Illumination Levels Research Articles

Assessing the performance of façade-integrated transparent photovoltaic panels for daylight and energy generation in high rise buildings of hot & dry climate

Indian cities are witnessing a boom in the growth of high-rise buildings to accommodate the ever-intensifying population. The modern trend of applying glass on the façades of tall buildings holds a threat due to Indian climates. Though it allows the daylight, reduces the artificial lighting, and provides a good view, the heat gained through the glass façades increases a building’s energy consumption. Therefore, an innovative, advanced strategy is required that replaces the glass with alternatives which can potentially minimize the energy demands either by controlling the heat gain or producing the electricity by itself, to match the demand. Transparent photovoltaic facades can ideally solve this purpose, as it allows the daylight and are multi-functional in nature. It produces electricity and fulfils several other tasks of solar protection and glare protection. But, the presence of solar cells may cause undesirable shading or low illuminance levels; hence, it is important to comprehensively assess the daylight performance and also calculate its energy performance. The aim of the current research paper is to determine the effectiveness of integrating the transparent photovoltaic panels over window/glass façades of daytime-occupied high-rise buildings in a Hot & dry climate and the form configurations required to achieve a considerable amount of energy on-site, without affecting the quantity of daylight. In this study, the performance of the amorphous silicon (a-Si) PV window, with 26.7% visibility, was evaluated through simulation using Rhino+Honeybee software over different building sizes & aspect ratios. The results showed that there was a gradual decline in the energy intensity with increase in length and the energy intensity got increased with an increase in floor height. The form with a high aspect ratio had the highest EPI of 228kwh/m2/year. Further, the form with the least aspect ratio achieved a better daylight performance. The findings of this research are potentially valuable for building designers and decision-makers to foresee the behaviour pattern of BIPV facades in energy generation, while affirming a comfortable and luminous environment.

Lighting characterization of an Italian beginning twentieth-century school building

Nowadays, visual comfort in classrooms is considered crucial for the quality of students' learning processes. In Italy (1888 and 1901), many educational buildings, which constitute a cluster of historic school buildings, were built following specific national regulations. These buildings are characterized by the careful design of the classrooms both in relation to the orientation and their size. Among the design criteria, educational buildings structures had taken into account the orientation of the facades, as well as the arrangement and size of windows and other light inputs The study presented in this paper is aimed at evaluating if these educational buildings, designed according to ancient rules, are able to meet today's standards of visual comfort. With this purpose, the assessment of lighting levels, luminance distribution, average daylight factor, and daylight autonomy (DA) was carried out for all classrooms for a case study, typologically representative of this school buildings' cluster. The daylight analysis showed that most classrooms were subject to glare and lack of uniformity of illumination, while in other environments low values of illuminance levels were found. However, it is believed that a lighting refurbishment, respectful of the cultural value of these historic school buildings, can be considered

Ordinal regression analysis of traffic collision accidents in Jordan 2021: factors and severity assessment

One of the significant challenges that the world is confronting is road traffic accidents. The aim of this study is to determine the key factors contributing to traffic collision accidents and to utilize an ordinal regression model to identify the factors that contribute to accident severity. This will be achieved by fitting a suitable equation based on a dataset obtained from the Traffic Institute's database for the year 2021. The findings from the ordinal logistic regression analyses indicate that weather conditions, road surface, speed limit and illumination levels are significant factors that contribute to the severity of crashes with p-values of 0.003, 0.085, 0.025 and .002 respectively. Hour of the day, day of the week, week and governorate are insignificant in collision accidents in Jordan in 2021. In this comprehensive study on traffic collision accidents in Jordan during 2021, our analysis has revealed some significant findings. Our data indicates that the peak period for traffic collision accidents was between 18:00 to 18:59, and Thursday was found to have the highest number of incidents. In terms of the month, July recorded the highest number of accidents. It was also noted that Amman had the largest share of accidents. These findings highlight the need for increased awareness and stricter enforcement of traffic regulations during peak periods and in high-risk areas.

