Immune Function In Children Research Articles

Obesity and immune status in children.

Childhood obesity, with persistent chronic inflammation, is a worldwide epidemic. Obesity causes dysregulation throughout the immune system, affecting the balance and levels of cytokines, adipokines, and innate and adaptive immune cells. The present review focuses on the impact of obesity on immune function in children: altering the baseline activation state of immune cells and affecting the ability of the host to combat pathogens and malignancy and respond appropriately to vaccination. Obesity causes dysregulation of the immune system. Single-cell RNA-sequencing of adipose tissue and resident immune cells is quantifying the impact of obesity on the frequency of immune cell subsets and their states. The system-wide alterations in immune function in obesity are most evident upon perturbation, including the response to infection (e.g. increased risk of severe COVID-19 in the ongoing pandemic), vaccination, and malignancy. However, mechanistic research in pediatric obesity is limited and this impacts our ability to care for these children. We must better understand baseline and perturbed immune health in obese children to determine how to account for altered frequency and function of humoral and cellular immune components in acute infection, during vaccine design and when considering therapeutic options for this complex, medically vulnerable group.

Influenced CD cells and ICAM-1 by pulmonary surfactant combined with high-frequency oscillatory ventilation and its effects on immune function in children with neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

This study aimed to explore the clinical efficacy of pulmonary surfactant combined with high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) on neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS) and its influence on immune function in children. Children admitted to our hospital from March 2017 to March 2019 who received HFOV combined with pulmonary surfactant therapy as a research group. Sixty-two children received conventional nasal continuous positive pressure combined with pulmonary surfactant therapy as a control group. Clinical efficacy, blood gas and immune function of patients were compared between the two groups. The clinical efficacy of the research group was better than that of the control group (P< 0.050). PaO2 and PaO2/FiO2 were both higher after treatment (P< 0.050). CD3+ and NK cells in the research group were higher than those in the control group, while CD8+ cells and ICAM-1 were lower than those in the control group (P< 0.050). CD3+, CD4+ and NK cells decreased in both groups after treatment, while CD8+ cells and ICAM-1 increased (P< 0.050). HFOV combined with pulmonary surfactant has significant clinical efficacy and high safety on NRDS, and has a certain protective effect on children's immune function. Hence, it is worthy of being the first choice for the clinical treatment of NRDS in the future.

Sex-specific effects of developmental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls on neuroimmune and dopaminergic endpoints in adolescent rats

Exposure to environmental contaminants early in life can have long lasting consequences for physiological function. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a group of ubiquitous contaminants that perturb endocrine signaling and have been associated with altered immune function in children. In this study, we examined the effects of developmental exposure to PCBs on neuroimmune responses to an inflammatory challenge during adolescence. Sprague Dawley rat dams were exposed to a PCB mixture (Aroclor 1242, 1248, 1254, 1:1:1, 20 μg/kg/day) or oil control throughout pregnancy, and adolescent male and female offspring were injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 50 μg/kg, ip) or saline control prior to euthanasia. Gene expression profiling was conducted in the hypothalamus, prefrontal cortex, striatum, and midbrain. In the hypothalamus, PCBs increased expression of genes involved in neuroimmune function, including those within the nuclear factor kappa b (NF-κB) complex, independent of LPS challenge. PCB exposure also increased expression of receptors for dopamine, serotonin, and estrogen in this region. In contrast, in the prefrontal cortex, PCB exposure blunted or induced irregular neuroimmune gene expression responses to LPS challenge. Moreover, neither PCB nor LPS exposure altered expression of neurotransmitter receptors throughout the mesocorticolimbic circuit. Almost all effects were present in males but not females, in agreement with the idea that male neuroimmune cells are more sensitive to perturbation and emphasizing the importance of studying both male and female subjects. Given that altered neuroimmune signaling has been implicated in mental health and substance abuse disorders that often begin during adolescence, these results highlight neuroimmune processes as another mechanism by which early life PCBs can alter brain function later in life.

Effect of manipulative reduction combined with air enema on intestinal mucosal immune function in children with intussusception.

