Immunity In Newborn Calves Research Articles

Use of domestic biological drugs in reproduction of cattle

purpose of the work was to analyze the use of domestic biodrugs in the reproduction of cattle. In the scientifi c and economic experiment, three groups of dry cows (control, 1st and 2nd experimental) were formed according to the principle of analog groups, taking into account the clinical and physiological condition, age and live weight. In the 2nd series of the experiment, 3 groups of newborn heifers were formed in accordance with the groups of dams. The work scientifi cally substantiates and experimentally proves the eff ectiveness of using complex immunomodulatory biodrugs consisting of two main active components (yeast cells and vitamins) Salus-PE and Bovistim-K, in the technology of cow reproduction and calf rearing. It has been established that the use of biodrugs in late pregnant cows improved the course of the calving and postpartum periods, increased milk productivity and colostrum quality, forms stable colostral immunity in newborn calves, reduced the risks of respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases in young animals, contributing to better live weight gains. The tested complex immunomodulatory biodrugs activate hematopoiesis, compensatory mechanisms of the body, the population of immune cells in the blood, increased protein metabolism, the expression profi le of cellular and humoral factors of non-specifi c resistance. The use of the developed biodrugs during decornuation stimulated tissue regeneration, accelerated the process of scab formation, normalized the level of γ-globulins, activated the synthesis of α- and β-globulins, oxidation-reduction processes and metabolism, which ensured an increase in the immune status of the body of calves in the neonatal period. The economic effi ciency of using the biodrugs Salus-PE and Bovistim-K in the technology of cow reproduction in the 1st and 2nd experimental groups based on 1 ruble of additional costs was 2.63 and 4.50 rubles, and in the technology of raising calves 6.85 and 11.20 rubles, respectively.

Effects of replacing inorganic salts of trace minerals with organic trace minerals in the diet of prepartum cows on quality of colostrum and immunity of newborn calves

Our objectives were to evaluate the impact of supplementary trace mineral (TM) form-inorganic salts (STM; Co, Cu, Mn, Zn sulfates, and Na selenite) or organic (OTM; Co, Cu, Mn, Zn proteinates, and selenized yeast)-in the prepartum diet on quantity and quality of colostrum, passive immunity, antioxidant biomarkers, cytokine responses to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), health, and growth of newborn calves. Pregnant heifers (n = 100) and cows (n = 173) were enrolled at 45 d before calving, blocked by parity and body condition score, and allocated randomly to STM (50 heifers; 86 cows) or OTM (50 heifers; 87 cows) supplementation. Cows in both treatments were fed the same diet, except for the source of supplementary TM. Within 2 h of calving, dams and calves were separated, colostrum was harvested, the yield was measured, and a sample was saved for posterior analyses of colostrum quality. A subgroup of calves (n = 68) had a blood sample collected before colostrum feeding. After colostrum feeding, all samples and data collection were limited to 163 calves (STM = 82; OTM = 81) fed 3 L of good quality (Brix% >22) maternal colostrum via nipple bottle minutes after harvesting. Concentration of IgG in colostrum and serum was determined 24 h after colostrum feeding using radial immunodiffusion. Concentration of TM in colostrum and serum were performed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Activity of glutathione peroxidase, ferric reducing ability of plasma, and concentration of superoxide dismutase were evaluated in plasma by colorimetric assays. Ex vivo whole blood stimulation with LPS was performed on d 7 of life to evaluate cytokine responses in a subgroup of 66 calves. Health events were recorded from birth to weaning, and body weight was recorded at birth (all calves) and on d 30 and 60 (heifers only). Continuous variables were analyzed by ANOVA and binary responses were analyzed by logistic regression. Complete replacement of STM by OTM in prepartum diet resulted in greater concentration of Se (461 vs. 543 ± 7 μg/g; ± SEM) but did not alter the concentration or total mass of other TM and IgG in colostrum. Female calves of the OTM group had greater concentration of Se in serum at birth (0.23 vs. 0.37 ± 0.05 μg/mL), were lighter in weight at birth (40.9 vs. 38.8 ± 0.6 kg) and weaning (93.2 vs. 89.7 ± 1.6 kg) than those of the STM group. Maternal treatments did not affect passive immunity or antioxidant biomarkers. On d 7, basal concentrations (log10 of concentration in pg/mL) of IFNγ (0.70 vs. 0.95 ± 0.083) and LPS-stimulated concentrations of CC chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2; 2.45 vs. 2.54 ± 0.026), CC chemokine ligand 3 (CCL3; 2.63 vs. 2.76 ± 0.038), IL-1α (2.32 vs. 2.49 ± 0.054), and IL-1β (3.62 vs. 3.86 ± 0.067) were greater in OTM than in STM. Supplementation with OTM in pregnant heifers, but not in pregnant cows, reduced the incidence of preweaning health problems in their calves (36.4 vs. 11.5%). Complete replacement of STM by OTM in the prepartum diet did not cause major changes in colostrum quality, passive immunity, and antioxidant capacity, but increased cytokine and chemokine responses to LPS on d 7 of life and benefited preweaning health of calves born to primiparous cows.

