Immunohistochemical Examination Research Articles

Assessment of P16 and Ki-67 Proteins Immunoexpressing in Oral Mucosa Among Saudi Smokers.

It is widely known that tobacco use significantly contributes to a variety of health problems, including mouth cancer. The proteins P16 and Ki-67 have a role in regulating the cell cycle and promoting cell growth. Analyzing the levels of these proteins can give us valuable information about the overall health of cells. This study aims to assess the cellular alterations and immunohistochemical expression of P16 and Ki-67 in the oral mucosa of Saudi smokers. From March to December 2023, a cross-sectional study scraped 500 samples from the buccal mucosa. Participants in the study were Saudi citizens of both genders. We selected a total of 300 individuals who smoked cigarettes and 200 individuals who did not smoke tobacco as the control group. The selection process involved two sample techniques: initially purposive sampling and subsequently snowball sampling. The samples underwent an immunohistochemical examination to determine the presence of P16 and Ki-67 protein overexpression. We evaluated the samples by assessing the proportion of cells that exhibited positive staining and the intensity of the staining. The data were examined utilizing SPSS. We identified categorical variables by calculating frequencies and percentages using the chi-squared test. A significance level of p < 0.05 was used to determine statistical significance. A total of 48% of cigarette users had abnormal results, compared to 20% of nonsmokers. These abnormalities included cytological atypia, inflammation, reverse cytological infection, and binucleated or multinucleated cells (p = 0.015). People who smoked had higher levels of P16 and Ki-67 expressions than people who did not smoke, 12% and 5%, respectively (p = 0.042). There were no important changes in P16/Ki-67 expression between participants of different ages (p = 0.68) or between men and women (p = 0.27). These results demonstrate the detrimental effects of smoking on cell health, underscoring the importance of quitting to reduce the risk of cytological abnormalities and related diseases. Smokers have higher levels of the proteins P16 and Ki-67, which shows how important these biomarkers are for understanding the risks to oral health.

Sclerosing Angiomatoid Nodular Transformation: A Series of Four Cases

Among the primary non haematopoietic neoplasms of the spleen, vascular neoplasms are the most common. These vascular neoplasms consist of haemangiomas, littoral cell angiomas, lymphangiomas, Splenic Hamartomas (SHs), haemangioendotheliomas, angiosarcomas and Sclerosing Angiomatoid Nodular Transformation (SANT). SANT is a recently described, rare non neoplastic vascular entity of the spleen. The majority of patients are asymptomatic and are incidentally picked up on Computed Tomography (CT) or Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), but the diagnosis can mimic malignant lesions of the spleen on imaging studies. SANT is considered a female-predominant disease with a wide age distribution. Majority of cases have been reported in the adult age group, in paediatric age it is very rare. Hereby, the authors present a case series of four patients diagnosed with SANT in tertiary care hospital. Two of them were in the paediatric age group (four-year-old boy and 14-year-old girl), while the other two were middle-aged adults (46-year-old female and 41-year-old male). Both paediatric patients presented with symptoms of abdominal pain and discomfort and underwent an Ultrasonographic (USG) examination, which showed a well-circumscribed hypoechoic mass. Laboratory findings showed increased Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) and anaemia. Based on the clinical and radiological findings, diagnosis of splenic hamartoma and inflammatory pseudotumour were made in these cases. Unlike the paediatric patients, both adult patients were asymptomatic and diagnosed incidentally during routine radiological examinations. The USG examination showed a wellcircumscribed hypoechoic mass, with a difference in the size of the lesions. Light microscopic examination and immunohistochemical staining confirmed the diagnosis of SANT in all cases. The patients were followed for six months, during which no recurrences occurred. Although SANT is a benign tumour, it can sometimes be misdiagnosed by radiological studies, so surgical removal followed by histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations is required for an accurate diagnosis..

