renal degenerative diseases.

Leukemia Cutis in An Adult Patient with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Review of Histopathology and Immunohistochemistry in Diagnosis

Leukemia Cutis (LC) is a condition of cutaneous infiltration by neoplastic leukocytes. It can manifest in any leukemia, but LC caused by acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has the rarest incidence compared to other types of leukemia. The examination of histopathological morphology supported by immunohistochemical examination and its correlation with peripheral blood morphology and bone marrow is important in the final diagnosis of LC. We present a LC case of a 35-year-old male patient with ALL, using histopathological and immunohistochemistry examinations to diagnose. This case report aims to help clinicians establish the diagnosis for cutaneous manifestations in patients with ALL by using histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations.

Gastric schwannoma with post-surgical gastroparesis: a case report and literature review

Gastric schwannoma is a relatively rare submucosal mesenchymal tumor with low probability of metastasis and arises from Schwann cells of the gastrointestinal nervous plexus. Surgical therapy is the main treatment of gastric schwannoma with symptoms or malignant tendency. Gastroparesis is a potential complication following gastrointestinal surgery, which is a clinical syndrome caused by gastric emptying disorder and characterized by nausea, vomiting, and bloating, resulting in insufficient nutrient intake. Generally, post-surgical etiology is the main potential etiology of gastroparesis, while the most common underlying etiology is diabetes mellitus. So far, reports of gastroparesis arising from resection of gastric schwannoma are rare. We present an 80-year-old woman who was diagnosed with gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) primarily and has undergone laparoscopic wedge-shaped gastrectomy. The pathological and immunohistochemical examination ultimately established the diagnosis of gastric schwannoma. The patient experienced belching, nausea, vomiting, and bloating 1 week after the surgery and confirmed as gastroparesis through gastrointestinal series and gastroscopic examination. A series of treatments were performed, including correcting fluid-electrolyte disorders and vitamin deficiencies, and nutritional support and pharmacological treatments. The patient ultimately recovered well, and the relevant literatures were reviewed to identify and handle similar cases hereafter.

Received: 17 November 2024

The present study aims to better understand the nature of currently circulating GPV strains and their pathological impact on the immune system during natural outbreaks among different duck breeds in Egypt. For this purpose, 99 ducks (25 flocks) of different breeds, aged 14–75 days, were clinically examined, and 75 tissue pools from the thymus, bursa of Fabricius, and spleen were submitted for virus detection and identification. Clinical and postmortem findings were suggestive of GPV infection. Concerning the immune system organs, atrophy in the thymus (60.6%), bursa (45.5%), and spleen (38.3%) was the most common gross lesion. Microscopically, the pathological impact of the virus was exhibited by a necrotic thymic cortex with Hassall’s corpuscle disintegration, the disappearance of normal bursal histological morphology accompanied by atrophied follicles and lymphocytic depletion, and apoptosis of B-lymphocytes in lymphoid follicles of the spleen. Furthermore, immunohistochemical examination revealed positive signals of the parvovirus detected in thymic lymphocytes in the cortex, bursa-dependent lymphoid follicle of the medulla, and diffuse positive expression of viral antigens in the spleen. GPV was detected in ducks using polymerase chain reaction, with the highest percentage of positive detection in the bursa of Fabricius (76%). Next-generation sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the detected virus was a variant of GPV, globally named novel GPV (NGPV), and closely related to Chinese NGPV isolates. To our knowledge, the current study is pioneering to address the immunopathological impact of NGPV among naturally infected ducks confirmed with full genome sequencing and immunohistochemical identification worldwide.

Chronic artificial light exposure in daytime and reversed light: Dark cycle inhibit anti-apoptotic cytokines and defect Bcl-2 in peripheral lymphoid tissues during acute systemic inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharide.