Evaluating different methods of serum collection to detect failed transfer of passive immunity in newborn calves via refractometry

The objective of the study was to compare 4 different methods of serum collection to assess failed transfer of passive immunity (FTPI) in dairy calves. We hypothesized that centrifuged serum, filtered serum and clotted serum at room temperature, and clotted serum at refrigerator temperature measured with Brix refractometry would highly correlate with IgG concentration assessed by radial immunodiffusion (RID; gold standard) in centrifuged serum. Blood samples were collected from 321 newborn dairy calves. In centrifuged serum (r = 0.88), serum clotted at room temperature (20.2°C ± 6.47; r = 0.86), serum clotted at refrigerator temperature (7.6°C ± 0.91; r = 0.87), and filtered serum (r = 0.70), total solids (TS) in % Brix, and IgG concentrations measured with RID were highly correlated. Regarding the refractometry results among the different serum types, the TS results of serum clotted at room temperature, clotted at refrigerator temperature, and filtered serum showed high correlation coefficients compared with the TS results of centrifuged serum (r = 0.99, r = 0.98, and r = 0.89), respectively. The test characteristics of clotted serum were as accurate as centrifuged serum and generate comparable results. Filtered serum was slightly less accurate. All serum types are valid methods to detect an FTPI in dairy calves, if the specific Brix thresholds for each serum type are considered. Nevertheless, serum clotted at refrigerator temperature should not be the preferred method to avoid the risk of hemolysis.

Genetic Parameters of Serum Total Protein Concentration Measured with a Brix Refractometer in Holstein Newborn Calves and Fresh Cows.

The objective was to estimate the genetic parameters of serum total protein concentration in newborn calves (calfSTP) and post parturient dairy cows (cowSTP). The study included 1013 calves and 989 cows from 10 dairy farms. Calf blood samples were collected 24-48 h after parturition while cow blood and colostrum samples were collected in the first 24 h after calving. Blood serum total protein and colostrum total solids content were determined using a Brix refractometer. Chemical analysis of colostrum was performed with Milkoscan. Univariate mixed linear models were used to estimate the heritability of calfSTP and cowSTP and their genetic and phenotypic correlations with colostrum traits. The heritability estimates of calfSTP and cowSTP were 0.21 and 0.20 (p < 0.05), respectively. Strong genetic correlations (r > 0.90) were detected between calfSTP and colostrum total solids and protein content (p < 0.05). Corresponding phenotypic correlations were 0.31-0.33 (p < 0.05). No genetic or phenotypic correlations were detected with colostrum fat content while the respective correlations with lactose were negative (-0.82 and -0.19, p < 0.05). No genetic correlations were detected between cowSTP and colostrum traits and only a low negative phenotypic one with lactose was detected. The results confirm that genetic selection aiming to improve the passive transfer of immunity in newborn calves and general fresh cow health would be feasible.