Histomorphometric changes in pituitary gonadotropic endocrinocytes when exposed to dark deprivation

Aim. To assess the effect of 30-day dark deprivation on functional and histomorphometric changes in adenohypophysis gonadotropic endocrinocytes and their reversibility in mature male rats.Materials and methods. Mongrel white male rats (n = 36) weighing 365–375 g at 4 months of age were randomly divided into three groups (each n = 12). For 30 days the control group was in automatic light-dark mode 12/12, and the rats of experimental groups 1 and 2 were in round-the-clock artificial lighting (24/0, 300 Lux), then the rats of group 2 were returned to 12/12 mode for the next 14 days. In the animals of the control and group 1 during their lifetime on the 31st day, and in group 2 on the 45th day, blood was taken from the abdominal aorta and levels of follicle-stimulating (FSH) and luteinizing (LH) hormones, melatonin, and Klotho protein were determined an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoassay and after which they were removed from the experiment by decapitation. Postmortem histological and immunohistochemical examination of the pituitary gland was done using rabbit polyclonal antibodies targeting caspase-3 and Klotho protein, as well as morphometry. Statistical data processing was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test with post-hoc Dunn’s test.Results. Light desynchronization in the form of 30 days of dark deprivation increased FSH and LH levels and decreased melatonin and Klotho protein levels in the blood of male rats; increased gonadotropic endocrine cell area, volume, and perimeter by 23.1% (p &lt; 0.001), 48.7% (p &lt; 0.001), and 10.9% (p &lt; 0.001), respectively; and increased nucleus area, volume, and perimeter by 16%, 11.7%, and 2.5%, respectively. An immunohistochemical study showed an increase in the specific area of caspase-3-immunoreactive gonadotropic endocrinocytes by 25.2% without obvious morphological signs of apoptosis, and a decrease in the expression of Klotho protein by 25.7%. All indicators were reversible, the levels of FSH and Klotho protein in the blood of animals almost reached their initial values after 14 days of restoration of the light-dark cycle 12/12.Conclusion. Dark deprivation for 30 days in male rats induced reversible processes of accelerated aging and apoptosis in cells, as evidenced by changes in the expression of aging markers in gonadotropic endocrinocytes and levels of gonadotropic hormones in the blood. When the light-dark mode is restored, the levels of FSH and Klotho protein normalize as early as 14 days.

Adenomatoid Tumor Mimicking Peritoneal Carcinomatosis: A Case Report.

An adenomatoid tumor (AT) is a benign lesion, which is commonly located in the genital tract of both sexes. We present a case of a 66-yr-old woman with the unusual characteristics of an AT mimicking peritoneal carcinomatosis. The tumor was detected incidentally by ultrasound examination, and an ensuing imaging study raised suspicion of ovarian cancer with peritoneal carcinomatosis. From the pathologic diagnosis of frozen specimens, clear cell carcinoma was noted and the patient subsequently underwent cytoreductive surgery. An 8.5-cm-sized mass was observed on the uterine serosa, extending into the myometrium. In addition, multi-cystic nodular lesions were identified in the omentum, appendiceal and small bowel serosa, and the peritoneum. After histologic and extensive immunohistochemical examinations, the final diagnosis was AT. Recognition of the diverse presentations of AT is crucial for accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment, as these tumors can involve multiple sites and mimic peritoneal carcinomatosis, potentially leading to a misdiagnosis of malignancy.

Epstein–Barr Virus encephalitis associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus: a case-based review

BackgroundHemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is characterized by immune dysregulation that results in an uncontrolled hyperinflammatory state. HLH is classified into two main categories: primary (familial) HLH and secondary (acquired) HLH. Secondary HLH can result from various underlying, including infection-associated hemophagocytic syndrome (IAHS) and macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) associated with rheumatologic disorders, among others. Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) often causes IAHS, but central nervous system (CNS) involvement is rare among systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. We report a case of EBV encephalitis associated with HLH in a patient with childhood-onset SLE.Case presentationA 12-year-old girl had received a diagnosis of SLE 2 months before presentation. After a period of inactive disease on treatment, fever and seizures, with altered mental status and hallucinations, developed over several weeks. A complete blood cell count (CBC) revealed pancytopenia, accompanied by elevated levels of inflammatory markers: 86 mm/hr erythrocyte sedimentation rate, 8.9 mg/dl c-reactive protein, and 3,966 ng/mL of ferritin. The differential diagnosis included active neuropsychiatric SLE, CNS infection and neurological manifestations in secondary HLH, which could have represented either IAHS or MAS. Meropenem and acyclovir were initially administered for clinical acute encephalitis, followed by pulse methylprednisolone; however, the fever persisted, and another CBC revealed progressive cytopenia. A bone marrow study showed hypocellularity and active hemophagocytic activity, and intravenous immunoglobulin was additionally given due to the diagnosis of HLH. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis showed 60/mm3 white blood cells (N 55%, L 45%), 141 mg/dL glucose (0.7 blood-CSF glucose ratio), < 4 mg/dL protein; results of Gram stain and bacterial culture were negative. The viral encephalitis panel from the CSF confirmed EBV infection. Bone marrow immunohistochemistry examination revealed increasing levels of CD8 + T-cell and equivocal positive results for EBV-encoded RNA in situ hybridization; therefore, HLH potentially associated with EBV was diagnosed. After treatment with IVIg, cyclosporin A, and prednisolone, the patient’s symptoms gradually improved and she was eventually able to return to school.ConclusionsOur case highlights the importance of a thorough differential diagnosis, including EBV encephalitis associated with HLH, in patients with childhood SLE, particularly in cases of clinical deterioration occurs after initial treatment.

Expression of CD44 in Triple Negative Breast Cancer and its Correlation with Prognostic Parameters

Background: The study aims to evaluate CD44 expression as a cancer stem cell marker in Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and its correlation with prognostic parameters. Evaluation of CD44 immunoexpression in TNBC is vital for understanding tumour aggressiveness and determining its prognostic value. Methods: A hospital based cross sectional study of 50 cases of primary triple negative breast cancer patients. The tissue sections were subjected to immunohistochemical examination using CD44 antigen marker. The proportion and intensity of CD44 immunostaining was assessed and correlation with prognostic markers such as histological grade, tumor size and nodal status. Results: CD44 expression was observed in 40% of the total cases with a statistically significant association with histological grade (p-value= 0.002). Higher CD44 expression was noticed with increasing tumour grade. However, no statistical significance was observed with respect to tumour size and nodal status. Conclusion: The study suggests that CD44 immunoexpression may serve as a surrogate marker of BCSCs and may hold prognostic value in TNBC patients. However, further studies on larger samples are required to fully understand its role.

Auricular epithelioid hemangioendothelioma: Two cases first diagnosed as auricular pseudocyst.

Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (EHE) is a rare soft-tissue vascular neoplasm with a prevalence of one in one million. The present study firstly reports two cases of EHE occurring in the auricle. The clinical, histopathological and immunohistochemical features of two patients with auricular EHE are described, and the associated literature are reviewed. Two adult male patients each presented with an asymptomatic, unilateral soft skin-colored noninflammatory swelling of the auricle. Based on their clinical manifestations, both patients were initially diagnosed with auricular pseudocysts. Auricular excision surgery was performed under general anesthesia. The resected specimens were sent for pathological examination. Immunohistochemical examination showed that the specimens were positive for CD31, CD34, friend leukemia integration 1 (FLI-1), coagulation factor 8 and E26 transformation-specific-related gene, which was consistent with EHE. Follow-up after surgery showed no evidence of tumor recurrence. It may be concluded EHEs of low malignancy should be included in the differential diagnosis of patients with auricular pseudocysts. EHEs can be diagnosed based on their morphological and histological characteristics, with immunohistochemical positivity for FLI-1 and CD31 being suggestive of a diagnosis of EHE.

