Immersion Process Research Articles

The Effect of Immersive Learning on Students' Cognitive and Affective Aspects

Deep learning or what is known as "Immersive Learning" is becoming an issue that is being studied a lot because of the application of technology in the process. The role of technology in this case is utilized to realize deep learning. Immersive Learning is applied by several methods, including online and blended. However, there are not many research articles that explicitly focus on Immersive Learning. Therefore, for the purpose of this review, several academic articles dealing with the specific topic of immersive learning have been selected and studied. Several topics have been searched using keywords related to immersive learning on academic search engines such as Springer, and Google Scholar, as well as on several other reputable academic journal publishing websites. The articles reviewed were sixteen articles published in the last five years. Based on the results of the article review, it can be concluded that immersive learning not only has a negative impact, but also has a positive impact on students' cognitive and affective aspects. Cognitive aspects include understanding and other academic abilities, while affective aspects include self-efficacy, motivation, and student attitudes towards subjects at school. With this review, it is hoped that teachers and educators will pay more attention to the positive and negative effects of this immersive learning process, so that they can optimize the learning outcomes obtained by students from the learning process, especially Natural Science subjects.

A superhydrophobic graphene@copper mesh irradiated by laser for efficient oil/water separation

Oil/water separation has become a global task due to the worldwide increase of oily wastewater. As such, developing membranes that could separate oil from water is of high importance. The aim of this work is to develop a copper mesh with superhydrophobic properties that has a high oil/water separation efficiency. To achieve this, a copper mesh was coated with a monolayer graphene/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) mixture in a one-step immersion process. Combining a fixed percentage of graphene (3 %) with three different ratios of PDMS (10 %, 5 % and 2.5 %) allowed us to investigate the effect of PDMS on the contact angle of the fabricated meshes. The Cu-mesh prepared by a 2.5 % PDMS solution displayed the highest contact angle of 133.3o ± 0.5. Irradiating the samples with a Nd:YAG −1064 nm laser, that scans the whole area of the mesh, resulted in the improvement of the hydrophobic properties of the surface. It was also found that the laser-to-sample distance influenced the improvement of the contact angle. Graphene@Cu mesh, treated by laser at a distance of 1.5 mm above the laser focal point showed superhydrophobic characteristics with a contact angle of 155.6o ± 0.3. The oil/water separation efficiency was measured for the fabricated meshes. The best developed mesh showed potential in separating both thick oils, such as HD-40 engine oil, and thin oils, such as toluene, from water with separation efficiencies of 92 % and 95 %, respectively.

HMD의 시각적 특성이 VR콘텐츠 인게이지먼트에 미치는 영향

There is a growing trend of user demand for highly immersive media that provides a sense of reality. The utility of virtual reality, which is expected to be a promising industry, arises from the interaction process of user interest, participation, and immersion. Therefore, the concept of engagement, which leads to user behavior by eliciting their experiences and interests, is crucial in determining the success of virtual reality content. Effective application of the concept of engagement is necessary at this point. This study aims to analyze the relationship between the visual characteristics of HMD, the sense of reality of virtual reality content, and media engagement to develop efficient user experience design strategies that enhance engagement in virtual reality content. Through a review of previous studies, we derived each characteristic factor and conducted a survey/statistical analysis of the relationships between them. As a result, we concluded that the visual characteristics of HMD have a significant impact on the sense of reality of virtual reality content. Additionally, it was analyzed that interactivity, media invisibility, and current event factors among the factors affecting the sense of reality in virtual reality have a significant impact on immersion, interest, and attention. In the competition of deepening sense of reality-based services, we expect virtual reality technology to actively utilize the engagement factors of virtual reality content and contribute to the development of virtual reality content that integrates various media.