Formation of colostral immunity in calfs on the background of the application of immunostimulators to cows

A scientific and practical substantiation of the need for the timely formation of colostral immunity in calves to create nonspecific protection of the body and adaptation of newborns to new environmental conditions is given, which is the most important problem of modern veterinary science and practice. Colostral immunity is immunity that develops in newborns due to colostral immunoglobulins during the first 24-36 hours of life. For some newborn farm animals (horses, ruminants and pigs), antibodies are transmitted to offspring only through colostrum in the early postnatal period. In order to increase the nonspecific defenses of the body of mothers cows, the formation of colostral immunity in newborn calves and the realization of the biological resource potential of the body, immunostimulants were used, developed by scientists of the Chuvash State Agrarian University: Prevention-N-B-S and Salus-PE.

Formation features of humoral immunity in newborn calves in case of including haylage with bio-preservative into the diet of cows

The peculiarities of the formation of colostrum in the udder of cows and the immune status in the body of calves in the first hours and days after birth, when included in the diet of cows, haylage from eastern goat’s rue prepared with the use of bio-preservatives “Silostan” (group II) and “GreenGrass 3 × 3”(Group III). The study of colostrum of the first milk yield showed that feeding cows with silage with the bio-preservative “Silostan” contributed to an increase in the content of immunoglobulins by 4.0% (Р&lt;0,001), with bio-preservative “GreenGras 3 × 3” - by 5.3% (Р&lt;0,001). After drinking the first portion of colostrum, immunoglobulins appear in the blood serum of calves after 2 hours. After 6 hours, the content of immunoglobulins in the blood serum of calves of group II was 21.9% higher than in group I (haylage without preservative) (P &lt; 0.05), group III - by 27.1% (P &lt;0.001). The proportion of calves with an immunoglobulin content 6 hours after the first feeding with colostrum not more than 6.0 mg / ml, decreased in group II by 12.0%, in group III - by 20.0%.

Influence of medication “Membranostabil” on expression of immunoreceptor proteins in small intestine of ruminants during the period of formation of colostral immunity

The influence of medication “Membranostabil” on the indexes of content of proteins with MM of 33, 40, and 47 kDa in the plasmolemma of enterocytes of jejunum of new-born calves during the period from birth till the age of 24-hours was investigated. The research was conducted on calves (males) of Ukrainian black-and-white breed during the spring. Throughout the trial period, the calves of the control and experimental groups were kept on a standard diet for newborn calves, colostrum. In addition, calves of the experimental group got the medication “Membranostabil” based on the soybean lecithin. Proteins of plasmolemma of enterocytes of the jejunum of calves were isolated from the membrane fraction of lysates and examined by electrophoresis. Electrophoretic separation of proteins of plasmolemma of the jejunum enterocytes of newborn calves revealed proteins with MM of 37, 40 and 43 kDa on electrophoregram. The data of expression of immunoreceptor proteins with MM of 37, 40, 43 kDa and the dynamics of their changes depending on the time after birth in calves of the control and experimental groups were analyzed. The decrease in the total content of expression of proteins with MM of 37, 40, and 43 kDa in the membrane fraction of lysates of enterocytes of the jejunum of calves at the age of 6 hours compared to the newborn ones was demonstrated. The levels of expression of each immunoreceptor protein are considered with their comparative analysis between the individual fractions in the cytolemma of the enterocytes of the jejunum of newborn calves, which according to their molecular weights correspond to MM isoforms of FcγRIII/CD32. The data obtained showed a significantly higher expression of level of proteins with molecular mass of 37 kDa on the apical membrane of enterocytes, compared with proteins with MM of 40 and 43 kDa, both at birth of calves and at the age of 6 and 24 hours. Based on the data obtained, proteins with MM of 37, 40, and 43 kDa of plasmolemma of the jejunum enterocytes undergo significant changes in the process of postnatal ontogeny in cattle. These changes indicate the synthesis of these proteins in the enterocytes themselves in the process of formation of colostral immunity in newborn calves under the influence of the medication “Membranostabil” used by this research group, compared with calves of the control group. It is shown that the application of medication “Membranostabil” for the new-born calves activates the transport of immunoglobulins of colostrum in the intestine of these animals, assists the increasing of level of colostral immunity, and prevents the occurrence of digestive disorders. Findings of this research correlate with the results of clinical observation in newborn calves.