Investigation of the changes in the electrical parameters of solar panels with the passage of operation time

After several years of using solar cells, its electrical parameters are degraded. in this paper, to simulate of aging, solar cells were exposed to the different doses of gamma radiation. The (I–V) characteristics of silicon solar cells were studied before and after gamma irradiation. Experimental results showed that the electrical parameter of solar panel such as short circuit current, open circuit voltage, and efficiency decrease with the increase of the gamma doses. As well as, dependence of Voc and Isc according to the absorbed dose for different illumination levels has been investigated.

Light-responsive microRNA molecules in human retinal organoids are differentially regulated by distinct wavelengths of light

Cells in the human retina must rapidly adapt to constantly changing visual stimuli. This fast adaptation to varying levels and wavelengths of light helps to regulate circadian rhythms and allows for adaptation to high levels of illumination, thereby enabling the rest of the visual system to remain responsive. It has been shown that retinal microRNA (miRNA) molecules play a key role in regulating these processes. However, despite extensive research using various model organisms, light-regulated miRNAs in human retinal cells remain unknown. Here, we aim to characterize these miRNAs. We generated light-responsive human retinal organoids that express miRNA families and clusters typically found in the retina. Using an in-house developed photostimulation device, we identified a subset of light-regulated miRNAs. Importantly, we found that these miRNAs are differentially regulated by distinct wavelengths of light and have a rapid turnover, highlighting the dynamic and adaptive nature of the human retina.

Space charge region recombination, non-radiative exciton recombination and the band-narrowing effect in high-efficiency silicon solar cells

An expression for finding the dependence of narrowing the bands in silicon ΔEg on the level of illumination from the intrinsic absorption band (or short-circuit current) has been proposed. This expression is used to find experimental values of ΔEg in high-efficient silicon solar cells. The dependence ΔEg (J) or dependence ΔEg (JI), where JI is the short-circuit current density, has been rebuilt into the ΔEg (ΔnOC) dependence, where ΔnOC is the excitation level in open-circuit conditions. With this aim, the generation-recombination balance equation was solved taking into account six recombination mechanisms in silicon, including Shockley–Reed–Hall recombination, radiative recombination, interband Auger recombination, surface recombination, non-radiative exciton recombination, and recombination in the space charge region. The latter two recombination terms are not taken into account in studies of the key parameters of silicon solar cells and in programs for simulating the characteristics of these solar cells. Therefore, in this work their correct definition was performed, their contribution was compared with the contribution of other recombination mechanisms, and it has been shown that the description of the characteristics and key parameters of silicon SC without taking them into account is insufficiently correct. The experimental dependences ΔEg (ΔnOC) obtained in the work were compared with Schenk’s theory. It has been shown that there is a good agreement between them.

Pedestrian Crossing Sensing Based on Hough Space Analysis to Support Visually Impaired Pedestrians.

There are many visually impaired people globally, and it is important to support their ability to walk independently. Acoustic signals and escort zones have been installed on pedestrian crossings for the visually impaired people to walk safely; however, pedestrian accidents, including those involving the visually impaired, continue to occur. Therefore, to realize safe walking for the visually impaired on pedestrian crossings, we present an automatic sensing method for pedestrian crossings using images from cameras attached to them. Because the white rectangular stripes that mark pedestrian crossings are aligned, we focused on the edges of these rectangular stripes and proposed a novel pedestrian crossing sensing method based on the dispersion of the slope of a straight line in Hough space. Our proposed method possesses unique characteristics that allow it to effectively handle challenging scenarios that traditional methods struggle with. It excels at detecting crosswalks even in low-light conditions during nighttime when illumination levels may vary. Moreover, it can detect crosswalks even when certain areas are partially obscured by objects or obstructions. By minimizing computational costs, our method achieves high real-time performance, ensuring efficient and timely crosswalk detection in real-world environments. Specifically, our proposed method demonstrates an impressive accuracy rate of 98.47%. Additionally, the algorithm can be executed at almost real-time speeds (approximately 10.5 fps) using a Jetson Nano small-type computer, showcasing its suitability as a wearable device.