Corrosion Mechanisms of a Biodegradable Zn-0.4Li Alloy in Simulated Gastrointestinal Environment

Zn-Li alloys have been demonstrated to be potential biodegradable materials because of their favorable biocompatibility and exceptional strength. The corrosion behaviors of Zn–0.4Li in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) were investigated. Compared with samples in SIF, those in SGF were severely corroded locally. Pepsin and pancreatin participated in the formation of degradation products. After immersion in SGF and SIF, the corrosion process presented two interfaces. Lithium (Li) preferentially reacted in the near-surface region to form a Li-rich region. Simultaneously, there were two Li-poor regions around the Li-rich region. Then Zn-rich products gradually became dominant with time. Li+ releasement dominated over Zn2+ releasement throughout the immersion process in SGF and SIF. These results can guide the development of biodegradable gastrointestinal anastomotic nails in the future.

Organic Thermoelectric Nanocomposites Assembled via Spraying Layer-by-Layer Method

Thermoelectric (TE) materials have been considered as a promising energy harvesting technology for sustainably providing power to electronic devices. In particular, organic-based TE materials that consist of conducting polymers and carbon nanofillers make a large variety of applications. In this work, we develop organic TE nanocomposites via successive spraying of intrinsically conductive polymers such as polyaniline (PANi) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxy- thiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) and carbon nanofillers, and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT). It is found that the growth rate of the layer-by-layer (LbL) thin films, which comprise a PANi/SWNT-PEDOT:PSS repeating sequence, made by the spraying method is greater than that of the same ones assembled by traditional dip coating. The surface structure of multilayer thin films constructed by the spraying approach show excellent coverage of highly networked individual and bundled SWNT, which is similarly to what is observed when carbon nanotubes-based LbL assemblies are formed by classic dipping. The multilayer thin films via the spray-assisted LbL process exhibit significantly improved TE performances. A 20-bilayer PANi/SWNT-PEDOT:PSS thin film (~90 nm thick) yields an electrical conductivity of 14.3 S/cm and Seebeck coefficient of 76 μV/K. These two values translate to a power factor of 8.2 μW/m·K2, which is 9 times as large as the same films fabricated by a classic immersion process. We believe that this LbL spraying method will open up many opportunities in developing multifunctional thin films for large-scaled industrial use due to rapid processing and the ease with which it is applied.

Effects of K2TiF6 and Electrolyte Temperatures on Energy Consumption and Properties of MAO Coatings on 6063 Aluminum Alloy

To decrease energy consumption and improve the performance of micro-arc oxidation (MAO) films on 6063 Al alloy, a policy of K2TiF6 additive and electrolyte temperature control was adapted. The specific energy consumption relied on the K2TiF6 additive and more particularly on the electrolyte temperatures. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrates that electrolytes with 5 g/L K2TiF6 can effectively seal the surface pores and increase the thickness of the compact inner layer. Spectral analysis shows that the surface oxide coating consists of γ-Al2O3 phase. Following 336 h of the total immersion process, the impedance modulus of the oxidation film, prepared at 25 °C (Ti5-25), remained 1.08 × 106 Ω·cm2. Moreover, Ti5-25 has the best performance/energy-consumption ratio with a compact inner layer (2.5 ± 0.3 μm). This research found that the time of the big arc stage increased with the temperature, resulting in producing more internal defects in the film. In this work, we employ a dual-track strategy of additive and temperature providing an avenue to reduce the energy consumption of MAO on alloys.

Effect of variable pressure-assisted immersion process using (−)-epicatechin on the color, flavor, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons content in roasted beef meat

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are more easily formed in beef meat than other meats. A previous study confirmed the inhibitory effect of (−)-epicatechin on PAHs in a fat model system. However, (−)-epicatechin solution demonstrates colloidal properties at high concentrations. Hence a variable pressure immersion method was applied to infuse (−)-epicatechin in beef cubes. The fixed variable pressure-assisted immersion process using (−)-epicatechin that ranged from 0.2 mM/L to 5.0 mM/L was found to influence color, flavor, and PAHs dose-dependently. The 0.2 mM/L (−)-epicatechin treatment stabilized color properties, reduced PAHs content, and promoted the formation of volatiles and free amino acids. However, the use of more than 1.0 mM/L (−)-epicatechin, gradually decreased the values of brightness (L*) and yellow to blue color (b*), volatiles and free amino acids content, and reduced the inhibitory effect on PAHs. Therefore, the variable pressure-assisted immersion process of meat in 0.2 mM/L (−)-epicatechin can inhibit PAHs formation without compromising flavor properties of roasted beef.