The disturbed light: dark (LD) cycle has been associated with critical complications, including obesity, diabetes and cancer. In the present study, we investigated the chronic effects of artificial light at daytime (AL) and light at night (RAL) after intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of saline and 0.5mg/kg lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in male Wistar rats. Liver and kidney parameters, fasting blood glucose (FBG), melatonin level, immunohistochemical examinations of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) in spleen and mesenteric lymph and serum antiapoptotic cytokines [interleukin (IL-) 2, 7 and 1]. After 16weeks of a daily disturbed LD cycle, RAL increased body weight, upgraded FBG and altered liver and kidney functions with surprisingly increased daytime plasma melatonin. AL+LPS and RAL+LPS rats suffered significantly higher oxidative-nitrosative stress compared to NL+LPS. Oxidative-nitrosative stress was associated with multi-organ inflammation in hepatic, renal, pancreatic, splenic and mesenteric lymph node tissues due to LPS-induced endotoxemia. Anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 activity in peripheral lymphoid organs (spleen and mesenteric lymph node) was lowered due to AL and RAL regimens. At the same pattern, lowering of antiapoptotic serum levels of IL-2, IL-7 and IL-15 indicate alteration of cell cycle and the shifted ability of cells to undergo apoptosis due to abnormal light pollution. Here, the increased lymphocyte apoptosis in lymphoid tissues due to disturbed LD cycle defects the host defense, dysregulates the inflammatory immune response and dysregulates the immune tolerance during acute systemic inflammation due to LPS.

Germ Cell Neoplasia In situ in Undescended Testis: A Myth or Reality?

ABSTRACT Background: Untreated cryptorchid testes are in risk of intratubular germ cell neoplasia and subsequently may give rise to invasive germ cell tumors. Materials and Methods: Tissue samples were obtained from patients undergoing orchidectomy or orchiopexy and were subjected to routine histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations. Results: Forty-three patients were enrolled in this study out of which 30 samples were collected. The mean age of patients was 9.16 years. One case (6.7%) showed positivity of the germ cell neoplasia with anto placental alkaline phosphatase and Anto CD-117 positive. Other histopathological findings such as fibrocollagenous tissue and Leydig cell hyperplasia were reported. Conclusion: Early surgical management is of importance for a better outcome in cases of undescended testes.

TNF-α Expression and Plasma Cell and Macrophage Numbers in Traumatic Ulcers in a Rat Model Treated by Topical or Systemic Probiotic L. casei Shirota.

Introduction: Live microorganisms, named probiotics, can improve overall physical well-being, particularly the oral cavity's health. L. casei Shirota, a popular probiotic, can influence the immune response by increasing the number of macrophages and plasma cells that play a role in traumatic ulcer healing. Aims: To determine the expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and the varied number of plasma cells and macrophages on a traumatic ulcer animal model treated with topical or systemic administration of a probiotic L. casei Shirota. Material and Methods: Thirty-six healthy, 2-3-month-old male Rattus norvegicus weighing 175-250 gram, were designed into control and topical and systemic administration probiotic groups. The control group was treated with Aquadest 20 uL/20 gr, while topical probiotic and systemic administration probiotic groups were treated with 10,9x107 cells/kg, respectively. A heated round burnisher tip was used to traumatize the inferior incisive fornix labial area. After 3 or 7 days, the animal models were terminated. Immunohistochemical examination, Hematoxylin eosin staining, and statistical analysis were performed to analyze the expression of TNF-α and the number of plasma cells and macrophages. Results: The Mann-Whitney and Tukey HSD tests indicated significant differences (p < 0.05) in the results for the three groups. It was observed that topical administration provides more remarkable results than systemic administration for the expression of TNF-α, the number of plasma cells, and the number of macrophages. Conclusion: Topical administration of L. casei Shirota demonstrates better results than systemic administration for healing traumatic ulcers.

Reappraisal of Oncocytic Adenocarcinoma: Unveiling Its Connection to Oncocytic Variants of Salivary Duct Carcinoma and Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma Through ImmunoHisto-Molecular Perspectives.