RESEARCH ON THE LIGHT INFLUENCE FACTOR ON EMPLOYEES IN THE DESIGN OF CONSTRUCTION FACILITIES

Problem statement. The development and wide implementation of information and communication technologies have made personal computers standard work tools in workplaces. The requirements for the quality of the lighting environment have also changed. The content and volume of information that a person needs to perceive and process has increased. The working time for decision-making has decreased. The direct influence of the light environment (illumination level, its distribution in the room, color temperature) on the functional state of a person has been determined in previous studies. In addition, the functions of the visual analyzer, as a part of the whole human nervous system, are related to emotions, cognitive and executive functions, which affects work productivity. The purpose of the article is to increase the safety of the work of designers and its effectiveness when using modern information and communication technologies due to a high-quality light environment, as the main factor affecting the performance of a person. Conclusions. The conducted studies determined that the main factors affecting work efficiency and error-free decision-making for intense mental work are the factors of the light environment. An algorithm for the study of significant factors influencing the light environment in intense mental work from a computer monitor with the determination of performance indicators has been developed. The application of the developed methodology makes it possible to determine the change in the quantitative values of performance indicators depending on the change in the parameters of the light environment.

Analysing light pipe two-side aperture in dense population housing to improve the visual and thermal condition

Daylight is one of the essential criteria for decent housing. However, in an urban kampung, access to daylight is limited due to the high-density population in urban Kampung Kota. This study aims to improve the visual and thermal conditions by modifying the aperture of the light pipe based on visual daylight distribution, illuminance level, and thermal conditions in multi-storey houses in hot-humid climates. Light pipe was developed experimentally through the simulation model to investigate the performance and impact on the visual and thermal conditions like operational temperature and RH in densely populated Kampung Kota without vertical apertures. According to the results, the two-aperture light pipe residential space enhanced the current situation but did not fulfill the standards. The two aperture light pipe visually improved daylight distribution by 1.05% –31.36% and illumination level by 8.4% - 14.8%. We also found that light pipe also impacts thermal conditions with a 10.92% RH reduction while at the same time increasing temperature up to 10.57%. Therefore, it can be concluded that a two-aperture light pipe has the potential to be applied to actual conditions in hot-humid climates.

The Effect of Vertical Skylights Designed in Buildings on Daylight Illumination

The fact that lighting plays an important role in the energy consumed by buildings, which have a large share in the total energy consumption in the world, requires more work to be done on daylight, which reduces the need for artificial lighting, saves energy in buildings and increases indoor comfort as well. Whether the current energy resources will exist in the future and the extent of the damage to the ecosystem as a result of the deterioration of the natural balance are discussed and discussed from different perspectives. At this point, with the thought of efficient use of energy, studies are carried out to reduce energy consumption and ensure sustainability in the field of lighting. In the building sector, which has a significant share in energy consumption, energy efficient design and sustainable architecture, which aims to use renewable energy sources and reduce energy consumption, are supported by planning and design criteria.
 In this study, the efficiency of skylights, which is one of the lighting methods with daylight, was investigated in accordance with the criteria specified in the relevant zoning legislation and the daylight standard in buildings. The effect of skylights on visual comfort and daylight performance in residential interiors that do not receive direct sunlight was analyzed with 3 different scenarios on spaces in different directions and floors with the help of the Design Builder simulation program. As a result of the analysis, it was concluded that the size of the spaces illuminated by the skylight, the length of the facade where the skylight is located, the floor where the space is located and its direction significantly affect the level of illumination. In line with the findings obtained in the study, it has been observed that the minimum skylight values given in the Planned Areas Zoning Regulation in force today do not provide sufficient daylight illumination, especially in the spaces on the ground floor. For this reason, solutions have been proposed to reach the level of visual comfort in spaces.

Lighting Energy Reduction by Optimizing Daylight while Maintaining Cooling Load in Tropical Educational Building, Depok, Indonesia

This study aims to reduce the lighting energy consumption in educational buildings while avoiding an increase in cooling load. The Faculty of Engineering building in Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java, Indonesia is used as a case study. Daylight optimization can have an impact on lighting energy, which is the largest energy consumer in educational buildings. However, given Indonesia’s tropical climate, daylight leading to heat gain is a concern. Current passive design interventions for controlling daylight and heat gain include light shelves, clerestories, and glazing materials. Daylighting performance is simulated using DIALux software. Results of each intervention are analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively by theories and parameters, namely illuminance level, light uniformity, and overall thermal transfer value (OTTV). Light shelves result in increased uniformity and lower OTTV. Clerestories result in increased average illuminance but higher OTTV. Active intervention with a dimming and grouping system is applied after daylight increases. The combination of passive design interventions and active dimming of electric lights reduces lighting energy with the same OTTV as existing. This study recommends the use of passive and active daylighting strategies considering their effect on the cooling load of buildings.