Fabrication of Superhydrophobic Surface on Anodized Aluminum Through a Wet-Chemical Route

Fabrication of superhydrophobic surfaces on anodized aluminum substrates by wet-chemical grafting using cost-effective chemicals through a simple immersion process is described in this work. Formation of formate-alumoxane is possible by treating the anodized and sealed aluminum substrate with formic acid at around 50 °C. On treatment with sodium salts of higher-order carboxylic acids (stearic acid, lauric acid, and palmitic acid), the formate ions are replaced by higher-order carboxylates. A possible bonding mechanism of the longer chain carboxylic acids with aluminium surfaces has been suggested based on IRRAS and XPS studies. The as-prepared superhydrophobic aluminum substrates exhibited a static water contact angle of up to 167° with a sliding angle not higher than 6°, with decent resistance against abrasion in addition to good UV, environmental and thermal stabilities. Aluminium substrates of any size, shape and surface finish can be easily rendered robust and superhydrophobic without the use of expensive chemicals and sophisticated machinery.

Protection against Dental Erosion and the Remineralization Capacity of Non-Fluoride Toothpaste, Fluoride Toothpaste and Fluoride Varnish

Introduction: The oral cavity and the teeth are frequently subjected to numerous physiological pH variations, mainly due to the type of diet. These changes are the main cause of enamel demineralization and consequent breakage under mechanical forces. This causes severe sensitivity and sometimes pain, which endures unless the hard tissue is remineralized. Since enamel does not self-repair, the application of alloplastic materials that have the property of releasing remineralizing ions is strongly recommended. The aim of this in vitro study is to evaluate the effectiveness of two different toothpastes and a fluoride varnish in the prevention of demineralization, and their ability to remineralize enamel after it has undergone several acidifications. Methods: Eight human teeth with no caries or defects were prepared. The acid attack simulations were performed using a commercial cola carbonated drink. Samples were immersed in 5 mL of soft drink for two minutes at room temperature, and then were rinsed with distilled/deionized water. The immersion process lasted about 2 min, and was repeated four times for a total of eight minutes. Then, two different types of toothpaste, one with and one without fluoride, and a fluoride varnish were applied to the surfaces of the samples and rinsed off with demineralized water. A second acidification cycle was then carried out, with the subsequent reapplication of the three different products to evaluate their ability to protect against demineralization. SEM and profilometer analysis were then carried out to evaluate the results. Results: The statistical analysis showed a good remineralization capacity for all three products, especially in the fluoride-varnish-treated samples. However, regarding protection from demineralization, non-fluoride toothpaste was found to be ineffective, while fluoride toothpaste and varnish produced positive results. Conclusions: Dental professionals should advise fluoride toothpastes and varnishes over non-fluoride toothpastes. Fluoride toothpastes and varnishes represent a valid treatment for surface remineralization after a first acid attack and for protection from subsequent demineralization in an acid environment, such as that which can develop in the oral cavity.

Aging effect of damp-heat and saline-alkali environment on fatigue performance and chemical evolution of asphalt

ABSTRACT Asphalt in damp-heat and saline-alkali areas is prone to damage, which resulting in fatigue failure of the mixture. However, the aging damage of asphalt in these areas has not been paid enough attention, and there is a lack of effective evaluation method for asphalt’s fatigue performance. In this paper, the base asphalt and SBS-modified asphalt were immersed in several solutions (water, NaCl and Na2CO3) to simulate aging conditions and the frequency sweep test was employed to determine the viscoelasticity properties of the asphalt. And the fatigue properties of the asphalt were analysed by the simplified viscoelastic continuum damage model. The microstructural and chemical evolution of asphalt was investigated by SEM, FTIR, the pH value and total organic carbon tests. After being immersed, the anti-deformation properties of two asphalts were strengthened. The solution erosion led to an increased loss rate of the integrity factor C*, and resulting in weakened fatigue properties of asphalt. The oxygen-containing functional group gradually increased with the extension of immersion. There were chemical interactions in addition to physical interface disruption during the immersion process. Moreover, the influence of Na2CO3 solution on asphalt ranked first due to the highest molar concentration of Na+ and the OH− produced by hydrolysis of C O 3 2 − .