Oncocytic adenocarcinoma (OC) of the salivary glands is a rare and controversial entity. It was recently reclassified as "salivary carcinoma NOS and emerging entities" in the 2022 WHO classification of head and neck tumors. The lack of specific molecular alterations and its potential affiliation with other salivary gland carcinomas, such as the oncocytic mucoepidermoid carcinomas (OMEC) or the oncocytic subtype of salivary duct carcinomas (OSDC) justified this reclassification. It is becoming essential to clarify the complex spectrum of potential diagnoses surrounding oncocytic tumors. The objective of this study was to explore the histologic features, as well as the immunohistochemical and molecular profiles, of cases previously diagnosed as OC or OMEC of the salivary glands. This study involved 28 cases of carcinomas with a predominantly oncocytic component. The sex distribution was equal. The median age was 59 years (range 10 to 89). Most of these cases originated from the parotid gland (25/28). The mean tumor size was 2.4cm (range 0.5 to 6.5). Primary immuno-morphological and mutation/gene fusion profiles reclassified mainly (64.3%, 18/28). Most of them were reclassified in descending order as OSDC (8/18), OMEC (5/18), and OC (2/18). But 3 cases remained unclassified (3/18). The transcriptomic analysis found a proximity of their transcriptomic profile with the OMEC group and a distance from the OSDCs. These findings imply that OC is not distinct but represents oncocytic variants of other salivary carcinomas. It underscores the importance of thorough morphologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular examinations to accurately diagnose carcinomas with predominant oncocytic components in the salivary glands.

Breast cancer management during the COVID-19 pandemic: Report from a General Hospital Based Cancer Registry from 2019 to 2022

Purpose: This study aimed to describe breast cancer management during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This research is a retrospective descriptive study using secondary data from medical records. The study included 70 patients with breast cancer at Dr. M. Djamil General Hospital from March 2019 to December 2022, who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The data analysis used is univariate analysis and presented in the form of a frequency distribution table so that a descriptive picture of each variable studied is obtained. Results: This study included 70 patients with mean age of 40.91 years. During the pandemic, 60.0% of the patients visited the surgical polyclinic. Half of the breast cancer patients had a secondary diagnosis such as pleural effusion (28.6%). The majority of the subjects were at stage IIIC (32.9%). More than half (51.4%) of the patients underwent a modified radical mastectomy. The most common pathological anatomy diagnosis was invasive carcinoma mammae NST (47.1%). An Immunohistochemistry examination was conducted on 24 (34.3%) subjects. Less than half of the patients received chemotherapy. The majority of the patients underwent surgery and chemotherapy 1 month after diagnosis. Mortality is seen in 8.7% of breast cancer patients. Conclusion: During the COVID-19 pandemic, the majority of breast cancer patients undergo anatomical pathology and immunohistochemistry examination through the surgical polyclinic, breast cancer patients who come to the emergency department are usually admitted with breathing problems due to pleural effusion, and surgery and chemotherapy are performed within 1 month.

Immunohistochemical and Stereological Examination of The Gastrocnemius Muscle In Rats Applied with Botox

The aim of this study was to examine immunohistochemically and stereologically the volume density of male rats to which botox was applied to the gastrocnemius sinistra muscle, on the 15th and 21st days. 30 Wistar Albino rats, 3 different three-month-old groups, were used. Botox A solution, 2.5U in 0.1ml physiological saline, was prepared and injected into the gastrocnemius sinistra muscle of the rats in the other two groups except the control group. Rats were fixed by perfusion with 10% buffered formaldehyde. Musculus gastrocnemius sinistra of the rats were dissected one week after the perfusion process. Sections were randomly selected among the first 15 sections, and each subsequent 80th section was taken by systematic random sampling method. Sections were obtained with a thickness of 5µm and 8-10 sections. The sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and photographed under a microscope. Total volume values of musculus gasrocnemius sinistra were determined in accordance with the Cavalieri’s Principle and using the Shtereom I package program. It was determined that the volume values between the groups showed a statistically significant difference (p

