Immoral Behavior Research Articles

Being Watched by God Versus a Third Person: Which Agent Lowers the Perceived Likelihood of Immoral Behaviors?

With three experimental studies using data from young adults living in a highly religious context, namely Turkey (N = 483), the current research examines how being watched by a third person versus God affects the perceived likelihood ratings of harmful versus impure immoral behaviors. We hypothesized that respondents would expect others to more strongly refrain from acting immorally when they believed they were being watched by God compared to a third person, and that this effect would be more pronounced for impure compared to harmful moral transgressions. The God condition was perceived as more effective than the third-person surveillance condition when immoral behaviors were harmful. However, for severe impure transgressions, neither surveillance condition was perceived as effective. We discuss our findings in light of contemporary morality research, outline the role of possible cultural and individual-level boundary conditions, and highlight the scientific and practical contributions of our research to the field.

Why Do Organizations Respond Differently When Accused of Historic Crimes?

This paper contributes to the growing literature on corporate historic crimes by challenging the ways of thinking about moral evaluation that have hitherto informed research on this topic. We do so by examining managers’ responses to the ongoing campaign for corporate reparations for slavery. In recent years, social movements such as BLM have called upon the firms that historically profited from African slavery to apologize and pay reparations. We show that these firms have responded in strikingly different ways when confronted by activists who produced irrefutable evidence that they had once profited from slavery. Some of these firms apologising profusely and announced they would spend on restorative justice measures, while other firms facing essentially similar accusations refused to apologize or even comment on the accusation. We explain this difference in response with the Social Intuitionist Model (SIM) of moral reasoning. We find that while part of the observed difference in firm responses can be easily explained by looking at their current business models, firm responses were also strongly influenced by political ideology, a factor largely ignored by the extant literature on historic corporate responsibility. In the model we develop to explain firm responses to accusations of immoral behaviour in the past, a key factor is the nature of the moral universe inhabited by the firm’s managers and stakeholders. When a firm’s core stakeholders and managers inhabit the “moral universe” associated with the present-day Anglo-American left, the firm is much more likely to apologise for its historical connections to racial slavery than if its core stakeholders and managers inhabit the moral universe associated with political conservativism. We identify important implications for business ethics researchers and practitioners.

The Behavior of Tik Tok Users in Palopo City and Responses to the Qur'an

Tik Tok is a new platform that young people love, and kids are no exception. This platform encompasses all levels of society, including adults and even the elderly. TikTok has both positive and negative sides like any other medium. Therefore, this study aims to determine the understanding of the community, especially the people of Palopo, about the benefits of Tik Tok and how to use it. This research is a field study with the people of Palopo city as informants for interviews and documentation. As a result, Tik Tok is used more than a means of entertainment, which sometimes leads to verbal and physical disrespectful behaviour. Some opinions say that Tik Tok is an online media short video that shows recordings of dancing and showing TikTok-er's genitals. The people of Palopo city consider TikTokers more for entertainment filled with dancing. Therefore, it is necessary to limit access to various media, including TikTok, so as not to be carried away by immoral behaviour. Thus, the Qur'an is the key and a solution to protect yourself by not showing your aurat. It means that Tik Tok may dive without showing aurat and indulgence in lust. For further researchers, it is necessary to research the effects caused by the application and the solution before and after being exposed to the syndrome.

The moderators of moral identity in the impact of high-performance work systems on immoral unethical pro-organizational behaviors

The moderators of moral identity in the impact of high-performance work systems on immoral unethical pro-organizational behaviors

STIGMA MASYARAKAT TENTANG HIV/AIDS DI DESA PINTU LANGIT JAE

Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a virus that attacks the human immune system. HIV continues to be a global public health problem as it has claimed nearly 33 million lives worldwide. People often assume that people who are infected with HIV / AIDS are people whose behavior is not good and is often associated with immoral behavior. We often see discrimination in people with HIV/AIDS. This makes more and more people with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) are reluctant to open up and don't want to get antiretroviral (ARV) treatment. The purpose of this research was to describe the community's stigma about HIV/AIDS in Pintu Langit Jae Village, Angkola Julu District, Padangsidimpuan City. This type of research is a qualitative research with a phenomenological design. The informants in this research consisted of key informants, namely the village head, the main informant, namely the village community and supporting informants, namely P2M officers at Pintu Langit Health Center. Data collection by in-depth interviews and documentation. Data processing starts from the stage of data collection, data reduction, data presentation and drawing conclusions. Data analysis qualitatively and described in descriptive form. The results showed that most of the villagers still had a negative stigma about HIV/AIDS. It is recommended for health workers to be more aggressive in providing counseling and socialization related to HIV/AIDS and PLWHA to the community by using health promotion media that are liked by the community.