Strobilanthes sarcorrhiza root phenolic extract prevent diabetic nephropathy in mice by regulating NF-κB/IL-1β signaling and glycerophospholipid metabolism

Strobilanthes sarcorrhiza, a folk medicine from China, is known to treat kidney deficiency and lumbago. However, its protective effects and mechanisms against diabetic nephropathy (DN) remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects and mechanisms of Strobilanthes sarcorrhiza root phenolic extract (CTS) on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced DN in mice. Firstly, the constituents in CTS were characterized by UPLC-QTOF-MS. Thirty-three constituents were identified, including 12 phenylethanoid glycosides and their derivatives, 14 phenylpropanoid glycosides derivatives, 6 polyphenols derivatives, and 1 other constituent. Then, utilizing the identified constituents of CTS, network pharmacology was used to anticipate potential pathways against DN. Thirty-two out of thirty-three constituents showed anti-DN activity; their mechanism of action was significantly linked to tumor-, glycosylation-, metabolism-related pathways, etc. Furthermore, the effectiveness of CTS against DN and its in vivo mechanism was assessed by combining immunohistochemistry, untargeted metabolomics, biochemical evaluation, and histopathological examination. The findings showed that CTS improved blood glucose and lipid levels in diabetic mice, reduced serum levels of ALT, CREA, UREA, IL-1β, and IL-17, decreased pathological damage and fibrosis in kidney tissue, and lowered the protein expression of VEGF, Laminin, TNF-α, and NF-κB in kidney tissue. Metabolomics results indicated that CTS alleviated DN mainly by regulating glycerophospholipid metabolism. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to report that Strobilanthes sarcorrhiza attenuates DN, potentially through the inhibition of the NF-κB pathway, leading to a reduction in the inflammatory response and fibrosis of renal tissue. These findings suggest that Strobilanthes sarcorrhiza could be a promising therapeutic agent for DN.

Morphofunctional features of isthmocele complicated by abnormal uterine bleeding

Background. The frequency of cesarean section remains high, and in some countries it exceeds 40% of all deliveries. The prevalence of isthmoceles as a consequence of cesarean section according to different authors ranges from 19 to 84%. Symptomatic isthmoceles is most often accompanied by abnormal uterine bleeding in 30-55% of women. Objective of the study: to determine the functional, morphological and immunohistochemical features of isthmocele complicated by abnormal uterine bleeding. Materials and methods. A prospective study was conducted, 68 patients were under observation: 38 patients of reproductive age with isthmocele after cesarean section who sought medical care for abnormal uterine bleeding (group 1, the main) and 30 practically healthy women of the same age with a normal uterine scar (group 2, the control). Immunohistochemical examination was performed in paraffin sections. Primary and secondary antibodies were used to detect CD34, CD68 and CD138 markers. Results. Patients with isthmocele complicated by abnormal uterine bleeding have an increased body mass index, a higher frequency of dysmenorrhea, excessive menstruation, heavy menstrual bleeding, intermenstrual bleeding, anemia, compared with women with a complete uterine scar (p &lt; 0.01). Isthmoceles in 84.2% of cases was associated with ultrasonographic and pathologic signs of adenomyosis, with insufficiently effective treatment of abnormal uterine bleeding noted in 78.9% of cases, and no effect of conservative treatment in 21.1% of cases. The high expression of CD34, CD68, CD138 markers in the areas of the isthmoceles complicated by abnormal uterine bleeding indicates the activity of adenomyosis and the presence of chronic endometritis, which determines the specificity of the clinical picture and requires improvement of treatment approaches.Conclusions. Accounting the functional, morphological and immunohistochemical features of isthmocoele complicated by abnormal uterine bleeding will improve the effectiveness of treatment of symptomatic isthmocoele.