ASTROCYTOMA OF THE CERVICAL SPINAL CORD IN AN INFANT WITH TORTICOLLIS

The relevance of the problem is determined by the rather high prevalence of central nervous system (CNS) tumors in children and the need for oncologic vigilance. The presentation of the clinical case illustrates the need for careful analysis of the initial clinical signs, which are usually nonspecific and may resemble symptoms of other diseases. A case from practice describes the timely diagnosis of pilocytic astrocytoma in a child of the first year of life with torticollis as the debut of the disease. The diagnosis was made on the basis of a thorough clinical, neurological, and immunohistochemical examination and the use of neuroimaging techniques with the goal of further surgical, medical, and radiation treatment. The aim of the work. Description of a clinical case of astrocytoma of the cervical spinal cord, which manifested itself as torticollis in a child in the first year of life. Material and methods of the research. Clinical, biochemical, immunohistochemical, and imaging examination of a child of toddler age. Results of the research. A child with manifestations of torticollis at the age of eleven months was studied. Variants of congenital and acquired torticollis and inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system were excluded. According to clinical, neurological, and neuroimaging examinations, the diagnosis was made: benign intramedullary neoplasm of the spinal cord, pilocytic astrocytoma C5-Th2. Surgical intervention was performed with partial removal of the tumor with histochemical examination, followed by restorative therapy and observation in the distant postoperative period. Conclusions. Sudden appearance of symptoms of torticollis in a child in the first year of life may indicate the presence of a CM tumor. Early diagnosis allows to provide the child with highly specialized care, perform surgical intervention, and contribute to the improvement of the general condition and quality of life.

Synergistic effects of AgNPs and zileuton on PCOS via ferroptosis and inflammation mitigation

ABSTRACT Background: The most prevalent endocrine disorder affecting women is PCOS. Programmed death of ovarian cells has yet to be elucidated. Ferroptosis is a kind of iron-dependent necrosis featured by significantly Fe+2-dependent lipid peroxidation. The ongoing study aimed to reinforce fertility by combining therapy with AgNPs and (Zileuton) in PCOS rats’ model. Methods: The study included 75 adult female rats divided into 5 groups; control, PCOS, PCOS treated with AgNPs, PCOS treated with Zileuton, and PCOS group treated with AgNPs and Zileuton. The study investigated the anti-ferroptotic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiapoptotic, histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations of COX-2 and VEGF. Results: The combination of AgNPs and Zileuton showed significant reduction of inflammatory mediators (IL-6, TNF-α, NFk-B) compared with diseased group (P-value < 0.05), regression of ferroptosis marks (Panx1 and TLR4 expression, Fe+2 levels) compared with diseased group (P-value < 0.05), depression of apoptotic marker caspase 3 level compared with diseased animals (P-value < 0.05), depression of MDA level, elevation of HO-1, GPx4 activity, and reduction of Cox2 and VEGF as compared with the diseased, AgNPs or zileuton-treated groups (P-value < 0.05). Conclusion: The study showed that the combination of AgNPs and zileuton guards against, inflammation, apoptosis, and ferroptosis in PCO.

Comparison of the Effects of Perineural and Intraperitoneal Ozone Therapy on Nerve Healing in an Experimental Sciatic Nerve Injury Model.

Background and Objectives: The aim was to evaluate nerve healing using immunohistochemical, histological, and functional techniques and to compare the effects of two different therapeutic ozone application methods by perineural and intraperitoneal ozone treatment in rats with a crush injury model of sciatic nerve. Materials and Methods: Forty male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into four subgroups of ten rats each: (1) Control group: The left sciatic nerve incised and closed without crush injury, no treatment; (2) Paralyzed group: Crush injury to the left sciatic nerve, no treatment; (3) Perineural ozone group: Crush injury to the left sciatic nerve, treated with perineural ozone therapy; (4) Intraperitoneal ozone group: Crush injury to the left sciatic nerve, treated with intraperitoneal ozone therapy. The treatments were administered for a 14-day period. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and toluidine blue staining were used for histological examination; TUNEL staining was used for immunohistochemical examination. Pinch test and rotarod performance assessment were utilized for functional evaluation. Results: The pinch test scores showed significant improvement in perineural and intraperitoneal ozone treatment groups after treatment (p < 0.001 and p = 0.003, respectively). The scores of myelin degeneration, vascular congestion, vascular wall thickness, inflammation, and toluidine blue and TUNEL staining were significantly lower in both ozone treatment groups compared to the paralyzed group (p < 0.001). Vascular wall thickness scores were significantly higher in the perineural ozone group compared to the control and intraperitoneal ozone groups (p = 0.004 and p = 0.013, respectively). The Schwann cell proliferation scores were significantly higher in the perineural ozone group compared to the control group and intraperitoneal ozone groups (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Both applications of ozone therapy accelerated the healing of nerve regeneration, reduced inflammation and apoptosis based on histopathological results, and enhanced nerve function in rats with sciatic nerve injury. Perineural ozone therapy has been demonstrated to be an efficacious alternative to systemic ozone treatments in the management of sciatic nerve injury. Further studies are needed to determine optimal ozone dosage and administration protocols for the treatment of nerve injury.