Пассивный иммунитет у новорожденных телят – основа выращивания здорового молодняка

Пассивный иммунитет у новорожденных телят – основа выращивания здорового молодняка

Effect of FMD vaccination schedule of dams on the level and duration of maternally derived antibodies

Vaccination against Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) in pregnant cows is crucial to produce greater immunity in new born calves, especially in late gestation, as this directly affects neonatal immunity. Therefore, we aimed to investigate how late gestation FMD vaccination of pregnant cows affects the maternally derived antibodies in their offspring. Pregnant cows were vaccinated with and without booster vaccination during the 3rd months (early gestation vaccination, EGV) or the 6.5th months (late gestation vaccination, LGV). Their offspring were investigated for passive immunity transfer, maternal antibody duration, and the first vaccination age of calves (when the maternal antibody has waned sufficiently to allow the first vaccination). Antibody titers were analyzed by a virus neutralization test (VNT). A digital Brix refractometer (% Brix) was used to estimate passive antibody transfer efficiency measuring total protein (TP) content of calf blood sera and also colostrum IgG content. Two linear mixed effects models were fitted: one for the antibody titer values of the dams, and the other for the antibody titer values of calves before the vaccination. A marginal fixed effects model was also fitted to explore the effects of the dam titers on the antibody titers of the calves after their vaccinations. As a result, the average neutralizing antibody titers did not differ between the EGV and LGV groups nor were any differences detected between dams that received a booster and those that were not boosted. However, the LGV calves’ mean maternally derived antibody titers were significantly higher (p-values = 0.0001 for both groups) and the duration was longer than that of the EGV calves (120 days in LGV, 60 days in EGV, p < 0.05). Since no statistical difference was found between the titers of either group of dams at the beginning of the experiment and parturition, it does not appear that the higher VN titers in LGV calves compared to titers in EGV are directly related to the circulating antibody levels in the dams. Furthermore, the TP value (% Brix) of calf blood sera was higher than>8.4% in both calf groups (9.3 ± 0.33 in LGV and 8.6 ± 0.40 in EGV, p > 0.05) indicating that passive immunity transfer had occurred for both groups. In addition, we found that the % Brix mean colostrum IgG content of the LGV (25.8 ± 1.30) was higher than the EGV (21.8 ± 0.58) dams (p < 0.01) and a significant positive correlation found between the colostrum density of LGV dams and TP (% Brix) value of their offspring (r = 0.73, p < 0.01). Our results show that vaccination during the late gestation period increased the colostrum IgG content of dams of LGV in addition to the maternally derived antibody duration and potentially provided greater protection of the offspring.

Effects of Dietary Rumen-Protected Betaine Supplementation on Performance of Postpartum Dairy Cows and Immunity of Newborn Calves.