Objective:To explore the effect of manipulative reduction combined with air enema on intestinal mucosal immune function in children with intussusception.Methods:This is a prospective randomized controlled study in which 60 children with primary intussusception admitted to Hebei Children’s Hospital from October 2018 to October 2019 were selected for this study. They were randomly divided into two groups. The 30 patients in the experimental group underwent manipulative reduction and air enema reduction, and 30 patients in the control group underwent only air enema reduction. Pain scores and pressure during enema were recorded and analyzed. Fasting blood of children in the experimental group were drawn to test the serum T lymphocyte subsets CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ levels, B lymphocyte subsets CD19+ level, and NK cell subsets CD56+ levels before reduction. Among them, fasting blood of 28 children with successful reduction were drawn again in the morning after reduction, and the indicators of each immune cell subgroup before and after reduction were analyzed. Two children with unsuccessful reduction were no longer tested for these indicators.Results:Twenty-Eight children in the experimental group had successful reduction, and two children with unsuccessful reduction were changed to open surgery (28/30). Twenty five Children in the control group had successful reduction, and five were changed to open surgery (25/30). There was no significant difference in the success rate of reduction between two groups (p>0.05). Close observation for 12~24h after reduction found that none of the children had signs of peritonitis. The pain score and reduction pressure of the observation group were lower than those of the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). The levels of serum CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ after reduction in the experimental group were significantly higher than before reduction, and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). CD19+ level was significantly lower than before reduction, and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in changes of other indicators.Conclusions:Manipulative reduction combined with air enema reduction can relieve pain and air injection pressure during enema, reduce reperfusion injury caused by intestinal ischemia, and protect intestinal mucosal immune function, which is a favored treatment.

Effect of high-dose gamma globulin combined with naloxone on neurological and immune function in children with severe viral encephalitis

Objective To investigate the effect of high dose gamma globulin combined with naloxone in the treatment of severe viral encephalitis in children, and its influence on nerve function and immune function. Methods From March 2012 to May 2017, 103 children with viral encephalitis in the First People's Hospital of Wenling were randomly divided into observation group (53 cases) and control group (50 cases) according to the digital table.The control group was given routine treatment.The observation group was given naloxone combined with high dose gamma globulin on the basis of routine treatment.The therapeutic effect, clinical symptoms, serum neurological function and humoral immune function were compared between the two groups. Results The total effective rate of the observation group was significantly higher than that of the control group (92.45% vs.78.00%)(χ2=4.319, P 0.05). Conclusion High-dose gamma globulin combined with naloxone can effectively improve the clinical efficacy of severe viral encephalitis in children, help to improve the clinical symptoms and signs of children, at the same time help to restore the nervous function of children and improve the humoral immune function, which is worthy of clinical application. Key words: Immunoglobulins; Encephalitis, viral; Intensive care; Immunity; Naloxone

Therapeutic effect of Saccharomyces boulardii combined with Bifidobacterium and on cellular immune function in children with acute diarrhea.

Clinical effect of Saccharomyces boulardii combined with bifidobacterium and its effect on cellular immune function in children with acute diarrhea were studied. In total 116 cases of children with acute diarrhea admitted to Xuzhou Children's Hospital from March 2015 to March 2017 were collected and analyzed retrospectively. There were 59 children treated with Saccharomyces boulardii as control group and 57 children treated with Saccharomyces boulardii combined with bifidobacterium as experimental group. The clinical effect, stool frequency in different time periods, mean antidiarrheal time, mean antipyretic time and length of stay, and immune function of children in the two groups after treatment were analyzed. The cure rate (73.68%) and the total effective rate (87.72%) in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the control group (47.46 and 71.19%) (P<0.05). The stool frequency in the experimental group was significantly lower than that in the control group 3 days after treatment (P<0.05). The mean antidiarrheal time in the experimental group was significantly shorter than that in the control group (P<0.05). The length of stay in the control group was significantly longer than that in the experimental group (P<0.05). CD3+, CD4+ and CD4+/CD8+ increased significantly in the experimental group after treatment while CD8+ decreased significantly (P<0.05). After treatment, the ratio of Th1 and Th2 in the two groups decreased significantly compared with before treatment (P<0.05), and the experimental group was significantly lower than the control group (P<0.05). After treatment, Th1/Th2 ratio was significantly higher than that before treatment (P<0.05), and the experimental group was significantly higher than the control group (P<0.05). In conclusion, treatment of acute diarrhea in children with Saccharomyces boulardii combined with bifidobacterium can effectively shorten the duration of diarrhea and hospital stay, reduce the number of diarrhea and enhance the cellular immune function.

