Textbook Illustrations Research Articles

Actomyosin forces in cell migration: Moving beyond cell body retraction.

In textbook illustrations of migrating cells, actomyosin contractility is typically depicted as the contraction force necessary for cell body retraction. This dogma has been transformed by the molecular clutch model, which acknowledges that actomyosin traction forces also generate and transmit biomechanical signals at the leading edge, enabling cells to sense and shape their migratory path in mechanically complex environments. To fulfill these complementary functions, the actomyosin system assembles a gradient of contractile energy along the front-rear axis of migratory cells. Here, we highlight the hierarchic assembly and self-regulatory network structure of the actomyosin system and explain how the kinetics of different nonmuscle myosin II (NM II) paralogs synergize during contractile force generation. Our aim is to emphasize how protrusion formation, cell adhesion, contraction, and retraction are spatiotemporally integrated during different modes of migration, including chemotaxis and durotaxis. Finally, we hypothesize how different NM II paralogs might tune aspects of migration in vivo, highlighting future research directions.

“Goodbye, Americana, Hello Real Time”: The Death of Idealism in Philip Roth’s American Pastoral

“Goodbye, Americana, Hello Real Time”: The Death of Idealism in Philip Roth’s American Pastoral. Philip Roth’s 1997 American Pastoral is a textbook illustration of failed cultural transmission: the transference and transformation of values, idea(l)s and information in the lives of Seymour Levov, his family, his community prove to be governed by loss, misrepresentation and gradual decline into disorder. Far from delivering the romanticized version of life in the Jewish neighborhood that the title implies, the novel captures a disenchanted Americana, wherein idealism and radicalism clash against the background of the ideologically fractured 1960s. While ‘the Swede’ apparently initially embodies the (super)hero, middle-class American Dream, American Pastoral chronicles America’s evolution after World War II, which is captured as a mixture of convention and rebellion, both stemming from clashing political ideologies. This paper examines the book’s polarizing discourses, keeping an emblematic passage in mind: “Maybe the best thing would be to forget being right or wrong about people and just go along for the ride.” Keywords: Americana, community, discourse, ideology, identity, myth, trauma

‘Luxuries of the mind’: Contextualising Art Photography, Eroticism and History of Medicine in the Social tableaux vivants of Lejaren à Hiller's Sutures in Ancient Surgery (1920s–1940s)

Abstract In 1927 Lejaren à Hiller (1880–1969) produced a series of black and white art photographs entitled Sutures in Ancient Surgery evoking scenes from the distant past of surgery and medicine. Commissioned and distributed in North America by Davis & Geck, Inc. to promote sales of its surgical sutures (stitches), several depictions were erotic owing to the centrality and poses of nude female models. The first series appeared as ads in professional technical journals, then as packets assembled in paper portfolios distributed to doctors who were primarily men. The creation of Hiller's oeuvre in different forms over almost a century – journal advertisement, portfolio, book, exhibit, magazine features and textbook illustration – highlights his enduring broad appeal, although his work has since been subject to criticism because of its perceived sexism. At its root, Sutures was an advertising medium that connected a seller to a potential buyer. The content and presentation of the project also connected medicine present with medicine past, which also may have helped physicians to connect with the then blossoming field of medical history. The appeal Sutures may have had for a past male medical culture would not resonate with the more gender-inclusive and less overtly sexist medical profession of today, which also prompts discussion of the associations across art, obscenity, medicine and society. My reassessment of Hiller's work based on analysis of his artwork, contemporary interviews, published critiques, Hiller's own writings and DG company records extends previous analyses as it is more comprehensive in scope and also considers more fully works by Hiller antecedent to Sutures that probably greatly influenced it, such as photopoetry books, other advertising projects and his silent movie films.

중국 초등 미술교육과 전통 민속문화 - 미술 교과서 내용 분석을 중심으로

This study examines educational contents of folk culture in elementary school art textbooks to increase understanding of China’s traditional folk culture education. China, as a multi-ethnic nation, has established a legal basis for the preservation and protection of traditional folk culture of ethnic groups and has implemented educational policies to promote these folk cultures. The following are the results of analysis of the illustrations included in the art textbooks for all grade levels. First, illustrations related to Chinese folk culture in the textbooks are 49 in total, making up 12% of the total textbook illustrations. Second, educational areas represented are relatively evenly divided between sculpting and molding, design application, and art appreciation and criticism. Third, folk culture of 17 ethnic groups from 14 different regions are introduced in the textbooks out of 56 ethnic groups recognized in China. Fourth, educational content related to folk culture consists of folk toys, handcrafted ornaments, embroidery, dyeing and weaving, paper crafts, folk architect, sculpture, shadow puppetry, lotus paintings, rubbing, traditional holidays and traditional clothing. However, the fact that more than 70% of the images are of folk toys and handcrafted items and that some illustrations were inserted merely to arouse curiosity are areas that would need to be worked on to better