Simple SummaryBetaine plays an important role in growth, lactation, protein synthesis, and fat metabolism in animals, but there are few studies on transition dairy cows and newborn calves. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effects of rumen-protected betaine supplementation from four weeks before expected calving to six weeks postpartum regarding the lactation performance and blood metabolites of dairy cows and immunity of newborn calves. The results suggested that betaine supplementation tended to increase fat mobilization of postpartum dairy cows. Furthermore, compared to the control calves, the betaine calves had greater plasma total protein and globulin concentrations, which indicates that the immunity of the betaine calves might have improved. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of rumen-protected betaine supplementation on performance of postpartum dairy cows and immunity of newborn calves. Twenty-four multiparous Holstein dairy cows were randomly divided into the control (CON, n = 12) and rumen-protected betaine (BET, n = 12) groups after blocking by parity and milk yield during the previous lactation cycle. The cows were fed a basal total mixed ration diet without BET (CON) or with BET at 20 g/d per cow (BET) from four weeks before expected calving to six weeks postpartum. The results showed that betaine supplementation had no effect on dry matter intake and milk yield of the cows. The BET cows tended to increase feed efficiency (energy-corrected milk/dry matter intake) and body weight loss postpartum compared to the CON cows. The plasma β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations of the BET cows were greater at d seven after calving than those of the CON cows. Moreover, compared to the CON calves, the BET calves had greater plasma total protein and globulin concentrations. The plasma glucose concentrations of the BET calves tended to decrease relative to CON cows. In conclusion, rumen-protected betaine supplementation from four weeks before expected calving tended to increase fat mobilization of postpartum dairy cows, and might improve the immunity of newborn calves.

Динамика антител в крови и молозиве коров, иммунизированных трехкомпонентной вирусно-бактериальной вакциной

The article presents the results of testing the immune status of cows vaccinated with a three-component viral-bacterial vaccine. It was found that vaccine induces in deep-seated cows a high titers of serum antibodies to the bovine rotavirus and coronavirus, as well as adhesines of E. coli. Purpose. To study the dynamics of the formation of antibodies in the blood and colostrum of cows immunized with a three-component viral-bacterial vaccine. Materials and methods. Cows were immunized with a three-component viral-bacterial vaccine (approved on January 27, 2014) in a cattle-breeding farm in the Vologda Oblast, unfavorable for gastrointestinal infections. The obtained material was examined for the presence of antibodies to the rota- and coronavirus using the ELISA method, using the ANTI-TELA-RODIKOR-ELISA VIEV kit, anti-adhesive antibodies in colostrum were detected in the developed agglutination reaction. Results. The immune response to the introduction of the vaccine produced by FGBNU VIEV was detected in all animals, whereas in the serum of cows in the control groups it was significantly lower. In the colostrum of the first milk yield, the titers of antibodies to the rota and coronavirus were significantly higher compared with the control ones. All indicators indicate sufficient antigenic activity of the tested vaccine. Conclusion. Studies have shown that immunization of pregnant cows with a three-component viral-bacterial vaccine contributes to the development of antibodies to the components of the drug in sufficiently high titers, which will ensure a high level of colostral immunity in newborn calves.

Homeopathic treatment as an alternative prophylactic to minimize bacterial infection and prevent neonatal diarrhea in calves

Bovine neonatal diarrhea is common due low immunity in newborn calves, poor management (or absence) of sanitary barriers, and other factors. Newborn calves with diarrhea in the first days of life suffer failure to thrive and may die if left untreated. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether prophylactic administration of a homeopathic product (Dia 100®) can control bovine neonatal diarrhea in calves born on a farm with substantial sanitary challenges. We counted total bacteria and protozoan parasites in fecal samples. We measured serum glucose, total protein, globulin, albumin, cholesterol and triglycerides on days 1, 7 and 14 of life. Twenty newborn calves were maintained in individual stalls, and were divided in two groups: ten untreated animals (control) and ten animals treated with Dia 100®. Fecal consistency was evaluated daily. We diagnosed diarrhea in five animals in the treated group, and in all animals from the control group. Infections with Escherichia coli and Giardia duodenalis were identified as the responsible organisms. The E. coli count was low in the treatment group on day 7 of life compared with the control group. Antibiotics were given to eight animals in the control group, and to two animals in the treatment group. On day of life 7, serum levels of total protein and globulins were higher in the control group, but were lower on day 14. Serum levels of glucose and triglycerides were greater in treated animals on days 7 and 14, suggesting that the homeopathic product contributes to improvement of intestinal health and absorption and nutrients. We conclude that Dia 100® controls diarrhea with 50% of efficacy, and reduces antibiotic utilization.