Effects of microbiota-directed foods in gnotobiotic animals and undernourished children.

To examine the contributions of impaired gut microbial community development to childhood undernutrition, we combined metabolomic and proteomic analyses of plasma samples with metagenomic analyses of fecal samples to characterize the biological state of Bangladeshi children with severe acute malnutrition (SAM) as they transitioned, after standard treatment, to moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) with persistent microbiota immaturity. Host and microbial effects of microbiota-directed complementary food (MDCF) prototypes targeting weaning-phase bacterial taxa underrepresented in SAM and MAM microbiota were characterized in gnotobiotic mice and gnotobiotic piglets colonized with age- and growth-discriminatory bacteria. A randomized, double-blind controlled feeding study identified a lead MDCF that changes the abundances of targeted bacteria and increases plasma biomarkers and mediators of growth, bone formation, neurodevelopment, and immune function in children with MAM.INTRODUCTIONThere is a dimension to post-natal human development that involves assembly of microbial communities in different body habitats, including the gut. Children with acute malnutrition have impaired development of their gut microbiota, leaving them with communities that appear younger (more immature) than those of chronologically age-matched healthy individuals. Current therapeutic foods given to children with acute malnutrition have not been formulated based on knowledge of how they affect the developmental biology of the gut microbiota. Moreover, they are largely ineffective in ameliorating the long-term sequelae of malnutrition that include persistent stunting, neurodevelopmental abnormalities, and immune dysfunction.RATIONALERepairing microbiota immaturity and determining the degree to which such repair restores healthy growth requires identification of microbial targets that are not only biomarkers of community assembly but also mediators of various aspects of growth. Identifying ingredients in complementary foods, consumed during the transition from exclusive milk feeding to a fully weaned state, that increase the representation and expressed beneficial functions of growth-promoting bacterial taxa in the developing microbiota could provide an effective, affordable, culturally acceptable, and sustainable approach to treatment.RESULTSMetabolomic and proteomic analyses of serially collected plasma samples were combined with metagenomic analyses of serially collected fecal samples from Bangladeshi children with severe acute malnutrition (SAM) treated with standard therapy. The results provided a readout of their biological features as they transitioned from SAM to a state of persistent moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) with accompanying persistent microbiota immaturity. Significant correlations were identified between levels of plasma proteins, anthropometry, plasma metabolites, and the representation of bacteria in their microbiota. Gnotobiotic mice were subsequently colonized with a defined consortium of bacterial strains that represent various phases of microbiota development in healthy Bangladeshi children. Administration of different combinations of Bangladeshi complementary food ingredients to colonized mice and germ-free controls revealed diet-dependent increases in the abundance and changes in the metabolic activities of targeted weaning-phase strains as well as diet- and colonization-dependent augmentation of growth-promoting host signaling pathways. Host and microbial effects of microbiota-directed complementary food (MDCF) prototypes were subsequently examined in gnotobiotic mice colonized with immature microbiota from children with post-SAM MAM and in gnotobiotic piglets colonized with a defined consortium of targeted age- and growth-discriminatory taxa. A randomized, double-blind study of standard therapy versus various MDCF prototypes emerging from these preclinical models, conducted in Bangladeshi children with MAM, identified a lead MDCF that increased levels of biomarkers and mediators of growth, bone formation, neurodevelopment, and immune function toward a state resembling healthy children. Using an approach inspired by statistical methods applied to financial markets, we show in the accompanying paper by Raman et al. that this lead MDCF was most effective in repairing the microbiota.CONCLUSIONThese findings demonstrate the translatability of results obtained from pre-clinical gnotobiotic animal models to humans, directly support the hypothesis that healthy microbiota development is causally linked to healthy growth, illustrate an approach for treating childhood undernutrition, and with the capacity to deliberately reconfigure immature microbiota, suggest a means to decipher how elements of the gut microbial community operate to regulate various host systems involved in healthy growth.Overview of therapeutic food discovery and testing. The approach used for integrating preclinical gnotobiotic animal models with human studies to understand the contributions of perturbed gut microbiota development to childhood malnutrition and to identify MDCFs.