Effect of Superhydrophobic Surface on Corrosion Resistance of Magnesium-Neodymium Alloy in Artificial Hand Sweat

A superhydrophobic surface can endow metals with some intriguing characteristics such as self-cleaning behavior. In this study, a simple solution-immersion method based on the concept of predesigned corrosion is developed to enhance the corrosion resistance of a magnesium-neodymium alloy. The Mg alloy is directly soaked in potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution with the addition of ultrasound, and a layer of rough but dense coating is uniformly formed on the Mg-Nd alloy after the immersion process, which is mainly composed of MgHPO4∙3H2O. A superhydrophobic surface with an average wetting angle of 150.5° and a sliding angle of about 4.5° can be obtained on the Mg alloy by further chemical surface modification with perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane. This superhydrophobic surface has an interesting self-cleaning effect as well as good corrosion resistance in artificial hand sweat. In brief, this study provides a feasible way to prepare a superhydrophobic surface on the Mg-Nd alloy and reveals the effect of a superhydrophobic surface on the corrosion behavior of the Mg-Nd alloy, offering new technical insights into the corrosion protection of magnesium alloys.

Study of mechanical characteristics and damage mechanism of sandstone under long-term immersion

The microscopic pore structure of sandstone gradually changes under long-term immersion, resulting in dynamic changes in the mechanical and damage properties of sandstone, which brings challenges to maintain the long-term stability of underground engineering. In this paper, the evolution of pore structure and mechanical behavior of sandstones at different immersion times (0d, 3d, 30d, 90d, 180d and 360d) is studied. A series of physico-chemical experiments and uniaxial compression tests (with simultaneous acquisition of acoustic emission (AE) signals) are conducted to explore the weakening mechanism and failure mode of sandstones during long-term immersion. The results show that long-term immersion has a significant effect on the pore structure and mechanical behavior of sandstones. Various physical parameters indicate that the change in the pore structure of a sandstone with increasing immersion time can be divided into two stages, namely the swelling stage of clay minerals (saturation process) and the corrosion stage of potassium feldspar (long-term immersion process). The variation of pH value and K+ concentration in soaking solution can provide a basis for the division of pore structure stages. From the perspective of mechanical behavior, the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) and cumulative AE counts of a sandstone decrease by 83% and 96.8% respectively after 360 d of immersion, with enhanced plastic characteristics. The macroscopic failure mode of a sandstone changes from combination of shear and tensile crack surfaces to a single shear crack surface. Based on the results of physico-chemical experiments and mechanical tests, it can be assumed that microcracks in long-term immersion sandstones are more prone to develop along weakened cementation surfaces. Under the effect of stress, corrosion pores formed by potassium feldspar provide space for the rotation and movement of quartz grains, making it more prone to shear slip. The study results enhance our understanding of weakening mechanisms at long-term immersion and provide a basis for assessing the long-term stability of underground engineering.

Measurements of liquid surface tension and refractive index using a tapered microfiber

In this letter, a tapered microfiber (TMF) liquid surface tension (LST) sensor is proposed and demonstrated. Due to the strong evanescent field and weak stiffness of the TMF, the LST can be measured. The processse of the TMF immersion into liquid and leaching from the liquid are divided into multiple stages, and the dip wavelength shifts at different stages of the immersion process are attributed to refractive index (RI) and bending changes, but those of the process of leaching only are attributed to bending change. By both theory and experiment, it is found that the sensitivity has a obvious response to the waist diameter of the TMF. In addition, the RI of solutions can be measured by monitoring the variation of the wavelength difference of the TMF in liquid and in air. Experimental results show that the RI and LST sensitivity are 14.56 pm/(N/m) and 211.51 nm/RIU, respectively. By using the known RI and LST of the liquid as reference, the RI of the unknown solutions can be obtained and the LST of them can be qualitatively estimated by measurement of wavelength shifts.

3D Printed Silicones with Shape Morphing and Low-Temperature Ultraelasticity.