Експресія імунорецепторних протеїнів у плазмолемі ентероцитів новонароджених телят у період формування колострального імунітету

Експресія імунорецепторних протеїнів у плазмолемі ентероцитів новонароджених телят у період формування колострального імунітету

Формування колострального імунітету у новонароджених телят за ліпосомної корекції ліпідного складу плазмолеми ентероцитів

The functional activity of the mucous membrane of the small intestine is an important factor that influences the colostral (passive) immunity in mammals. Maximum flow of colostral Ig through enterocytes’ plasmalemma during the formation colostral immunity in ruminants can be achieved by correcting phospholipid composition enterocytes’ plasmalemma. Based on the above, the aim of the work was to investigate the effect of native and rich in vitamins liposome on the lipid composition of enterocytes’ plasmalemma of the small intestine in newborn calves during the active formation colostral immunity. Materials and methods. Research conducted on calves black-motley breed in the period from their birth till 1-day age. It was formed three groups of calves (control and two experimental) of 5 animals each. Calves all groups were fed 2 liters of colostrum after birth, and then 1.5 liters every 4 hours during the first day. Calves from the first experimental group for 15 minutes before the first feeding colostrum and then in 12 hours, 15 minutes before feeding colostrum received native liposomes as makrokapsul (average size of liposomes 46.5 nm) at a dose of 5 ml with 50 ml of warm water (t37 o С). Calves from the second experimental group for 15 minutes before the first feeding colostrum and then in 12 hours, received the same amount of liposomes with the Vitamin A (4,000 IU) and E (15 mg), which patented by us as drug called Membranostabil. Determination the content of lipids and proteins in the experimental samples was carried out after the birth of calves, the first feeding of colostrum and after 6 and 24 hours of animal’s life using known methodological approaches. Research results . Before feeding of colostrum cholesterol (LDL) level of enerocytes’ plasmalemma in the jejunum of newborn calves was 238.5 ± 23.2 nmol / mg of protein, and the content of total phospholipids (PL) – 628.5 ± 32.4 nmol / mg of protein. Value cholesterol / phospholipids was 0.35. After 6 hours of birth cholesterol level in enterocytes’ plasmalemma of jejunum in calves of control group was significantly higher in 1.31 times (r≤0.05) and phospholipid content was not significantly different from that in comparison with calves after birth. Value cholesterol / phospholipids in enterocytes’ plasmalemma in these animals was 0.57, in 1.63 times higher than the feeding of colostrum. The content of cholesterol in the enterocytes’ plasmalemma of jejunum in first experimental group of calves six hour-age was 1.36 times significantly lower compared to the control group calves of the same age and almost the same as at time of birth of animals. By not significantly lower content phospholipids jejunum enterocytes’ plasmalemma in these animals compared with the index before feeding colostrum, the ratio of cholesterol / phospholipids was 0.42. In plasmalemma of jejunum enterocytes in calves from second research group at 6 hours after birth levels of cholesterol and phospholipids had no significant difference compared to calves first experimental group, and their ratio was 0.39, indicating a high permeability of enterocytes’ plasmalemma for colostrum proteins. In plasmalemma of jejunum enterocytes in calves from the control group at 24 hours after birth were found the reducing of cholesterol level in 1.30 times compared to calves of the same group at 6 hours-age, while the phospholipid content did not change. Consequently, the ratio cholesterol / phospholipid decreased to 0.42. In enterocytes’ plasmalemma in calves from first research group at the 24th hour of life phospholipids and cholesterol levels were not significantly different from those in the calves at their birth before feeding the colostrum, and the ratio of cholesterol / phospholipids was 0.42. In jejunum enterocytes’ plasmalemma in calves from second experimental group at 24 th hour of life cholesterol level was 237.0 ± 21.7, and phospholipid level 810.0 ± 41.3, which provided the ratio of cholesterol / phospholipids at 0.29. Obtained data indicate the stability of lipids in enterocytes’ plasmalemma in jejunum of newborn calves during the first days of life. The use of native and rich in vitamins liposomes enhances phospholipids content in enterocytes’ plasmalemma that provides optimal viscosity for penetration colostrum immunoglobulin. Our results are important in terms of justification of the use of native and rich in vitamins liposomes for increasing and prolonging the action colostral immunity in newborn calves.