Clinical observation of Huangqi injection combined with ribavirin in children with viral myocarditis

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of Huangqi injection combined with ribavirin in the treatment of viral myocarditis in children. Methods A total of 89 children with viral myocarditis were randomly divided into treatment group (45 cases) and control group (44 cases) by random number table method. The control group received ribavirin intravenously on the basis of routine treatment, and the treatment group was given Huangqi injection intravenously on the basis of the control group. Both groups were treated continuously for 14 days. The Serum creatine kinase (CK), creatine kinase MB (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and aspartate transaminase (AST) were detected by automatic biochemical analyzer. The Serum IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α were detected by ELISA.The level of CD3+, CD4+, and the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ in peripheral blood was measured by flow cytometry, and the clinical efficacy was evaluated. Results After treatment, the level of serum CK (110.19 ± 12.17 U/L vs. 143.81 ± 17.53 U/L, t=10.530), CK-MB (18.43 ± 4.40 U/L vs. 30.28 ± 5.21 U/L, t=11.602), LDH (139.57 ± 10.36 U/L vs. 162.18 ± 13.22 U/L, t=8.992), AST (24.14 ± 2.19 U/L vs. 35.58 ± 3.34 U/L, t=19.150) in the treatment group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.01). The Serum level of IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α in the treatment group were significantly lower than those of the control group (t=14.884, 17.043 and 14.364, respectively, P<0.01). The level of CD3+, CD4+, and the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ in peripheral blood of the treatment group was significantly higher than that of the control group (t=6.256, 0.219 and 3.895, respectively, P<0.01). Conclusions The Huangqi injection combined with ribavirin can significantly reduce the degree of myocardial injury and inflammation in children with viral myocarditis, and improve the immune function of children with viral myocarditis. Key words: Myocarditis; Virus diseases; Child; Huangqi injection; Ribavirin; Immunity

Efficacy of Sublingual Administration of Dermatophagoides Farinae Drops for Treatment of Pediatric Allergic Rhinitis Accompanied by Adenoid Hypertrophy and Improvement of Immune Function.

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of sublingual administration of Dermatophagoides farinae drops for the treatment of allergic rhinitis (AR) accompanied by adenoid hypertrophy and the effect on immune function in children.Material/MethodsEosinophil counts in peripheral blood before and after treatment were determined; serum levels of immunoglobulin E (IgE), total IgE (T-IgE), immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4), interleukin-2 (IL-2), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) before and after treatment were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.ResultsThe total effective rate in the study group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). In both the study and control groups, symptom scores, medication scores, eosinophil counts in the peripheral blood, and serum levels of IgE, T-IgE, and IL-6 were significantly lower than those before treatment (P<0.05), while the serum levels of IgG4 and IL-2 were significantly higher than those before treatment (P<0.05). After treatment, symptom scores, medication scores, eosinophil counts in the peripheral blood, and serum levels of IgE, T-IgE, and IL-6 in the study group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05), while the serum levels of IgG4 and IL-2 were significantly higher in the study group than those in the control group (P<0.05).ConclusionsSublingual administration of D. farinae drops improved the clinical symptoms of pediatric AR caused by Dermatophagoides mites and improved the immune functions in children.