3D printed silicones have demonstrated great potential in diverse areas by combining the advantageous physiochemical properties of silicones with the unparalleled design freedom of additive manufacturing. However, their low-temperature performance, which is of particular importance for polar and space applications, has not been addressed. Herein, a 3D printed silicone foam with unprecedented low-temperature elasticity is presented, which is featured with extraordinary fatigue resistance, excellent shape recovery, and energy-absorbing capability down to a low temperature of -60 °C after extreme compression (an intensive load of over 66000 times its own weight). The foam is achieved by direct writing of a phenyl silicone-based pseudoplastic ink embedded with sodium chloride as sacrificial template. During the water immersion process to create pores in the printed filaments, a unique osmotic pressure-driven shape morphing strategy is also reported, which offers an attractive alternative to traditional 4D printed hydrogels in virtue of the favorable mechanical robustness of the silicone material. The underlying mechanisms for shape morphing and low-temperature elasticity are discussed in detail.

Analysis on the Quenching Deformation Characteristics of Light Cast Aluminum Alloy Wheels and Their Control Strategies

The purpose of this paper is to develop a new technology for controlling the quenching deformation of light cast aluminum alloy wheels. First, based on the existing wheel heat treatment process, a gas–liquid–solid multi-phase flow coupling model was established through the ANSYS Workbench platform to analyze the gas–liquid phase change, heat exchange on wheel surface and quenching deformation characteristics during the process of wheel immersion into the water. The results show that heat exchange characteristics of the wheel surface are comprehensively affected by wheel structure, quenching fluid flow field and gas–liquid phase transition. There are a lot of non-uniform heat exchange areas in the outer rim, spoke area and center area, which affect the overall deformation characteristics. Affected by spoke structure, the maximum deformation occurs at the outer and inner rim end faces farthest away from the wheel. Based on the above research, this paper independently develops a new deformation control strategy of spray and water immersion composite step process. Through spraying, the influence of spoke structural stiffness on the overall deformation characteristics of the wheel is effectively reduced, and the wheel deformation control is realized by meeting the mechanical properties of the wheel, with the maximum deformation reduction of 39.2%. This study provides a new option for the integrated control of deformation and mechanical properties of aluminum alloy wheels.

Preparation of AlxZn1-xO resistive switching film by sol–gel method and its corrosion behavior in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution

AlxZn1-xO films were prepared on SS304 by using sol–gel method combined with spinning and heat treatment. The surface morphology, composition and structure of films were observed and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometer and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The oxygen vacancy content and semiconductor type of AlxZn1-xO films were determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, electronic para-magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Mott-Schottky curve and density function theoretical calculation. The corrosion resistance and resistive switching performance of AlxZn1-xO films were measured by using electrochemical methods and immersion-polarisation experiments. The results show that the prepared AlxZn1-xO films are in n-type semiconductor material with a homogeneous and dense surface, the oxygen vacancy content is decreased with the increasing of Al dopping content. The corrosive resistance of AlxZn1-xO film was increased with the increasing of Al doping content with the best corrosion resistance at the doping content of 4% Al. During the immersion process, the corrosion resistance of AlxZn1-xO film was firstly increased and then decreased. The corrosion resistance of AlxZn1-xO films could be switched in the high and low resistance states under the immersion-polarization process by adjusting of the oxygen vacancy content in film.

Metaverse Learning Experience Platform (MLXP) for Immersive Design Thinking to Enhance Digital Intelligence Quotient and Virtual Game Developer Skills