Internalization Values of Character Education As a Solution for Degradation of Civility of the Nation

This research is motivated by various phenomena of moral decadence that result in immoral behavior, such as corrupt behavior, sexual harassment, sadistic murder and so on. The study of character education is felt to be very urgent to answer these various phenomena. This research aims to describe the importance of internalizing the values ​​of character education as a solution to the nation's civilization. This study uses a qualitative approach, while data processing is carried out through a literature review. In order to answer immoral behavior, the application of character education must be based on religious values, law, culture, decency, and decency, which are internalized through education, experience, and experimentation. The results of the research indicate that it is necessary to internalize the values ​​of character education, both at the level of formal and informal education, so that universally the role of each element in society is the foundation in shaping the nation's character. Thus, there are three things that can be done in character building as a solution to the degradation of national civilization, namely; 1) Building an example for the nation's elite, 2) Empowering educators, and 3) Supporting the social, cultural, and religious environment.

The neural mediators of moral attitudes and behaviors

Morality is central for humanity. It has been suggested that our memories of past events involving moral actions contribute to shaping a positive view of the self. Nevertheless, it remains unclear how individual variability in moral attitudes fosters/affects moral behaviors. Here, we used a button-trigger task, where participants mentally simulated themselves as the agents of moral and immoral behaviors (study 1: N = 96). Helping actions appeared to have significantly faster reaction times (RTs) than neutral and harming actions. We also measured the fMRI activity while undergoing such moral actions in another sample (study 2: N = 117). Individual variability among implicit social attitudes (sIAT) predicted quicker RTs for helping actions, and explicit justice sensitivity (JSI) predicted higher warm-glow ratings for helping. Furthermore, the orbitofrontal cortex mediated sIAT–RTs association, while the right temporoparietal junction mediated the JSI–warm-glow linkage. These findings support the dynamic system framework of moral cognition, providing key knowledge on the neural underpinnings regarding individual variability on moral attitudes.

Moral Observer-Licensing in Cyberspace.

Moral observer-licensing happens when observers condone actors’ morally questionable conduct due to the actors’ history of moral behaviors. In four studies (N = 808), we investigated this phenomenon in the context of cyberspace and its contributing factors and boundary conditions. The pilot study determined what participants perceived as typically moral and immoral behaviors in cyberspace. Then, in Study 1, participants condemned a story character’s online immoral behavior less often when they were informed of the character’s prior online moral behavior than when they were not, which indicates moral observer-licensing in cyberspace. Study 2 confirmed the presence of moral observer-licensing in cyberspace and further demonstrated that a character’s prior moral or immoral behavior online respectively reduces or intensifies the perceived negativity of the character’s subsequent immoral behavior. Finally, Study 3 showed that participants who identified with the victim in a hypothetical scenario showed less forgiveness and more condemnation of a character’s immoral behavior than those who identified with the perpetrator or the bystander. These findings are of theoretical and practical significance for our understanding of cyber ethics.

E-TITUDE: INNOVATION OF ISLAMIC MORALS LEARNING APPLICATIONS FOR YOUTH BASED ON VIRTUAL REALITY TO FACE QUALITY EDUCATION IN 2030

Background: Indonesia is a country with the highest number of young and productive ages. The negative phenomena that surface and often become a spectacle in everyday life whose sources are through the print and electronic media of teenagers in Indonesia, causing this immoral case to occur in adolescents not only related to social norms, but also religious norms. This immoral behavior shows the erosion of morals based on Islamic values . Apart from that, the role of education is the main focus in educating to foster the religiosity of teenagers based on the beliefs and understanding of teenagers about God, the Holy Scriptures, and religious teachings that need to be actualized in daily behavior to carry out teachings and obligations related to religion and be ready accept all the consequences. In this regard, efforts to improve the quality of education require special attention to the cultivation of morals based on Islamic teachings in order to encourage the achievement of sustainable development goals and objectives in meeting the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Based on the 4th achievement which has a target to ensure quality education, also supports lifelong learning opportunities for all in welcoming quality education in 2030. Method: This scientific paper uses the literature study method as the type of writing . Results: the application of E-TITUDE learning based on virtual reality make a real or imaginary environment is simulated and users can experience direct learning in Islamic moral learning for adolescents. Innovation The E-TITUDE application features a scoreboard, game play, and user interface designed to instill an understanding of the Islamic religion through challenges given according to daily applications. Conclusion: Therefore paper is a prototype of the E-TITUDE application is expected to be effective in implementing Islamic moral learning to meet quality education in 2030. Keywords: E-TITUDE Application, Youth, Islamic Morals, Sustainable Development Goals