527: EARLY RBC TRANSFUSION AND INNATE IMMUNE FUNCTION IN CHILDREN WITH SEPTIC SHOCK

527: EARLY RBC TRANSFUSION AND INNATE IMMUNE FUNCTION IN CHILDREN WITH SEPTIC SHOCK

Exposure to low-dose arsenic in early life alters innate immune function in children

Early-life exposure to arsenic (As) increases risks of respiratory diseases/infections in children. However, data on the ability of the innate immune system to combat bacterial infections in the respiratory tracts of As-exposed children are scarce. To evaluate whether persistent low-dose As exposure alters innate immune function among children younger than 5 years-of-age, mothers and participating children (N = 51) that were members of the Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study (HEALS) cohort in rural Bangladesh were recruited. Household water As, past and concurrent maternal urinary As (U-As) as well as child U-As were all measured at enrollment. In addition, U-As metabolites were evaluated. Innate immune function was examined via measures of cathelicidin LL-37 in plasma, ex vivo monocyte-derived-macrophage (MDM)-mediated killing of Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn), and serum bactericidal antibody (SBA) responses against Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib). Cyto-/chemokines produced by isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were assayed using a Multiplex system. Multivariable linear regression analyses revealed that maternal (p < 0.01) and child (p = 0.02) U-As were positively associated with plasma LL-37 levels. Decreased MDM-mediated Spn killing (p = 0.05) and SBA responses (p = 0.02) were seen to be each associated with fractions of mono-methylarsonic acid (MMA; a U-As metabolite) in the children. In addition, U-As levels were seen to be negatively associated with PBMC formation of fractalkine and IL-7, and positively associated with that for IL-13, IL-17 and MIP-1α. These findings suggested that early-life As exposure may disrupt the innate host defense pathway in these children. It is possible that such disruptions may have health consequences later in life.

Effects of Maxing-Shigan decoction on inflammatory factors and immune function of children with mycoplasma pneumonia

Objective To investigate the effect of Maxing-Shigan decoction on inflammatory factors and immune function of mycoplasma pneumonia (MPP). Methods According to the random table method, 123 children with MPP who met the inclusion criteria were divided into control group (61 cases) and treatment group (62 cases). The control group was treated with azithromycin, while the treatment group was treated with Maxing-Shigan decoction on the basis of the control group. The treatment course was two weeks in two groups. The level of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, TNF-α, CRP and CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ and CD4+/CD8+ was detected by ELISA. The recovery time of body temperature, the fading time of coughing, the fading time of crackles and rale and the time of hospitalization was observed, TCM symptoms and signs was also scored, and the clinical efficacy was evaluated. Results The total effective rate was 90.3% (56/62) in the treatment group and 73.8% (45/61) in the control group. There was significant difference between the two groups (χ2=5.736, P=0.017). The recovery time of body temperature, the fading time of coughing, the fading time of crackles and rale and the time of hospitalization in the treatment group was significantly lower than those in the control group (t=-6.969, -5.700, -8.226, -7.034, P<0.01). Compared with the control group after treatment, the serum level of IL-2 significantly increased, IL-4, IL-6, TNF-α and CRP significantly decreased in the treatment group (t=12.729, -6.373, -6.416, -14.482, -20.071, P<0.01), while the serum level of CD3+, CD4+, CD4+/CD8+ significantly increased and CD8+ significantly decreased in the treatment group (t=2.314, 2.556, -3.866, 11.226, P<0.05). Conclusions The Maxing-Shigan decoction treats MPP by improving inflammatory factors and immune function, which not only improve the clinical symptoms, but also has high safety. It is worth promoting the application in clinic. Key words: Ma Xing Shi Gan Tang; Pneumonia, mycoplasma; Immunity; Inflammatory factors

Dysregulation of T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (TIM-3) signaling in peripheral immune cells is associated with immune dysfunction in autistic children