Primary signet ring cell carcinoma of the appendix presenting as gangrenous appendicitis with peritonitis: A case report

Introduction and clinical importance: Primary signet ring cell carcinoma (SRCC) of the appendix is an exceedingly rare malignancy with a non-specific clinical manifestations, and it often masquerades as acute appendicitis. Case presentation A 76-year-old man presented with acute abdominal pain and peritonitis. Abdominal computed tomography revealed relative acute appendicitis with peritonitis, and emergency laparoscopic partial cecectomy with appendectomy revealed gangrenous appendicitis with perforation. A histopathological examination revealed a primary appendiceal signet ring cell carcinoma (PASRCC). Clinical discussion: This case highlights the importance of considering appendiceal malignancies in the differential diagnosis of acute appendicitis. SRCC is a histological variant commonly associated with multiple malignancies of the gastrointestinal tract, particularly gastric and colorectal cancers. Conclusion: PASRCC is a rare malignancy presenting with symptoms indistinguishable from those of acute appendicitis. Clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion for appendiceal malignancy, particularly in older patients with atypical clinical presentations. Early recognition, accurate diagnosis by histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations, and appropriate management are essential for optimizing the outcomes in these patients.

Investigation of the Effects of Ozon and Propolis on the Healing of Bone Defects: An Experimental Study.

This study explores the effects of ozone and propolis on the healing of critically sized bone defects at both the histologic and molecular levels, and the locations and concentrations of osteopontin and osteonectin during healing; both proteins play roles during bone healing. This study used 56 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats of an average weight of 350g, divided into four groups of 14: a control group, a topical ozone group (O), a topical ozone + systemic propolis (O + PO) group, and a systemic propolis group (PO). Seven rats from each group were sacrificed at the end of week 4 and the other seven at the end of week 6. Tissues were subjected to histologic and immunohistochemical examinations in a fixative solution. The results were analyzed using the statistical software package SPSS 23 (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences-IBM). Results were considered significant at the 95% confidence level (P<0.05). Graft sections were immunostained for osteonectin. Staining was low in the control group but moderate in the other three groups; the differences were significant. The three experimental groups did not differ significantly. Graft sections were also immunostained for osteonectin. At 4 weeks, staining was low in the control group but moderate in the other 3 groups. At 6 weeks, stronger staining was apparent in the 3 experimental groups. At both 4 and 6 weeks, the differences between the control and experimental groups were significantly different, but the differences among the experimental groups were not. The authors' results are compatible with the literature. Ozone and propolis, given separately or together, improved bone healing, increased bone formation, and reduced bone destruction. However, further research is required.

Immunohistochemical examination of immunoreactivity of transient receptor potential melastatin 2, glutathione peroxidase 4 and spexin in lichen planus.

In this study, we aimed to investigate the potential contributions to the disease by examining the immunoreactivities of SPX in LP-affected skin tissue using immunohistochemical methods, in light of its recent prominence as a molecule related to diabetes mellitus, along with apoptosis and ferroptosis mediated by GPX4 and TRPM2 channels facilitating oxidative stress-induced cell death. This research explored the immunohistochemical expressions of TRPM2, GPX4, and SPX in Lichen Planus (LP) patients compared to healthy individuals. Forty skin samples were collected, split equally between LP patients and healthy controls, excluding those with other conditions. Samples underwent immunohistochemical staining for TRPM2, SPX, and GPX4, using secondary antibodies and chromogens AEC or DAB. Histoscores were calculated based on staining diffusiveness and severity. Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS 22.0, using t-tests and ANOVA, with significance set at p < 0.05. There were no demographic differences between groups (p > 0.05). LP patients showed significantly lower TRPM2 and GPX4 histoscores and higher SPX histoscores compared to controls (TRPM2 and GPX4: p < 0.001, SPX: p < 0.001). Gender and age did not affect histoscores significantly. Findings suggest TRPM2, GPX4, and SPX play roles in LP pathogenesis, indicating a need for further molecular studies to clarify their involvement. This contributes to understanding LP beyond the traditional apoptosis perspective.