Childhood and parental corporal punishment. Towards morality and spirituality

The article presents the issues of childhood and punishment in the light of morality and spirituality as reviewing national and international studies showing the negative consequences of corporal punishment and the need to raise awareness and take action on the problem. Placing the topic in the area of pedagogy makes it possible to present a child as a person worthy of respect and being treated as a subject, and upbringing - as a support for moral development, as creating favorable conditions for achieving full humanity. The article consists of five parts - from considerations on upbringing during childhood, through the importance of physical punishments in social awareness and the consequences of their application, to physical punishment as immoral behavior. The presented discourse is based on the issues of morality and spirituality. The text is completed with implications for education and upbringing as well as conclusions and recommendations.

Mechanism of the better-than-average effect in moral issues: Asymmetrical causal attribution across moral (vs. immoral) contexts

Previous research has found that the better-than-average effect exists in moral issues: specifically, people believe that they are more moral than others. The present study demonstrated the better-than-average effect in judging moral and immoral behaviors in oneself. In Study 1 (N = 233), we found that the better-than-average effect is observed in estimating the intention of immoral behaviors in oneself, which means that people are likely to perceive themselves having less intention to conduct immoral behaviors than others. In Study 2 (N = 52), we confirmed the better-than-average effect in the estimation of their intention both on moral and immoral issues. In Study 3 (N = 153), we manipulated actors (self vs. others) and the level of morality (very immoral, immoral, moral, or very moral) and investigated the interaction between the actors and the level of morality on two types of causal attribution (i.e., dispositional or situational attribution). We found that when participants were asked to imagine having engaged in immoral behaviors, they made less dispositional attributions. In contrast, when participants were asked to imagine having in moral behaviors, they made less situational attributions. Our results showed that a systematic asymmetry of causal attribution resulted in the better-than-average effect, which varied with levels of morality.

Nepotistic Hiring and Poverty From Cultural, Social Class, and Situational Perspectives.

Being poor can influence how one makes ethical decisions in various fields. Nepotism is one such area, emerging as kinship-based favoritism in the job market. People can be poor on at least three levels: one can live in a poor country (cross-cultural poverty), be poor compared to others around them (socio-economic poverty), or feel poor in their given situation (situational poverty). We assumed that these levels can simultaneously influence nepotistic hiring decisions among Hungarian (N = 191) and US participants (N = 176). Prior cross-cultural, non-experimental studies demonstrated that nepotism is more prevalent in poorer countries such as Hungary than in richer countries such as the United States. However, contrary to our expectations, in our non-representative, preliminary study, US participants showed stronger nepotistic behavioral tendencies than Hungarians (cross-cultural level). Furthermore, people with lower socioeconomic status had less nepotistic intentions than richer people (socio-economic level). When participants were asked to imagine themselves as a poor person (situational level), they tended to be more nepotistic than had they imagined themselves to be rich. Finally, nepotistic hiring intentions were in general stronger than non-nepotistic hiring intentions. These seemingly paradoxical results were interpreted in the light of the COVID-19 job market context and were explained by the mechanisms described by research on wealth and immoral behaviors, as well as the presence of risk aversion.

Morality and Community Behaviour in Africa

Societies that thrive are those that have mechanisms for enhancing moral values amongst their growing generations in a sustainable way. This study singled out traditional initiation rites as a mechanism used by the Bukusu people of Kenya to cultivate morality among the youth, with an intention of raising men that are morally upright, and who are able to provide leadership in a similar way. It was envisaged that observance of the lessons and principles given through the initiation process would be effective in sustaining morality and virtuousness in the community. This was an ethnographic study, where 20 participants were interviewed. They were accessed using snowball technique. This study operated with four objectives: (i) to find out how the process of initiation of boys into adulthood was fashioned to inculcate moral lessons; (ii) to explore how the nurture given during initiation process had been helpful in enhancing moral values among the ‘graduates’ of traditional initiation; (iii) to probe areas, if any, where traditional initiation rites resulted in immoral behaviour and why; and (iv) to explore whether the rites had been revised in light of available information in medicine, education, and religion. The study found that while traditional Bukusu initiation rites were designed to raise men that were morally upright and virtuous,and while the traditional process of initiation has been widely successful in the past, unfortunately, this study found that due to lapses in control mechanism of the process, traditional Bukusu rites have sometimes failed to produce ‘graduates’ that were morally upright and virtuous. This study concludes that, while the initiation process remains an important stage for inculcating good morals among the youth, checks and controls should be applied on the system, the process and the mentors, to make sure the purpose of the rites of initiation into adulthood are achieved. The study recommends that the checks and controls should be guided by available information in medicine, education and religion.