Evidence suggests that immune dysregulation is associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-3 (TIM-3) has a critical role in several inflammatory disorders; however, the role of TIM-3 signaling has not been demonstrated in ASD. In the present study, we assessed the role of TIM-3 signaling in children with ASD. We expected that increased numbers of TIM-3+ cells could alter immune function in children with ASD. We revealed production of TIM-3 on CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD11a+,b+, CD14+, CD62P+, and CXCR5+ PBMCs in children with ASD and typically developing (TD) controls using immunofluorescent staining. We further demonstrated the production of IL-1β, IFN-γ, IL-17 A, and Foxp3 in TIM-3+ PBMCs of TD controls and individuals with ASD. We also observed the mRNA expression levels of TIM-3, CD11a,b, CD14, IL-1β and IFN-γ using RT-PCR. We further assessed the protein levels of TIM-3, IL-1β, CXCR5, and IFN-γ using western blotting. The results showed that children with ASD had increased numbers of CD3+TIM-3+, CD4+TIM-3+, CD8+TIM-3+, CD11a,b+TIM-3+, CD14+TIM-3+, CD62P+TIM-3+ and CXCR5+TIM-3+ cells compared with TD controls. Our results further showed that children with ASD had increased IL-1β+TIM-3+, IFN-γ+TIM-3+, and IL-17+TIM-3+, and decreased Foxp3+TIM-3+ production compared with that in TD controls. Our results indicated that children with ASD significantly induced TIM-3, CD11a,b, CD14, CXCR5, IL-1β and IFN-γ mRNA and protein expression levels compared with TD controls. The results suggested that detection of TIM-3 signaling could contribute to the early diagnoses of ASD.

Study of Shenling-Baizhu granule combined with saccharomyces boulardii treatment for pediatric antibiotic associated diarrhea

Objective To observe Shenling-Baizhu granule combined with saccharomyces boulardii treatment for pediatric antibiotic associated diarrhea (AAD). Methods A total of 146 children with AAD were randomly divided into the control group (n=73) and the observation group (n=73). The control group received the saccharomyces boulardii, and the observation group received saccharomyces boulardii and Shenling-Baizhu granule, with a course of 5 days. The CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes were detected by flow cytometry. The stool frequency, stool frequency recovery time, and clinic effects were compared. Results The stool frequency (3.0 ± 0.4 times/d vs. 3.6 ± 0.4 times/d, t=2.624), stool frequency recovery time (3.2 ± 0.6 d vs. 4.5 ± 0.8 d, t=2.641), and recovery time (4.1 ± 0.8 d vs. 5.3 ± 1.1 d, t=2.522) in observation group were significantly lower than those in control group (P<0.05). After the treatment, the CD4+ (38.65% ± 5.74% vs. 33.72% ± 5.23%, t=2.452), CD4+/CD8+ (1.92 ± 0.38 vs. 1.45 ± 0.26, t=2.483) of the observation group was significantly higher than those of the control group, and the CD8+ (20.15% ± 3.16% vs. 23.21% ± 3.44%, t=2.483) of the observation group was significantly lower than this of the control group (P<0.05). The rate of clinic effects was 93.2% (68/73) in observation group, which was higher than 80.8% (59/73) in control group (χ2=2.446, P<0.05). Conclusions The Shenling-Baizhu granule combined with saccharomyces boulardii could enhance the immune function in children with AAD with significant clinical efficacy. Key words: Diarrhea; Child; Antibiotic associated; Shenling-Baizhu granule; Saccharomyces boulardii

Clinical effects of Xiaoer-Chaigui-Tuire granules in the treatment of mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia

Objective To study the effects of Xiaoer-Chaigui-Tuire granules in the treatment of mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP). Methods A total of 200 children with mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia which conformed to the standard of admission were randomly divided into the control group (n=100) and the treatment group (n=100). The control group were treated with azithromycin, and the treatment group were treated with Xiaoer-Chaigui-Tuire granules combined with azithromycin. The temperature recovery time, cough disappeared time, asthma disappeared time, lungs rale disappeared time of the two groups were observed and compared. The serum IgG, IgM and IgA levels were detected by ELISA and the CD3, CD4, CD8 cell ratio of peripheral blood were detected by flow cytometry. Results The total effect rate of the treatment group was 95.0% (95/100), significantly higher than 80.0% (80/100) of the control group (χ2=10.286, P=0.001). The fever disappeared time (2.5 ± 0.3 d vs. 4.2 ± 0.9 d, t=17.004), cough disappeared time (3.0 ± 0.6 d vs. 4.5 ± 0.5 d, t=19.861), asthma disappeared time (3.1 ± 1.1 d vs. 4.0 ± 1.3 d, t=5.046), lungs rale disappeared time (4.2 ± 1.0 d vs. 8.4 ± 1.5 d, t=22.988) and of the treatment group were significantly lower than those of the control group (P<0.01). After treatment, the IgG (9.47 ± 1.63 g/L vs. 7.05 ± 1.46 g/L, t=11.059), IgM (1.87 ± 0.52 g/L vs. 1.53 ± 0.48 g/L, t=4.804) and IgA (1.79 ± 0.61 g/L vs. 1.20 ± 0.53 g/L, t=7.301) of the treatment group were significantly higher than those of the control group (P<0.01). After treatment, the blood CD3 levels (78.83% ± 5.20 % vs. 57.48% ± 4.09%, t=32.271), CD4 levels (40.27% ± 3.42% vs. 30.54% ± 3.27%, t=20.563) of the treatment group were significantly higher than the control group, and the blood CD8 levels (21.15% ± 2.90% vs. 30.14% ± 3.85%, t=18.651) of the treatment group were significantly lower than the control group (P<0.01). There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse events between two groups (χ2=0.649, P=0.421). Conclusions The Xiaoer-Chaigui-Tuire granules combined with azithromycin for children with MPP has a good efficacy and low adverse events. They could relieve the clinical symptoms and improve the children's immune function. Key words: Pneumonia; Mycoplasma pneumoniae; Xiaoer-Chaigui-Tuire granules; Signs and symptoms; Immunologic factors; Clinical study