Female Students Low Enrolment in Science Subjects and Its Menace in Some Selected Secondary Schools in Fagge Zonal Education Office of Kano State-Nigeria

This study aimed to investigate the Female Low Enrolment in Science Subjects and its Menace in some Selected Secondary Schools in Fagge Zonal Education of Kano State. The survey was conducted among science-based Senior Secondary School two (SSS2) female students in five randomly selected senior secondary schools in the zone to ascertain the causes and improvements of low females’ students’ enrolment in science subjects. Twenty-five test item questionnaires based on six (6) factors of socio-cultural, parental, teachers, self, school environment and marital suspected to be capable of causing low enrolment in science subjects were formulated and used for the study. Two hundred and twenty (220) questionnaires were administered and one hundred and eighty (180) were returned. The data was analyzed with the aid of simple percentages as a statistical method. Results showed that of all the factors investigated, only parental, school environment and marital factors were implicated as the major factors for low female students’ enrolment in science subjects in the selected schools. The socio-economic status of parents, time allotment to household chores by married students, gender insensitivity, illustrations in science textbooks have also contributed to low enrolment of female students in science subjects. Contrary to expectations, socio-cultural, self and teacher factors were not major contributing factors to low female students’ enrolment in science subjects in schools in the zonal education office. In spite of the identified factors causing low enrolment of female students in science subjects in the study area, improvements in the enrolment can be achieved by payment of allowances to female science students to serve as motivation, enlightenment of both the parents and their female students on the importance of science to national development and provision of good science laboratories and facilities.

视觉语法理论下高中英语教材插图的类型和功能分析——以人教版必修一教材(2019年)为例

视觉语法理论下高中英语教材插图的类型和功能分析——以人教版必修一教材(2019年)为例

An Analytical Study of Visual Illustrations in ‎Chemistry Textbooks for the Basic Stage in ‎Jordan in Light of Educational Standards

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the ‎percentage of visual illustrations in elementary chemistry ‎textbooks that meet educational standards and the degree to ‎which they vary by grade level (ninth and tenth). To achieve the ‎objectives of the study, an analysis form was designed to ‎analyze the pictures, graphics, tables, and charts. It consisted of ‎‎20 criteria distributed over five domains: realism; accuracy, ‎clarity, and color; related to objectives and content; size and ‎density; and consideration for learners. The results indicated ‎that the general average of the percentage of verification of ‎educational standards for the illustrations as a whole in the ‎chemistry textbook for the ninth grade was 94.1%, with a high ‎degree, and the standards ranged between 79% and 100%.. In ‎the tenth grade textbook, the general average of the percentage ‎of verification of educational standards for the illustrations as a ‎whole was 92.8 percent with a high degree, and the standards ‎ranged between 76% and 100%..The percentages of domains ‎that have been verified in the two textbooks are ordered as ‎follows: The domains of realism, association with aims, size ‎and density, accuracy, clarity, and color, and finally the domain ‎of learner consideration, all with high degrees.The results also ‎revealed that there was no statistically significant difference in ‎the percentage of verification of the educational standards for ‎the visual illustrations as a whole between the ninth and tenth ‎grade textbooks. At the level of domains, there were significant ‎differences between the two textbooks in the field of ‎consideration for learners in favor of the ninth grade textbook. ‎However, there were significant differences in five criteria at the ‎level of standards. Three criteria were in favor of the ninth ‎grade, namely: (the title fits with the illustration, is linked to the ‎learner's previous experiences, and gives the learner positive ‎attitudes), and two criteria were in favor of the tenth grade, ‎namely: (achieving all aims related to the concept, the ‎illustration's density of concepts and information is ‎appropriate).‎ ‎(Keywords: Chemistry Textbooks, Content Analysis, ‎Educational Standards, Illustrations, Ninth and Tenth Grades)‎

Exploring Physical Lumbar Microvascular Geometry Through Endoscopy and Illustrations: Implications for Clinical Interpretation.