Police and prostitution in Yugoslavia: a nuanced relationship

ABSTRACT The article aims to illustrate the attitudes of the police authorities towards prostitution in Yugoslavia between the two world wars. Drawing on press and archival sources, the article aims to investigate two main research questions: first, how and to what extent were Yugoslav authors part of inter- and transnational criminological debates; second, what were the approaches used by police officers when they had to react to complaints filed by private citizens, or to conduct investigations into alleged cases of commercial sex and/or immoral behaviour. The analysis of Policija, the most authoritative police periodical of the time, will show that police discourse about prostitution had interesting transnational features. The articles published in this police periodical were partly still under the influence of the older and internationally established criminological paradigm of Lombrosian origin, while at the same time developing a new consideration of socio-economic factors, assigning a new centrality to the asociality of the prostitute because of her ‘work-shyness’. Furthermore, an examination of police investigations will show the difficulties experienced by the police officers when confronted with the increasing number of borderline cases. Finally, the active contribution provided by ordinary citizens through lodging complaints suggests that we need to revise our understandings of dictatorship and social control in the first Yugoslavia. The analysis, thus, will show that the ‘national question’, generally at the core of historical interpretations of this Yugoslav period, actually played a marginal role in this field. Rather, it seems more useful to put this research issue in the framework of the social engineering projects which were developing in Yugoslavia and across the whole of Europe in those years.

Kriminalisasi Jarimah Liwath Melalui Qanun Jinayah Sebagai Upaya Mengendalikan Kebebasan Amoral Manusia

This study discusses the limitations of the freedom of will of every community, because everyone's freedom must be limited when dealing with the interests of state security, public order, the human rights of others with a balance of morals and religious values. The arrest of the perpetrators of jarimah liwath in Aceh indicates that these homosexuals still exist even though the Qanun Jinayah has been enacted. Prior to the enactment of this qanun, these people were supported by the Violet Gray institution which tried to promote the rights of homosexuals in Aceh, but in the end they were expelled from Aceh. The problem discussed is how to regulate the Qanun Jinayah regarding Homosexuals in terms of the aspect of moral freedom of the Acehnese people. This research is a literature study using a normative approach which is then explained descriptively. The results of this study explain that the regulation of the Qanun Jinayah against the criminalization of homosexual acts when viewed from the aspect of the moral freedom of the Acehnese people is very appropriate. This can be seen from the formulation of jarimah liwath in Qanun Jinayah with the aim of providing protection to morals. Morality and morality are very close. The people of Aceh are born into a Muslim majority. And Islam strongly rejects the immoral behavior of homosexuals, which is very dangerous for damage and not maintaining the dignity of humans and their descendants.

Mencetak Pendidik Berkualitas dalam Mencegah Radikalisme dan Kenakalan Remaja Melalui Pendekatan Qolb, Nafs dan Aql

As human live in the world, certainly will not become out from problem live that keep coming back. Therefore, education comes as a one of media to solv life problems experienced by each individual through the empowering of cognitive, affective and psychomotor potentials. However, in its development, the path of education is not always excellent. The various problems regularly occur in the world of education, especially correlated with students’ immoral behavior. The role of the teacher as a key subject who has a more dominant portion of time to communicate with students is super vital in its existence to solve the problem of behavior deviation. Therefore, high quality of educators is needed. Educators, who are not only competent in utilizing cognitive potential but also proficient in preparing students with the noble character through deep understanding of the nafs, qolb and aql.