Early activation of macrophage-2 with IL-4 in stromal vascular fraction increases VEGF levels and adipocyte count and maintains volume of fat graft in Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus)

Several previous studies have demonstrated the benefits of early macrophage 2 activation fat grafts supplemented with macrophage culture. However, this approach is considered impractical in clinical settings because of intraperitoneal induction use. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of early stromal vascular fraction (SVF) macrophage-2 activation with IL-4 on fat graft survival compared to SVF alone using an animal model for better fat graft viability. This experimental study included inguinal fat harvesting, isolated with collagenases to retrieve the SVF, and then injected with a combination of fat graft and SVF (0.3 mL) into the scalp region. The intervention group received an IL-4 intralesional injection on the third day, and the fat grafts were biopsied on days 7, 14, and 30. The primary outcomes were the final volume of the fat graft, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression, and the adipocyte cell count using perilipin staining on immunohistochemistry examination. The group receiving IL-4 exhibited significantly higher VEGF on days 7, 14, and 30 (p=0.009, 0.009, and 0.021, respectively). Similarly, the IL-4 treatment significantly increased the perilipin concentration on days 7, 14, and 30 (p=0.008, 0.008, and 0.029, respectively). In this group, VEGF concentration was significantly increased on day 14 as compared to day 7 (p=0.009), while no significant difference was observed in the control group (p=0.090). Additionally, the IL-4 group displayed significantly less reduction of fat graft volume than the control group, as observed on days 7, 14, and 30 (p=0.009, 0.009, and 0.021, respectively). Overall, the study underscores the potential benefits of early M2 polarization in fat grafting, as well as providing practical advantages for improving fat graft volume retention.

Flaxseed Oil Alleviates PFOS-Induced Liver Injury by Regulating Hepatic Cholesterol Metabolism.

Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) is a widespread, persistent environmental pollutant that exerts apparent liver toxicity. Flaxseed oil (FO), a dietary oil rich in α-linolenic acid, has been demonstrated to possess a diverse array of health benefits. However, whether FO protects against PFOS-induced liver injury and its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. C57/BL6 mice were orally treated with different concentrations of FO alone or in combination with 10 mg/kg of PFOS for 28 consecutive days. Blood and liver tissues were collected for proteomic, histopathological, biochemical, immunohistochemical, and molecular examinations. Results demonstrated that FO supplementation reduced PFOS-induced liver injury, as evidenced by a decrease in histopathological changes, serum transaminase (ALT and AST) levels, levels of oxidative stress, and inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) levels. Proteomic analyses showed that differentially expressed proteins were enriched in cholesterol metabolic pathways when comparing the PFOS group to the FO supplementation groups. The expression of cholesterol metabolism-related proteins was also subsequently measured, revealing that FO supplementation decreased the protein expressions of SREBP2, HMGCR, and LDLR while increasing the expression of CYP7A1. This study demonstrates that FO can alleviate PFOS-induced hepatotoxicity by regulating hepatic cholesterol metabolism, indicating that FO may serve as an effective dietary intervention for preventing liver injury caused by PFOS.

Efficacy of Eugenol Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles on Sepsis Induced Liver Injury in Rats

Background: Sepsis is a life-threatening condition responsible for high morbidity and mortality rates around the world and is characterized by a dysregulated host response to infection, resulting in multiple organ dysfunctions. Eugenol is a phenolic aromatic compound derived from clove oil. It has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, and anticancer characteristics, which have led to its extensive use in diverse fields, including cosmetology, medicine, and pharmacology. The ongoing study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of eugenol-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (EC-NPs) on sepsis-induced liver damage using the cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model. Methods: Thirty male albino rats were randomly divided into five groups: Sham, sepsis, and septic rats treated with chitosan, eugenol, or EC-NPs. Results: EC-NPs showed excellent antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects in vitro. EC-NP administration significantly improved liver function, as indicated by the decreased liver enzyme activities and C-reactive protein (CRP) level, as well as the increase of albumin content. Moreover, EC-NPs caused an increase in glutathione-reduced and antioxidant enzyme activities, as well as a reduction of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide formation. In addition, the EC-NP treatment reduced the DNA damage in septic rats; also, the EC-NP treatment repaired, to some extent, the abnormal architecture of the hepatic tissues of septic rats. Furthermore, the immunohistochemical examination showed a marked decrease in inflammation through the reduction of TNF-α and IL-1β expression. Conclusion: In conclusion, EC-NPs attenuated liver injury in sepsis through its antiinflammatory, anti-bacterial, and anti-oxidant activities and protection of DNA.