Effect of the mass of immunoglobulin (Ig)G intake and age at first colostrum feeding on serum IgG concentration in Holstein calves

Forty-four Holstein calves (19 male and 25 female) were used in this study of the relationships among age at first colostrum feeding, IgG intake, and apparent efficiency of IgG absorption. Time of birth was recorded for each calf and the calves were fed colostrum ad libitum after birth at either 0930 or 1630h. Blood samples were collected immediately before and 24h after colostrum feeding. Data from calves were then categorized into 4 groups representing time from birth to colostrum feeding: A=fed within 1h (n=5); B=fed from 1 to 6h (n=10); C=fed from 6 to 12h (n=21); and D=fed from 12 to 18h (n=8) after birth. Average total intake of colostrum was 3.6±0.1L. Over 80% of the calves consumed ≥3L of colostrum. Apparent efficiency of IgG absorption declined remarkably 12h after birth. Mean apparent efficiency of absorption of IgG in group D (15.8±3.0%) was lower than that in groups A (30.5±3.9%) and B (27.4±2.8%). Serum IgG concentration in calves was positively correlated with IgG intake in all groups. The relationship between mass of IgG consumed and calf serum IgG at 24h was different for each time of colostrum feeding, with only limited differences observed between groups A and B. We concluded that failure of transfer of passive immunity in newborn calves may be avoided if calves consume ≥3L of colostrum with IgG concentration >40mg/mL within 6h after birth. These findings help define the opportunity to minimize failure of transfer of passive immunity to newborn calves under management programs similar to those used on commercial dairy farms.

Effect of adding gut active carbohydrates to colostrum replacer on passive transfer of immunoglobulin G in Holstein dairy calves

Early feeding of a sufficient quantity of high-quality colostrum is the key to good colostrum management and obtaining sufficient passive transfer of immunity in newborn calves. Various products have been added to colostrum to evaluate their potential for improving passive transfer of colostral immunoglobulins (lg). Research findings suggest that maternal colostrum supplemented with gut-active carbohydrates (GAC) or mannan-oligosaccharides resulted in higher serum IgG concentrations in young mammals. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of supplementing a commercial colostrum replacer (CR) with GAC on the serum IgG concentration and preweaning performance of dairy calves in a commercial farm setting.

Estimation of passive immunity in newborn calves with routine clinical chemistry measurements