The role of immunohistochemical analysis in determining the molecular subtypes of bladder cancer

Introduction. The results of genomic profiling of muscle-invasive bladder cancer (BC) based on messenger RNA (mRNA) extraction showed significant molecular variety of the tumors underlying the wide spectrum of clinical manifestations and responses to traditional treatment methods. However, despite the valuableness of molecular mRNA profiling for understanding biological behavior of the tumor, its implementation in routine clinical practice is complicated due to technological complexity and high cost of genomic sequencing. Therefore, determination of BC molecular subtype based on immunohistochemical examination can be considered an alternative to mRNA profiling. However, the method should be validated using clinical material.Aim. To evaluate prognostic significance of immunohistochemical method in determination of urothelial cancer molecular subtype using a surrogate panel consisting of 13 markers and semiquantitative calculation of the histochemical index.Materials and methods. The retrospective cohort study included 49 patients with BC who underwent radical cystectomy (RC) after previous transurethral resection (TURBT) between 2013 and 2016 at the center. The inclusion criteria were patient age between 18 and 75 years, histologically verified BC, and availability of formalin-fixed paraffin embedded blocks after TURBT and RC at the Clinical Laboratory of Morphology. The exclusion criteria were rare histological types of BC, grade IV–V surgical complications per the Clavien–Dindo classification during hospitalization, TURBT performed at other medical facilities. Molecular subtypes were determined using the immunohistochemical method on the Ventana BenchMark XT (Roche, USA) immunostainer per the traditional technique for deparaffinized sections with subtype-specific panel consisting of 13 antibodies recommended by the Lund taxonomy (LundTax). Depending on the hyperexpression level of basal and/or luminal antibodies, 4 urothelial cancer subtypes were identified: luminal А (UroA), luminal В (UroB), basal and genomically unstable (GU). The first endpoint of the study was 5-year recurrence-free survival on TURBT and RC material, secondary endpoint was 5-year overall survival on the same material.Results. Using immunohistochemical analysis with a surrogate marker panel of preserved histological material after TURBT, urothelial cancer subtype was determined in 38 (77.6 %) patients, after RC – in 39 (79.5 %) patients. Percentages of UroA, UroB and GU subtypes after TURBT and RC were almost identical; the rarest type was Basal with 4 (8.2 %) and 5 (10.2 %) cases, respectively. Evaluation of the primary endpoint showed that 5-year recurrence-free survival after TURBT (log-rank test; p = 0.85) and RC (log-rank test; p = 0.95) did not differ in various urothelial cancer subtypes. Evaluation of the secondary endpoint did not show significant statistical difference in 5-year OS1 (log-rank test; p = 0.94) and OS2 (log-rank test; p = 0.92). Multivariate regression analysis showed that the most significant predictors of BC recurrence after radical treatment were clinical stage IIIA (p = 0.017) and pathomorphological stage II (p = 0.021), while OS rates were significantly affected by pathomorphological stages IIIA (p = 0.003) and IVA (p = 0.019).Conclusion. Determination of urothelial cancer molecular subtype using a surrogate panel of 13 markers and semiquantitative calculation of the histochemical index did not show effectiveness and prognostic significance: the identified 4 subtypes of urothelial cancer did not significantly affect long-term oncological outcomes.