Retrospective Study. Minimally invasive endoscopic spinal surgery is gaining popularity, but our understanding of the lumbar spine's microvascular geometry relies heavily on cadaver studies and textbook illustrations. Additionally, inconsistent nomenclature of vessels in the literature hampers effective communication among surgeons. This study aims to improve the clarity and comprehensibility of the lumbar spinal microvascular geometry under endoscopic view. The study included 400 patients who underwent endoscopic spinal surgery for lumbar spinal canal stenosis and foraminal stenosis. The surgeries were performed by an experienced surgeon using either the interlaminar or transforaminal approach. Endoscopic video recordings were further analyzed to map the microvascular geometry and common bleeding foci. The observed results were cross-referenced with existing literature to reconstruct a comprehensive view of the vascular anatomy. The transforaminal approach commonly encounters bleeding foci originating from the major branches of the segmental lumbar artery and the emissary veins within the foramen. The interlaminar approach primarily encounters bleeding foci from the muscle vessels in the dorsal lamina, which are believed to be located near the ends of the three main branches. In the intracanal region, epidural vessels form a rotary loop above the disc, which can contribute to most of the bleeding during discectomy. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the microvascular anatomy in the lumbar spine during endoscopic spinal surgery. Recognizing the geometry will help surgeons anticipate and control bleeding, reducing the risk of complications. The findings contribute to the improvement of surgical techniques and patient safety in endoscopic spinal surgery.

Beyond the Pages: Exploring Gender Stereotypes in Chinese Language Textbook

Textbooks serve a pivotal role in individuals' development, often presenting gender stereotypes that significantly influence childrens perceptions. This study explores gender stereotypes in Chinese textbooks, focusing on how these stereotypes differ based on target gender and the domain of traits. The research examines gender stereotypes across various trait domains within 274 illustrations from 12 Chinese language textbooks. A coding scheme was developed to identify gender stereotypes about boys and girls in different trait domains, such as hairstyle, occupations, and color schemes. The results reveal a significant presence of gender stereotypes, with no variation between different genders but a notable difference among trait domains in the textbook illustrations. These findings suggest that Chinese language textbooks consistently depict significant gender stereotypes for boys and girls but vary based on the specific characteristics implied by the illustrations.

Students’ Perception of Interactive Progressive Drawing Using a Graphic Tablet in Histology Education: A Mixed-Method Evaluation Study

Abstract Background: It is important that relevant diagrams that are clear and visible are drawn by the teacher of histology for a better understanding of the subject. It is also desirable that the student see the buildup of the diagram. To achieve the same in an electronic format, a graphic tablet was used for interactive progressive drawing (IPD) in histology education. Aim and Objective: To assess students’ perception of usefulness and effectiveness of IPD, in histology education. Methodology: Students were taught histology by IPD, using a graphic tablet in a classroom setting. Their perception about the method of teaching and the quality of the diagrams was obtained by an online questionnaire having open-ended and closed-ended questions. The mean and standard deviation of ratings on the Likert scale about student perception were calculated. The percentage of students who gave a rating of 4 out of 5 or above for the questions was measured as an indicator of satisfaction of the students. The answers to the open-ended questions were categorized and analyzed by the grounded theory approach. Results: A total of 137 (54.8%) students responded to the questionnaire. Seventy-eight percent of students preferred the diagrams drawn such over textbook illustrations and perceived the innovation to be helpful in improving basic understanding on a scale of 4/5 or above. Conclusion: Teaching histology by IPD using a graphic tablet was perceived by students to be better than teaching using a Power Point presentation.

Ectopic cambia: Connections between natural and experimental vascular mutants.

One of the most remarkable innovations in the evolution of vascular plants is secondary growth: the developmental process by which plants grow thicker. The textbook illustration of secondary growth--a core of secondary xylem surrounded by a sheath of secondary phloem--is generated through a cylindrical meristem called the vascular cambium (Fig. 1A). This modality is conserved across thousands of species, providing mechanical support for ever-elongating shoots, and a regenerative source of vascular tissues to feed the ever-expanding crown of branches and leaves This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

The Analysis on the Moral Education of Illustrations in Chinese Textbooks

Compared with other textbooks, Chinese textbooks is of incomparable importance and great influence. The illustrations in the Chinese textbooks embody the orientation of moral education, such as national traditional culture, encouraging diligence and being kind to others. Exploring the path of moral education of illustrations in Chinese textbooks is helpful to carry out the task of setting up morality and cultivating people. It is also helpful to enrich the study of moral education in Chinese textbooks, giving full play to the function of moral education in Chinese textbooks and promoting students to form a scientific concept of moral education.