A Metaverse Learning Experience Platform (MLXP) is needed to enhance undergraduate students' creative innovation and professional advancement in multimedia technology and gaming business. This learning aid utilizes immersive design thinking methodology, transforming classroom teaching, connecting teachers and students, and enhancing learning outcomes. This study aims to develop a MLXP for immersive design thinking to enhance the digital intelligence quotient and virtual game developer skills. The research methodology involved three phases: developing the MLXP, developing the immersive design thinking process, and evaluating the skills. The sample group consisted of 36 undergraduate students from the Faculty of Science and Technology at Rajamangala University of Technology Suvarnabhumi, who were enrolled in a game design and game development course from academic year 2022. The research instruments consisted of MLXP, immersive design thinking lesson plan, Digital Intelligence Quotient (DQ) and virtual game developer skills assessment form. The MLXP consisted of 14 components, including a Metaverse Learning management system, metaverse content management system, metaverse content delivery system, metaverse personalized learning tools, analytics and reporting tools, assessment and evaluation tools, immersive collaboration tools, immersive virtual learning space, online self-paced learning space, immersive virtual meeting space, immersive virtual co-working space, immersive virtual presentation space, immersive virtual exhibition space, and immersive virtual portfolio space. The immersive design thinking process on the MLXP involved six steps: empathize, define, ideate, prototype, test, and share. The MLXP and learning process were found to be appropriate at an excellent level, and undergraduate students studying using the MLXP demonstrated excellent digital intelligence quotient and game developer skills.

Development of Automatic Dual Sequence Control Temporary Immersion Bioreactor Systems for Micropropagation Coelogyne pandurata Lindl.

Coelogyne pandurata Lindl. is an endemic orchid species of Indonesia from East Kalimantan and Papua. It is locally known as the “black orchid” due to the distinctive black coloration on its labellum with intricate green and hairy lines. Unfortunately, the population of this orchid has significantly declined in its natural habitat, rendering it a rare endangered species. Temporary immersion bioreactor systems have been proven to be efficient for endemic plant micropropagation with performance enhancements and innovations. This study aims to develop an optimized bioreactor design and innovate the automatic control performance of temporary immersion bioreactor systems based on previous research. The control system developed consists of three modules, namely Graphical User Interface (GUI) module, Sequence Control (SC) module, and Hardware Interface (HI) module. The GUI module receives information regarding time and duration of immersion and gas exchange, then the information is synchronized by the SC module, which plays the role of starting and stopping the processes, while HI module executes the order of the automatic control system in the immersion and gas exchange process. The developed bioreactor design and control system offer convenience, require less labor, and ensure precise control over the optimum conditions for black orchid micropropagation.

Effects of different processes on characteristics and properties of bio‐calcium from hybrid catfish (Pangasianodon gigas × Pangasianodon hypophthalmus)

SummaryThe research was aimed to study the impact of various treatments on characteristics of bio‐calcium from hybrid catfish bone. Bio‐calcium from hybrid catfish bones (raw bone) was prepared using several 4 steps including high‐pressure water jet process (washed bone), soaking in alkaline solution (protein removal), ethanol immersion process (lipid removal), bleaching and grinding to obtain bio‐calcium powder. The obtained bio‐calcium had a yield of 14.46 g 100 g−1. Bio‐calcium had low protein, fat and moisture contents but had high ash content (P ≤ 0.05). Bio‐calcium was rich in calcium and phosphorus. Bio‐calcium contained high hydroxyproline content of 27.70 mg g−1 samples. Moreover, high contents of proline, glycine, aspartic acid alanine and glutamic acid were found in bio‐calcium. The ethanol immersion, bleaching and grinding process effectively decreased Thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBARS) values and total volatile acids (P ≤ 0.05) of bio‐calcium powder compared with washed bone, protein and lipid removal processes. Therefore, this research provided an alternative source for bio‐calcium production, which can develop as fortified in food products, calcium supplements and biomedical applications.

- Comprehensions of physical education at Guarani multi-teacher school in Espírito Santo

This article analyses the comprehension of Physical Education at Três Palmeiras’ indigenous pluridocent village municipal school. The study was constituted as qualitative, been set up as a descriptive and interpretative. The methodology was fulfilled with: participant observation of the Physical Education classes and the school dynamics in village context; field diary notes; registry of images; remote interviews, during the time of social isolation, thru apps of conversation/interaction. During our process of immersion of Três Palmeiras’ village context, located in Aracruz (ES), it was possible do verify that Guarani’s School Physical Education has been build up daily as an expression of the local culture (traditional and sportive), as from non-positive experience of the past, with emphasis on sports, and inside a conjuncture of indigenous school with a predominance of teachers from another ethnic group intending the intercultural aspects.