Investigating the Hepatic Response to Orlistat and White Tea in Rats on a High-Fat Diet.

High-fat diets have detrimental health impacts that increase the likelihood of developing obesity and metabolic syndrome. This study aimed to examine the potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of orlistat and white tea in rats fed a high-fat diet. Thirty-two rats were randomized into four groups: control (standard diet), HFD (high-fat diet), HFD+Orlistat (high-fat diet+orlistat), and HFD+WT (high-fat diet+white tea extract). A significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and a decrease in total thiol (TT) levels were detected in the HFD group (p < 0.001). On the other hand, a decrease in the MDA level (p < 0.001) and an increase in the TT level were observed in the orlistat and white tea groups compared with those in the HFD group (p < 0.001). Histopathological examinations revealed that, compared with the HFD alone, orlistat and white tea reduced fat accumulation, prevented degenerative changes in hepatocytes, and decreased the histopathological damage score (p = 0.001). Immunohistochemical examinations of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB/p65) revealed that compared with the HFD, orlistat and white tea reduced immunopositivity (p = 0.001). White tea decreases lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress. Both white tea and orlistat decreased fat formation and inflammation in the liver and regulated inflammation by reducing Nf-kB positivity. Nevertheless, further research is needed to assess their impact on human subjects.

ABORDAGEM CLÍNICO-CIRÚRGICA DE LEIOMIOSSARCOMA INTESTINAL EM CÃO: RELATO DE CASO

The work presents the case of a female dog diagnosed with an abdominal mass through total abdominal ultrasonography. The patient underwent exploratory laparotomy, where a mass in the jejunum was detected. The patient was referred for exploratory laparotomy with complete surgical resection of the tumor, showing good postoperative progress. The definitive diagnosis was obtained through histopathological and immunohistochemical examination, identifying an intestinal leiomyosarcoma.

Effect of curcumin and cacao extract on interleukin-6 expression on ribociclib-induced hepatotoxicity in rats

Purpose: To assess the relationship between interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression and the protective effect of curcumin and cacao extract on hepatotoxicity caused by ribociclib. Method: Sixty adult male albino rats (9 – 10 weeks old) were utilized in this experiment. The rats were separated into six groups (n = 10 each). Group 1 (control) rats received 2 mL of normal saline daily. Group 2 rats were administered 5 mg/kg ribociclib and group 3 rats received 5 mg/kg ribociclib with a cacao dose of 200 mg/kg daily. Group 4 rats were administered 5 mg/kg ribociclib treated with curcumin (200 mg/kg) daily. Groups 5 and 6 were administered cacao and curcumin doses of 200 mg/kg daily. All rats were sacrificed and liver immunohistochemical and histological examinations were performed. Result: The findings demonstrated that ribociclib administration caused liver damage and morphological changes at a histological level in liver tissue. The immunohistochemical investigation revealed that IL-6 levels were significantly increased in group 2 and control group (p &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, co-administration of curcumin and cacao with ribociclib suppressed the levels of IL-6 expression in the liver tissue of rats compared to control group 1. Conclusion: Co-administration of curcumin and cacao protects the liver against ribociclib-induced liver damage. It is necessary to determine the effect of long-term administration of these extracts on the functions of some organs such as the liver and kidney.