Preference for Mathematics Textbook Illustrations among Primary School Pupils in Ibadan: Implications for Counselling Psychology

The purpose of this study was to investigate the preference among primary school pupils in Ibadan in terms of mathematics textbook illustrations and its implications for counselling psychology. An ex post facto descriptive research design was used in the study. One hundred and three (103) respondents were selected from public primary school pupils in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. The respondents were measured with self-developed scales and the data obtained was analysed using the Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient (PPMC) and Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software. Two (2) research questions were raised and answered in the study. The results show that there is a significant relationship between paper quality and preference for mathematics textbook illustrations (r = .712; P<0.05), and there was a significant relationship between colours used in the book and mathematics textbook illustration preferences (r = .841; P<0.05). In view of these findings, the study stresses that educational stakeholders and counsellors should intensify their effort to organise conferences on the implications of these factors (e.g., colour and paper quality, among others) relating to the pupils’ preferences for textbooks, which invariably affect reading comprehension of the pupils.

특수교육 초등 수학과의 교과서 삽화 분석 연구

Objectives It is to systematically analyze the mathematics textbook’s illustrations of special education elementary schools and present basic data on textbook’s illustrations related to future textbook development.
 Methods The subject of analysis is six books of special education elementary mathematics textbooks developed according to the 2015 special education curriculum. A total of 1,586 pages were analyzed using an analysis tool. The analysis tool is an analysis framework consisting of formal parts (number of illustrations, type, size, arrangement, clarity) and content parts (illustration role, suitability, and content consistency) of textbook illustrations.
 Results First, the average number of illustrations was 1.65 per page, and paintings were the most common type. As for the size, “2/3” was the most common in the 1st-2nd grades, and “1/2” was the most common in the 3rd-4th and 5-6th grades. By placement, “center” was the most common in the 1st-2nd graders, while “above” was the most common in the 3rd-4th graders and 5-6th graders. The clarity was very high. Second, as for the role of illustration, “activity guidance” was the most common in the 1st-2nd graders, and “data provision” was the most common in the 3rd-4th and 5-6th graders. Illustration suitability had the most essential functions. Content consistency was very high.
 Conclusions This study can be used as useful basic data for mathematics textbook’s illustrations being developed in accordance with the 2022 special education curriculum. In this study, it was suggested to increase the budget related to illustrations, present various illustration types, improve clarity, and provide training.

The Use of Textbook Illustrations in Teaching English Reading in Junior Secondary School

Although the progress of modern information technology and society has made modern junior high school English textbooks gradually develop in the direction of multi-modality, in actual teaching, teachers make less use of textbook illustrations and have difficulties in using them. Based on the two dimensions of classification and function of illustrations, the article Save the Sharks! from the Unit 13 Reading section of the Grade 9 English textbook of PEP is used as an example to discuss the effective use of textbook illustrations in reading teaching in conjunction with actual teaching. Teachers can use the illustrations in the three stages of reading, namely pre-reading, while-reading and post-reading, to help them enrich the classroom content and present a better quality of reading classroom.

2015 개정 중학교 체육교과서 삽화 분석: 양성평등 및 통합 교육의 관점으로

본 연구의 목적은 2015 개정 중학교 체육교과서 삽화를 양성평등과 장애학생 통합 교육의 관점에서 분석함으로써, 향후 체육교과서 개정 시 양성평등교육과 통합교육 실현을 위한 기초자료를 제공하는 데 있다. 중학교 체육교과서 12권을 대상으로 전체 남녀 성별 비율 및 영역별 성별 비율을 분석하였다. 또한 장애인 성별 비율 및 장애 유형 조사와 함께 통합교육 관점에서 출현 방법 및 왜곡된 표현을 분석하였다. 수집된 분석자료는 SPSS 27.0을 통해 독립표본 t-test를 실시하여 성별 비율의 유의미한 차이를 알아보았으며, 한국장애인 인권포럼(2013)에 따라 왜곡된 장애용어 및 표현을 분석하였다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 전체 교과서 삽화의 성별 비율의 유의미한 차이가 없다. 둘째, 건강 영역을 제외한 도전·경쟁·표현·안전 영역에서 성별 비율의 유의미한 차이가 나타났으며, 도전·경쟁·안전 영역은 남자의 비율이, 표현 영역은 여자의 비율이 높게 나타났다. 셋째, 전체 교과서에 장애인 삽화의 성별 비율의 유의미한 차이가 없으나 전체 출현 빈도가 현저히 낮다. 넷째, 장애인 삽화의 장애유형 중 지체장애의 빈도가 가장 높았으며, 출현 방법은 통합과 비통합 모두 나타났으나 비통합의 비율이 현저히 높았다. 다섯째, 장애인에 대한 왜곡된 언어 표현은 주로 ‘장애인을 초인 또는 감동의 원천으로 과장하는 표현’, ‘ 장애 극복과 재활을 강조하는 표현’ 등이 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과에 따른 제언으로 교과서 지침 개발, 교과서 집필진 구성 등의 측면에서 양성평등 및 통합교육 관점에 부합하는 교과서 편찬을 위한 시사점을 제안하였다.