Experimental evidence of moral cleansing in the interpersonal and environmental domains

This study investigates moral cleansing triggered by different types of immoral behaviors. We employ an incentivized online experiment (N = 532) where participants are randomly assigned to recall one of three situations in their past: a time they behaved immorally in the interpersonal domain, a time they behaved immorally in the environmental domain, or a neutral event. Participants can then engage in an act of moral cleansing that is either costly (donating part of the participation bonus) or costless (expressing an intention to sign a petition), and choose the beneficiary of the prosocial behavior. Sentiment analysis of the content of the recalls confirms that recalling an immoral behavior, independently of the domain, leads to more negative sentiment than recalling a neutral event. This effect is particularly strong when recalling an immoral behavior in the interpersonal domain. Recalling immoral behaviors in the interpersonal domain influenced the relative composition of donation versus petition behavior, but not the overall amount of prosocial behavior. In particular, it increases the probability of engaging in costly moral cleansing and reduces engagement in costless moral cleansing. However, when the immoral behavior is in the environmental domain, participants do not display even costless moral cleansing. Finally, we observe a preference for compensating in the same broad domain as the immoral behavior. Our results extend the understanding of moral cleansing and suggest some policy implications, especially advising against counting on the ability of pro-environmental morality to guide behavior.

Oral literature and national development

Immoral behaviours like corruption, indiscipline among others have been identified as some of the major obstacles of Nigeria's development since the nation got her independence in 1960. However, the fact that oral literature played important roles in the pre- colonial Nigeria's society cannot be easily disputed. It has served then not only as a means of entertainment, but also as a viable tool for promoting social consciousness. It is based on this backdrop that the paper intends to evaluate the potential of oral literature in controlling the avalanches of immoral and burning social issues such as corruption, cybercrime, kidnapping and many others that have been confronting the development of the country. The paper therefore, uses descriptive research methodology to examine the aforementioned issues. The result reveals that oral literature can be used to address the contemporary Nigerian social problems. Among other recommendations, the paper recommends that oral literature should be given serious attention and should be seen as one of the feasible approaches that can be employed to enhance moral values among Nigerians for sustainable national development.

When the ones we love misbehave: Exploring moral processes within intimate bonds.

How do we react when our romantic partners, friends, or family members behave unethically? When close others misbehave, it generates a powerful conflict between observers' moral values and their cherished relationships. Previous research has almost exclusively studied moral perception in a social vacuum by investigating responses to the transgressions of strangers; therefore, little is known about how these responses unfold in the context of intimate bonds. Here we systematically examine the impact of having a close relationship with a transgressor on perceptions of that transgressor, the relationship, and the self. We predicted less negative emotional and evaluative responses to transgressors and smaller consequences for the relationship, yet more negative emotional and evaluative responses to the self when close others, compared with strangers or acquaintances, transgress. Participants read hypothetical wrongdoings (Study 1), recalled unethical events (Study 2), reported daily transgressions (Study 3; preregistered), and learned of novel immoral behavior (Study 4) committed by close others or comparison groups. Participants reported less other-critical emotions, more lenient moral evaluations, a reduced desire to punish/criticize, and a smaller impact on the relationship (compared with acquaintances) when close others versus strangers or acquaintances transgressed. Simultaneously, participants reported more self-conscious emotions and showed some evidence of harsher moral self-evaluations when close others transgressed. Underlying mechanisms of this process were examined. Our findings demonstrate the deep ambivalence in reacting to close others' unethical behaviors, revealing a surprising irony-in protecting close others, the self may bear some of the burden of their misbehavior. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Causes and Implications of Ethical Challenges Increased in Online Teaching and Learning

The geometrical growth and sudden transformation of technologies as a result of Covid-19 have provided an evolutionary means of learning online with sophisticated and enabling devices with a click. Teaching and learning online, though enabling flexibility and interactivity between the teacher and students, yet requires regulations and policies that coordinate and balance different expectations of learners and teachers. These standards and values called ethics are to be adhered to achieve the desired online goals, while avoidance of them would be mounted to immoral attitudes and behaviours that weaken online activities. The study discusses and identifies ideal ethics expected in online teaching and learning from all online activities stakeholders. It further explains how violating the regulations and policies would weaken the effective and efficient running of training, skills, and lectures online. The interview instrument was used to collect data from the students in form of focus groups, while students were asked open-ended questions using Google form on social media platforms. To ensure validity and reliability of the instruments, researcher colleagues validated the content and structure of the instruments before being subjected to reliability statistics to ensure a high-reliability index. The administration was done within three weeks. The results gotten were collated and analyzed with charts and pictorials for easy interpretation and visualization. The results establish that online participants should always respect and strictly adhere to codes and conducts that will give room for convenient teaching and learning and also encourage a high rate of retention in learners. To sum up, policies and regulations to run smooth teaching and learning online should always be read to involve participants each time to access learning online as a prerequisite to accessibility