Human leukocyte antigen, isotype DR (HLA-DR) expression in the normal endometrium and in endometrial pathology

BACKGROUND: Human leukocyte antigen, isotype DR (HLA-DR) expression is associated with inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. It is also found on the surface of tumor cells. The role of HLA-DR in endometrial pathology has not been sufficiently studied. AIM: The aim of this study was to determine HLA-DR expression features in the endometrium under normal and pathological conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed immunohistochemical examination of endometrial biopsy specimens, namely, 18 cases of endometrioid carcinomas, 139 cases of chronic endometritis, and 37 cases of endometrial polyps. The control group included 50 cases of the endometrium without pathology. Positive HLA-DR expression was detected as brown staining of varying intensity of immune cells of the cytogenic stroma, as well as the cytoplasm and membranes of endometrial epithelial cells. The average number of positively stained stromal cells in ten visual fields was counted. HLA-DR expression in the cytoplasm and on the membrane of endometrial epithelial cells was assessed semi-quantitatively as weak (low) (with staining up to 50% of the glands) or pronounced (high) (with staining more than 50% of the glands). RESULTS: HLA-DRim expression was detected on immune cells of the cytogenic stroma of the endometrium in all of the study groups. HLA-DR expression in the endometrial epithelium was characterized by two main immunophenotypes — negative and positive. Negative HLA-DR expression was found in 55.6% of endometrial cancer cases, in 25.2% of chronic endometritis cases, in 27.7% of endometrial polyp cases, and in all cases of the normal endometrium. The positive HLA-DR (high) immunophenotype was found in 21.6% of chronic endometritis cases, in 28.6% of endometrial polyp cases, and in 16.7% of endometrial cancer cases. Pronounced HLA-DR expression in the epithelium was associated with a high HLA-DR level in the cytogenic stroma and a significantly frequent detection of HLA-DR+ lymphoid follicles in endometrial cancer. The positive HLA-DR (low) immunophenotype was established in 51.8% of chronic endometritis cases and in 27.8% of endometrial polyp cases, and in 27.7% of endometrial cancer cases, and was associated with low HLA-DR levels in the stroma. CONCLUSIONS: The revealed heterogeneity of HLA-DR expression in chronic inflammation and endometrial cancer allows for distinguishing two main immunophenotypes of endometrial cancer, namely, with negative and positive HLA-DR expression. HLA-DR may be an early predictor of adverse background endometrium and endometrial cancer. The positive HLA-DR immunophenotype of endometrial cancer probably indicates a specific mechanism of carcinogenesis associated with chronic inflammation and requires further comprehensive clinical, morphological and molecular genetic research.

Nuclear Expression of Dynamin 2 Is Associated With Tumor Aggressiveness in Bladder Cancer Patients: ABioinformatics and Experimental Approach.

Dynamin 2 (DNM2) is aberrantly expressed in different malignancies and exerts a function in tumor progression. This study, for the first time, aimed to evaluate the clinical and prognostic value of DNM2 in the pathophysiology of bladder cancer using bioinformatics analysis and experimental evaluation. We analyzed gene expression of DNM2 in bladder tumor by GEPIA2 and GENT2 platforms. Cluster subnetworks were recognized from the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network using the MCODE plugin to screen the key genes. Subsequently, the pathway enrichment analysis was evaluated. Then, the immunohistochemical examination was conducted on 209 paraffin-embedded bladder cancer samples to determine the expression pattern and clinical importance of DNM2. Our data mining findings demonstrated dysregulation of DNM2 gene expression in bladder cancer. The results of pathway and PPI network analyses indicated that DNM2 might be involved in the development of bladder cancer by influencing various signaling pathways. Our IHC results represented remarkably higher DNM2 expression in bladder tumor samples compared to normal tissue samples adjacent to tumor. A statistically significant association was identified between DNM2 expression in the nucleus and higher histological grade (p = 0.026), advanced pT stage (p = 0.016), muscular invasion (p = 0.007), tumor recurrence (p = 0.030), and distant metastasis (p < 0.001). Moreover, the nuclear DNM2 expression was observed to have prognostic significance for disease-specific survival (DSS) using a log-rank test (p = 0.028). These findings suggest that nuclear DNM2 expression could be a putative indicator of bladder tumor progression owing to its association with elevated cancer aggressiveness.