The Influence of Vertical Illuminance on Cognitive Performance and Subjective Evaluations during Simulated Conditions of Polar-Night Specificity

ABSTRACT The natural light environment in polar regions is different in that there are midnight sun and polar night rather than a regular year-round alternation of day and night. Existing research has reported that the scientific modulation of interior light parameters can reduce the negative effects on the circadian rhythm and improve brain functions of the staff members at polar stations, from basic physiological mechanisms to higher cognitive functions, such as perception, learning, memory, and thinking. Currently, the appropriate balance of visual and nonvisual aspects that allow lighting conditions to be applied in a manner conducive to human well-being, health and functioning is still to be investigated, and accurate analysis of the influence rules of functional lighting’s vertical illuminance at eye level on cognitive performance remains an unresolved and important issue. This study analyses the effects of the vertical illuminance at eye level of functional lighting on the cognitive performance indicators toward the target population through simple reaction time task, cancellation test, and stroop test, and concludes that vertical illuminance levels of 260 ~ 300 lx at eye level contributed to improved cognitive performance. The study also verifies that comfort and satisfaction indices of subjective perceptions are significantly and strongly correlated with cognitive function indicators, and slightly better than the relaxation index. However, the attention index is not significantly correlated with cognitive function indicators. This study can provide data reference for the light design and operational decisions of buildings in Antarctica and the Arctic to promote wider application and impact.

Current Status and Taxonomical Composition of the Natural Dendroflora of the Hirkan National Park

The current state of the natural dendroflora of the Hirkan National Park was analyzed, an inventory of natural and cultivated plant species was carried out, the impact of climate change on biodiversity, the taxonomic composition of trees and shrubs, dominant species, and the distribution areas of the studied plants were comprehensively studied. In the forest ecosystem of Hirkan National Park, the area where the plants live change in several directions. In the deep layers of the forest, the sun hits a small amount. The level of illumination depends on the composition, age, density and geometric dimensions of the trees and shrubs that make up the forest. Depending on the amount of light, more or less shade-tolerant species grow in the lower tiers of the forest. HirkanNational Park has undergone anthropogenic impact in recent years. The forest usually consists of 2-3 tiers.

A full-time deep learning-based alert approach for bridge–ship collision using visible spectrum and thermal infrared cameras

With the rapid development of transportation infrastructure and the growing water transportation industry, many bridges have been constructed across navigable rivers. However, collisions between ships and bridges remain a frequent occurrence, particularly under low illumination conditions. To address this issue, this paper proposes a full-time bridge–ship collision alert approach based on the combination of visible spectrum and infrared cameras. This approach includes the following steps: (1) capturing and identifying ships in the channel using a single visible spectrum camera is challenging in low illumination environments such as nighttime. To overcome this limitation, we propose the use of infrared thermal imaging technology, which can monitor ships at night due to their inherent emissivity of ship thermal radiation. By comprehensively analyzing factors such as the real-time lighting environment and comparing the advantages of visible spectrum cameras and thermal infrared cameras in object recognition under various illuminance levels, we determine the effectiveness of the decision-making method of the dual-channel camera for ships under different illumination conditions. (2) To detect and track ships in the channel, a deep learning-based automatic detection and tracking method is designed using visible spectrum and infrared thermal imaging cameras, providing early warning of dangerous trajectories of ships that threaten the piers. To address the real-time identification and positioning of ships by dual-channel cameras in different light environments, we adopt a target detection network and a displacement calculation algorithm for multi-target tracking. Analysis results demonstrate that this method can automatically assign visible spectrum and thermal imaging cameras as effective input sources in different illumination environments to detect and warn ships with dangerous trajectories, contributing to the safety of navigable ships and bridges in low illumination conditions.