Gender Stereotypes in Moroccan EFL Textbooks’ Illustrations: Content and Critical Image Analysis

Textbooks have always been influential in transmitting knowledge and values in modern education systems. However, they may transmit various gender-based stereotyped roles that could negatively affect learners in shaping their worldview. Accordingly, this study investigates gender stereotypes in the visual discourse of one English as a Foreign Language (EFL) textbook currently used in Moroccan secondary schools. It does so by looking at male/female appearance in the textbook illustrations. It also considers gender differences in occupations and roles. Moreover, the study employs a qualitative critical image analysis to selected images based on Giaschi’s (2000) model analysis. To this end, the research comprises quantitative content analysis and qualitative critical image analysis. The findings show less visibility of female characters in illustrations, ascribing them to gender-based traditional occupations and subordinate roles. Besides, the qualitative critical image analysis reveals that women still suffer from misrepresentation by depicting them as dependent, submissive, and needing help. The study contains, in the end, recommendations for promoting gender equality through textbooks in Morocco.

Gross anatomy of the Pacific hagfish, Eptatretus burgeri, with special reference to the coelomic viscera.

Hagfish (Myxinoidea) are a deep-sea taxon of cyclostomes, the extant jawless vertebrates. Many researchers have examined the anatomy and embryology of hagfish to shed light on the early evolution of vertebrates; however, the diversity within hagfish is often overlooked. Hagfish have three lineages, Myxininae, Eptatretinae, and Rubicundinae. Usually, textbook illustrations of hagfish anatomy reflect the morphology of the Myxininae lineage, especially Myxine glutinosa, with its single pair of external branchial pores. Here, we instead report the gross anatomy of an Eptatretinae, Eptatretus burgeri, which has six pairs of branchial pores, especially focusing on the coelomic organs. Dissections were performed on fixed and unfixed specimens to provide a guide for those doing organ- or tissue-specific molecular experiments. Our dissections revealed that the ventral aorta is Y-branched in E. burgeri, which differs from the unbranched morphology of Myxine. Otherwise, there were no differences in the morphology of the lingual apparatus or heart in the pharyngeal domain. The thyroid follicles were scattered around the ventral aorta, as has been reported for adult lampreys. The hepatobiliary system more closely resembled those of jawed vertebrates than those of adult lampreys, with the liver having two lobes and a bile duct connecting the gallbladder to each lobe. Overall, the visceral morphology of E. burgeri does not differ significantly from that of the known Myxine at the level of gross anatomy, although the branchial morphology is phylogenetically ancestral compared to Myxine.

Textbooks, students and teachers talk around gender: A new materialist approach to children's agency

Theoretically anchored in Butlerian and Baradian approaches to gender performativity, this study scrutinized Athenian elementary pupils' understanding of gender-normative discourses in textbook illustrations and their teachers' capacity to identify such discourses. The findings revealed that educators were unaware of the prevalence of gendered discourses in textbooks and did not make substantive efforts to diminish their harmful effects on pupils’ perceptions of gender. Children, however, are agentic subjects who negotiate gender discourses idiosyncratically. This study argues that introducing non-sexist curricula is not sufficient for combating sexism in education; textbook revisions need to be accompanied by in-service gender-training courses for educators.

Quantum computing for financial risk measurement

Quantum computing allows a significant speed-up over traditional CPU- and GPU-based algorithms when applied to particular mathematical challenges such as optimisation and simulation. Despite promising advances and extensive research in hard- and software developments, currently available quantum systems are still largely limited in their capability. In line with this, practical applications in quantitative finance are still in their infancy. This paper analyses requirements and concrete approaches for the application to risk management in a financial institution. On the examples of Value-at-Risk for market risk and Potential Future Exposure for counterparty credit risk, the main contribution lies in going beyond textbook illustrations and instead exploring must-have model features and their quantum implementations. While conceptual solutions and small-scale circuits are feasible at this stage, the leap needed for real-life applications is still significant. In order to build a usable risk measurement system, the hardware capacity—measured in number of qubits—would need to increase by several magnitudes from their current value of about 10^2. Quantum noise poses an additional challenge, and research into its control and mitigation would need to advance in order to render risk measurement applications deployable in practice. Overall, given the maturity of established classical simulation-based approaches that allow risk computations in reasonable time and with sufficient accuracy, the business case for a move to quantum solutions is not very strong at this point.