Effect of resection of adenoids and tonsillectomy on immune function in children with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome

Objective:To remove the immune function of children with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome by resection of adenoids and tonsillar. Method: The fasting peripheral venous blood of children with OSAHS and healthy children were collected. The lymphocyte subsets, NK cells and immunoglobulin levels were compared between the two groups. The fasting blood samples of OSAHS children were collected again after 2d, 30d, 60d and 90d after operation. The changes of lymphocyte subsets, NK cells and immunoglobulin levels were observed after operation. Result: Before operation, at the 0.05 test level, it was not yet clear that the levels of IgG, IgM, IgA, NK, CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ in OSAHS children were significantly different from those in the control group. The levels of IgA, CD3+ and CD4+ decreased significantly in children at 2d and OSAHS after operation, and IgG, IgM, IgA, NK, CD3+ and IgA continued to rise after 60d until ninetieth day after operation. Conclusion: There is no statistical disorder of immune level in children with OSAHS compared with healthy children. The implementation of adenoidectomy and tonsillectomy in children with OSAHS, the level of immunity in 90 days can be restored to the preoperative level.

Effects of aquatic exercise on health-related physical fitness, blood fat, and immune functions of children with disabilities.

The purpose of this study is to verify the effects of aquatic exercise on the health-related physical fitness, blood fat, and immune functions of children with disabilities. To achieve the aforementioned purpose, the researchers studied 10 children with grade 1 or grade 2 disabilities who do not exercise regularly. The researchers used SPSS 21.0 to calculate the averages and standard deviations of the data and performed a paired t-test to verify the differences in averages before and after an exercise. The study showed significant differences in lean body weight, muscular strength, cardiovascular endurance, flexibility, and muscular endurance. The researchers found statistically significant differences in triglyceride as well as in immunoglobulin G. The findings suggest that aquatic exercise affects the health-related physical fitness, blood fat, and immune functions of children with disabilities.

小儿支气管肺炎免疫功能变化及意义

目的：探讨小儿支气管肺炎及肺炎支原体感染后免疫功能的变化。方法：选取肺炎支原体肺炎患儿56例(MPP组)和普通肺炎患儿50例(普通组)，同时选取同期健康体检儿童50例为对照组，应用流式细胞术测定患儿外周血Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群；应用ELISA法测定患儿外周血免疫球蛋白。结果MMP组CD3+、CD4+、CD4+/CD8+明显降低于普通组，两组均低于对照组，三组之间比较差异有显著性。支原体肺炎组IgA显著低于普通肺炎组和对照组，IgM和IgG在三组之间无显著性差异。结论：小儿支气管肺炎患者免疫功能处于相对低下状态，以支原体肺炎更加明显，并且恢复相对缓较慢；MP的发病机制可能与免疫复合物介导的免疫损伤相关。 Objective: To investigate the changes of cellular immune function in children with pneumonia and Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP). Methods: 56 patients with MPP and 50 patients with pneumonia were enrolled in this study, and 50 healthy children who had physical examination during the same period were enrolled as the control group. T lymphocyte subgroups were determined by flow cytometry. The levels of serum immunoglobulin (IgG, IgA and IgM) were evaluated by ELISA. Results: The percentage of CD3+, CD4+ lymphocytes and the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ lymphocytes in MPP group were significantly lower than that of the pneumonia group, and both were significantly lower than those in the control group (P < 0.05). The level of IgA in the both of acute phase and recover phase of MPP group was significantly lower than that of pneumonia group and control group. There was no significant difference in the levels of serum immunoglobulin (IgG and IgM) in the three groups. Conclusions: The immune function of the children with pneumonia is depressed and relatively low, especially in MMP, which recovered lower. Immunocomplex-mediated immunologic injury may play a role in the pathogenesis of MPP.