Yavru olumlerinin en aza indirilmesi, hayvancilikta basarinin onemli unsurlarindan birisini olusturur. Buzagilama ve sutten kesme asamasi arasinda gecen sure hayvanin yasaminda kritik bir surectir. Buzagilarda saglik sorunlarinin azaltilmasi yonunde kullanilan onemli bir arac da kolostrumla beslemedir. Kolostrumun enerji, protein ve vitamin (ozellikle A, D, E ve B12) icerigi yuksektir. Daha da onemlisi kolostrum enfeksiyonlar ile savasmak icin gerekli pasif bagisiklik ogelerinden immunglobulinlerin buzagilara aktarilmasi yonu ile vazgecilmezdir. Bu calisma, dogum sonrasi kulubelere alinmis ve emzikli kovalar araciligi ile kolostrum almis yenidogan Holstayn buzagilarda Ig G duzeyleri ile rutin klinik biyokimya parametreleri arasindaki iliskinin incelenmesi amaciyla yapilmistir. Bu amacla 79 bas buzagindan dogumu izleyen 24–48 saat icerisinde kan ornekleri alinarak serumlari cikartilmistir. Buzagilarin pasif transfer duzeylerinin gosterilmesi icin Ig G duzeyleri ELISA ile belirlenmistir. Ig G duzeylerine gore buzagilar uc gruba ayrilmistir (yetersiz n=13, kismi n=14, ve normal pasif transfer n=52). Serum orneklerinde ALT, AST, GGT, ALP, LDH aktiviteleri ve BUN, kreatinin, albumin, toplam protein, toplam bilirubin, trigliserid, kolesterol ve glikoz duzeyleri olculmustur. Kolostrum ile normal pasif transfer saglayan buzagilarda serum GGT aktivitesi, toplam protein ve ure duzeyleri diger pasif transfer gruplarina gore artis gostermis ve artis istatistik yonden onemli bulunmustur (p≤0.05). Incelenen diger parametrelere iliskin sonuclarda pasif transfer gruplari arasinda istatistik olarak onemli farkliliklar gozlenmemistir (p≥0.05). Sonuc olarak serum GGT duzeyinin buzagilarda pasif transfer durumunu belirlemede iyi bir kriter olabilecegi, fakat toplam protein ve ure duzeylerinin tek basina olmasa da GGT duzeyi ile birlikte degerlendirilmeye alindigi taktirde faydali olabilecegi kanisina varilmistir

Strategies for induction of protective immunity to bovine herpesvirus-1 in newborn calves with maternal antibodies

The objective of this study was to evaluate Th1 promoting strategies for vaccination of neonates against bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1). A plasmid encoding a secreted truncated version of glycoprotein D (tgD) and tgD protein formulated with CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) effectively primed the immune system of newborn lambs, whereas without CpG ODN the tgD protein was less effective. Furthermore, a heterologous DNA prime-protein/CpG boost induced stronger and more balanced immune responses than either the DNA vaccine or a protein/CpG prime-DNA boost. Three of these strategies were compared as an approach to induce protective immunity in newborn calves with BHV-1-specific maternal antibodies. Whereas the DNA vaccine induced minimal protection, the DNA prime-protein boost resulted in reduced temperature response, weight loss and virus shedding in comparison to the placebo group. Close to complete protection against BHV-1 challenge was elicited in the calves immunized with the protein/CpG formulation, as these animals lost very little weight, had only slightly elevated temperatures and shed almost no virus.

Quantification of bovine IgG, IgM and IgA antibodies to [formula omitted] B-toxin by enzyme immunoassay II. Systemic effects of maternally derived antibodies on immunization of newborn calves

A quantitative competitive binding “triple sandwich” enzyme immunoassay was used to evaluate pathogen/class-specific antibody responses in forty-eight Holstein-Friesian calves vaccinated against Clostridium perfringens B-toxin at various ages postpartum. To assure a wide serum pathogen/class-specific immunoglobulin concentration range, one-half of all calves were from previously vaccinated dams. Calves initially vaccinated at three days produced both a primary and secondary pathogen-specific antibody response, whereas calves initially vaccinated at twelve and twenty-one days produced only secondary responses. Maternally-derived antibodies were found to suppress neonatal antibody production following primary immunization. They were also found to influence secondary humoral immune responses, although in a diminished capacity. Class-specific immunoglobulin levels did not affect pathogen-specific antibody production. Pathogen-specific antibodies were theorized to negatively “feedback” upon their own production whereas total class-specific levels are believed to affect accessory cell populations. Neonatal immunization in the presence of maternal antibody was demonstrated efficacious with respect to production of primary and secondary antibody responses. Based upon the results from this experiment, it is recommended that calves be vaccinated at three days postpartum with a secondary booster administered not later than sixty-three days.

Immunization of New-Born Calves

Immunization of New-Born Calves