Molecular Classification of Large B-Cell Lymphoma and High-Grade B-Cell Lymphoma Cases and Association with Outcomes in Morocco

Background: High-grade B-cell lymphoma with c-MYC and BCL2 and/or BCL6 rearrangements (HGBL-DHL/THL) is a recently identified category in the most recent World Health Organization (WHO) classification. For all tumors displaying the appearance of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) or high-grade B-cell lymphoma (HGBL), it is necessary to perform fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in order to achieve an accurate diagnosis. The findings of FISH and immunohistochemistry (IHC) examinations from 50 DLBCL/HGBL samples obtained from Hassan II University Hospital in Fez/Morocco are reported. Methods: This retrospective study included 50 patients diagnosed with DLBCL/HGBL over a period of nine years (2013–2022) and treated with RCHOP chemotherapy protocol. All patients underwent a histological study followed by an immunohistochemical study to confirm the diagnosis and to classify patients according to cell of origin into non-GCB and GCB subtypes; then, a cytogenetic study using FISH was performed to classify patients according to the presence or absence of rearrangements in the c-MYC, BCL2 and BCL6 genes. A comparison was made between the molecular subtypes of DLBCL/HGBL in relation to clinicopathological features and outcomes. Results: Among the 50 cases studied in our population, we found 5 cases of HGBL with DLBCL morphology and 45 cases of DLBCL, which consisted of 13 cases (28.89%) of GCB subtype and 32 cases (71.11%) of non-GCB subtype based on the immunohistochemistry Hans algorithm. After FISH testing of all cases, we found three cases of double-hit lymphoma (DHL) and one case of triple-hit lymphoma (THL). Thus, HGBL-DHL/THL accounted for 8% of the cases. Furthermore, two cases were detected with only one rearrangement in the BCL2 gene and one case harboring a rearrangement in the BCL6 gene. DHL and THL patients and patients with a single rearrangement (BCL2 or BCL6) have a worse prognosis than patients with no rearrangement. Conclusions: DHL and THL are an aggressive entity of HGBL with poorer outcomes in comparison to DLBCL/HGBL NOS. First-line treatment with the RCHOP chemotherapy protocol may not be effective for all aggressive DLBCL cases. More targeted treatment is crucial for better patient outcomes.

Immuno-therapeutic and prophylactic potential of Trichinella spiralis antigens for inflammatory bowel diseases

Ulcerative colitis (UC), a severe chronic inflammatory disorder of the colon, is one of the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) that affects humans and several domestic animal species, including cats and dogs. Helminth infections and autoimmune diseases are inversely correlated, as explained by the hygiene hypothesis, which suggests that IBD is infrequent in countries where helminth infections are common but more prevalent in developed nations. This study investigated the therapeutic and prophylactic potential of Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis) antigens in an experimental colitis model for IBD. Mice were divided into eight groups: normal model, colitis model, larval antigen prophylaxis, adult antigen prophylaxis, larval antigen therapeutic, adult antigen therapeutic, larval antigen prophylaxis and therapeutic, and adult antigen prophylaxis and therapeutic. Colitis was induced intrarectally by administering a single dose of 0.2 ml of acetic acid, except in the healthy group, which received PBS (0.2 ml). The mice were euthanized 12 days after colitis induction. The therapeutic and prophylactic potential of T. spiralis antigens were assessed through colitis severity and histopathological, immunological, and immunohistochemical examinations. The results showed a significant reduction in Disease Activity Index (DAI), an increase in goblet cells' acidic mucin levels, reduced iNOS and TNF-α expression, and decreased serum levels of IFN-γ and IL-10 cytokines in Groups IV-VIII compared to the colitis model, particularly in the group that received adult worm antigen both prophylactically and therapeutically. This study demonstrated that T. spiralis antigens, especially from adult worms, had protective and therapeutic effects on experimental colitis, with a superior effect when administered both before and after colitis induction by reducing inflammation and modulating the immune response. Thus, T. spiralis antigens may improve disease outcomes and provide a novel treatment approach for ulcerative colitis.