Effects of adenotonsillectomy on immunoregulation in children with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome

Objective:To observe the effects of adenotonsillectomy on immunoregulation in children with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome. Method:Thirty-six OSAHS children were recruited as an experimental group while 40 healthy children for the control group. Blood samples were collected from experimental group and control group. Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy were performed under general anesthesia in the experimental group. Blood samples of the experimental group were collected at 4 days, 1, 3 and 6 months after operation, respectively. Lymphocyte subsets, NK cells and immunoglobulin were analysis in all patients. Result:①The expression of IgA in the experimental group was significantly lower than the control group before operation (P<0.01). No significant difference was found between the other groups (P>0.05). ②The percentage of CD4+ T cells and CD4+/CD8+ ratio in the experimental group were significantly lower than those in the control group before operation (P<0.01 or <0.05). The percentage of CD8+ T cells in experimental group was significantly higher than that in control group one day before operation (P<0.01). ③In the experimental group, the expression of IgG at 4 days and 1 month was significantly lower than that before operation (P<0.05). At 3 and 6 months after operation, IgA was significantly higher than that before operation, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.01 or <0.05). No significant difference was found between the other groups (P>0.05). ④The percentage of CD4+ T, CD3+ T and NK cells, CD4+/CD8+ ratio in the experimental group at post-operative 4 days were lower than those before operation, and the percentage of CD8+ T cells was CD4+/CD8+ ratio in 3 and 6 months after operation was higher than that before operation, and CD8+ T was lower than before operation,the difference was statistically significant (P<0.01 or <0.05). No significant difference was found between the other groups (P>0.05). Conclusion:①Compared with healthy children, OSAHS children have a certain degree of cellular and humoral immune disorders, accompanied by different levels of cellular and humoral immune function decline. ②The cellular and humoral immune function in children with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) decreased within 1 month, but recovered to healthy children at 6 months after operation. Adenoidectomy and tonsillectomy were helpful to restore the immune function of children with OSAHS.

Reproduction Alters Hydration State but Does Not Impact the Positive Effects of Dehydration on Innate Immune Function in Children's Pythons (Antaresia childreni).

Resource availability can impact immune function, with the majority of studies of such influences focusing on the allocation of energy investment into immune versus other physiological functions. When energy is a limited resource, performance trade-offs can result, compromising immunity. Dehydration is also considered a physiological challenge resulting from the limitation of a vital resource, yet previous research has found a positive relationship between dehydration and innate immune performance. However, these studies did not examine the effects of dehydration on immunity when there was another concurrent, substantial physiological challenge. Thus, we examined the impact of reproduction and water deprivation, individually and in combination, on immune performance in Children's pythons (Antaresia childreni). We collected blood samples from free-ranging A. childreni to evaluate osmolality and innate immune function (lysis, agglutination, bacterial growth inhibition) during the austral dry season, when water availability is limited and this species is typically reproducing. To examine how reproduction and water imbalance, both separately and combined, impact immune function, we used a laboratory-based 2 × 2 experiment. Our results demonstrate that A. childreni experience significant dehydration during the dry season and that, overall, osmolality, regardless of the underlying cause (seasonal rainfall, water deprivation, or reproduction), is positively correlated with increased innate immune performance.