Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a global pandemic, with cases reported from practically every country. The recent World Health Organization (WHO) estimate of the total HIV burden in the world is 33.2 million (30.6–36.1 million).1 India is categorised as a low prevalence nation but a major concern is that in view of the large population size, a mere 0.1% increase in prevalence rate would increase the numbers of patients living with HIV infection by over half a million.2 The aetiological agent of AIDS, HIV, belongs to the family of human retroviruses and the subfamily of lentiviruses. Ocular lesions mainly involve the posterior segment, which include HIV vasculopathy, infectious retinopathy or choroidopathy, and rare neoplasms. Also, HIV vasculopathy or microangiopathy is the most common manifestation (40–60%) of AIDS in developed countries which includes retinal haemorrhages, cotton-wool spots, microaneurysms, ischaemic maculopathy and telangiectatic vessels while large vessels disease is rarely seen.3, 4, 5 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis is the most common (15–40%) cause of infectious retinopathy in AIDS and its complications (immune recovery uveitis (IRU) and retinal detachment) are the most common cause of visual morbidity.3 The involvement of the anterior segment is less and includes complicated cataract, anterior uveitis, fungal keratitis, herpes simplex and zoster keratitis, peripheral ulcerative keratitis and bacterial keratitis.4, 5, 6 The majority of information and studies regarding ophthalmic manifestations in India reflects the pre-HAART (highly active anti-retroviral therapy) era.7, 8 India may be going through an intermediate stage where the spectrum of the ophthalmological manifestations may be changing significantly. This study was conducted to evaluate ophthalmic manifestations predominantly of the posterior segment in HIV-infected service personnel.