Large Myxoid Ovarian Leiomyoma: A Case Report

ABSTRACTOvarian leiomyoma is a rare, benign spindle cell tumor with a favorable prognosis. Myxoid leiomyoma, a rare subtype of leiomyoma, exhibits significant myxoid changes. We present a case study of a rare ovarian myxoid leiomyoma in a young woman. The patient presented with left flank pain and a large abdominal mass upon physical examination. Imaging indicated a solid‐cystic right ovarian mass. The patient underwent a right salpingo‐oophorectomy, and a 5 kg mass with myxoid degeneration was resected. Histopathological and immunohistochemical examination confirmed the diagnosis of ovarian myxoid leiomyoma. We discussed the challenges in the diagnosis of ovarian myxoid leiomyoma and emphasized the importance of accurate diagnosis and appropriate surgical treatment, with a favorable prognosis. This case contributes to the understanding of rare ovarian tumors and highlights the significance of histopathological and immunohistochemical examination in confirming the diagnosis.

In vitro and in vivo evaluation of anti-tumorigenesis potential of nano silver for gastric cancer cells.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNP) exhibit significant cytotoxicity against MKN45 cells (IC50: 105.5µg/mL). In vivo, AgNP at 150mg/kg induces necrosis, reduces proliferation, and alters gene expression, presenting a promising gastric cancer treatment strategy. Gastric cancer is the second leading cause of death from cancer worldwide. In this study, the anticancer effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNP) was evaluated in both In vitro and In vivo. First, an MTT assay was employed to estimate the cytotoxicity of AgNP. Next, the obtained IC50s were used as the main doses that were administrated. Regarding In Vitro, MKN45 cells were applied to induce tumor, and AgNP was administrated to mice at doses of 75 and 150mg/kg for 28 days twice a week in treatment groups post-induction of cancer. After 28 days, the expressions of the BAX, BCL2, and CXCR1 genes were evaluated. An immunohistochemical examination of CD34 and Ki67 markers and tissue absorption of silver nanoparticles were also performed. Our MTT assay results showed that AgNP's IC50 after 8, 24, and 48h were 105.5, 70.8, and 22.4µg/mL, respectively. In addition, the mean survival probability in the treatment groups was more than 25 days. It seemed that the effectiveness of the concentration of 150mg/kg of silver nanoparticles had caused a significant amount of necrosis in the tumor cells. In addition, the proliferation rate was decreased significantly in the 150mg/kg group, and the expression of CD34 and Ki67 markers was reduced significantly. However, the expression of BAX and BCL2 genes was increased in the treatment groups. So, as it was shown in this research in both In vitro and In vivo aspects, it seems that the administration of silver nanoparticles can represent a promising strategy in the treatment of gastric cancer.

Regeneration process of severed rabbit common calcanean tendons influenced by external compression

BackgroundLimited research has focused on the correlation between an external compression and the regeneration of ruptured Achilles tendons. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of a constricted paratenon with external compression on the regeneration process of separated rabbit common calcanean tendon stumps.MethodsA transection, establishing a 4 mm gap, was created in the right common calcanean tendon of 24 young adult male New Zealand white rabbits. The animals were assigned to two groups: In the control group, only received cast immobilization. In the constricted paratenon (CP) group, the rabbits had a local 3-dimensional printed clasp applied to mimic external compression and same cast immobilization as the control group. Morphologic, histologic and immunohistochemistry examinations were performed at 2 and 4 weeks postoperative.ResultsSeparated tendon stumps were connected by novel granulated tendon fibrils in the control group. However, the regenerated tendon fibrils appeared insufficient in the CP group, the tendon length and the adhesion grade of the CP group was significantly larger than that of the control group at 4 weeks (P < 0.05, P = 0.030). Disorganized collagen and round-shaped fibroblasts were demonstrated in the CP group. A prolonged expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and lower intensity in clusters of differentiation 146 (CD146) were also shown in the CP group. A prolonged existence of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and lesser intensity of the transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) were confirmed within this group. Furthermore, the CP group’s expression had less collagen I than that of the control group at 4 weeks.ConclusionsSufficient regeneration can be obtained, even though there is an obvious gap between severed rabbit common calcanean tendon stumps. However, constricted paratenons with external compression can negatively influence the intrinsic regeneration process of the tendon fibrils and promotes the disorganization of regenerated collagen.