ADAPTIVE IMAGE ENHANCEMENT MODEL FOR THE ROBOT VISION SYSTEM

Robotics is one of the important trends in the current development of science and technology. Most modern robots and drones have their own vision system, including a video camera, which they use to take digital photos and video streams. These data are used to analyze the situation in the robot's camera field of view, as well as to determine a real-time robot's behavior algorithm. In this regard, the novelty of the paper is special polynomial mathematical model and method for adaptive gradational correction of a digital image. The proposed model and method make it possible to independently adjust to brightness scales and image formats and optimally perform gradational image correction in various lighting conditions. Thus, ensuring the efficiency of the entire subsequent cycle of image analysis in the robot's vision system. In addition, the paper presents the results of numerous experiments of such gradational correction for images of various classes, as well as conditions of reduced and increased levels of illumination of the field of view objects. Conclusions and recommendations are given regarding the practical application of the proposed model and method.

The current state of working conditions in coal mines of Russia

Introduction. In 2021, the largest proportion of workers in the Russian Federation with class 3.1 and higher1 was at coal mining enterprises (79.1%), in coal mines this figure reached 90.4%, which determines the high level of occupational morbidity of miners — more than 150–200 times higher than the average in Russia2.
 The study aims to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the working conditions of employees of operating coal mines in Russia according to the data of the Federal State Statistics Service in comparison with the indicators of occupational morbidity (on the example of the Rostov region).
 Materials and methods. The authors have carried out the analysis of the data of the FSIS SAWC from 2018 to 2022 for all 57 coal mines operating in Russia during this period in four federal districts (FD) with a total number of jobs (RM) — 17,158, employing 60,699 people. The objects of the study were employees of 12 professions. For an integral assessment of the degree of harmfulness of working conditions of miners, we have calculated the total score of the degree of harmfulness of working conditions. Scientists investigated the occupational morbidity of miners. The experts also compared the established indicators with the data on the FSIS SAWC on the example of enterprises of the Rostov region (with the calculation of Spearman correlation coefficients).
 Results. Working conditions of 13% of miners belong to Class 3.1, 42% — to class 3.2, 35% — to class 3.3 and about 2% — to class 3.4. We have identified the most unfavorable conditions in the professions of tunnellers and longwall miner (721.9 and 717.1 points) — class 3.3–3.4; drivers of electric locomotives, drivers of hoisting installations, electricians, miners (hydraulic fracturing), explosives (500.3, 495.6, 444.3, 436.4 and 407.4 points) — class 3.2–3.3; among mining foremen, fasteners, stemmers, mechanics and lifting drivers (392.9, 333.3, 261.0, 256.8, 157.1 points), class — 3.2–3.1. The leading production factors are: the severity of labor (85.1%), noise (83.3%), aerosols of predominantly fibrogenic action (79.4%). Increased levels of local vibration, unfavorable microclimate and insufficient illumination are recorded at 30–40% of the RM. The authors found that only 2.4% of workplaces exceeded the maximum permissible level (MPL) for general vibration, and 0.3% — in terms of labor intensity. There is no data on infrasound, non-ionizing and ionizing radiation.
 Limitations. The study is limited to data on working conditions and occupational morbidity of coal miners for the period 2018–2022. These limitations allow us to plan further research and expand our understanding of this problem.
 Conclusion. The most unfavorable working conditions we have registered in the Southern Federal District, followed by the Siberian Federal District, Northwestern Federal District, Far Eastern Federal District, which is primarily due to the technologies used and production conditions. Also, scientists have identified underestimation of the degree of harmfulness of working conditions by factors (severity and intensity of work, local vibration, light environment, microclimate), non-accounting of ionizing radiation. The structure of the leading production factors determines the modern structure of occupational morbidity of miners: radiculopathy (39.2%), respiratory diseases (36.7%), diseases from exposure to noise and local vibration (18.2%).
 Ethics. The study did not require the conclusion of the Ethics Committee.

Effects of lighting and sound factors on environmental sensation, perception, and cognitive performance in a classroom

This experimental study investigates the effects of lighting and sound factors on environmental sensation, perception, and cognitive performance. For this purpose, 60 university students (30 men and 30 women in their twenties) voluntarily participated in six experimental sessions in a real classroom. The classroom lighting conditions were configured with two illuminance levels (650 lx and 1050 lx) and three correlated colour temperatures (3000 K, 4000 K, and 5700 K). Five sound conditions (41 dBA ambient, music, and traffic × 45 dBA and 65 dBA) were combined with the six lighting conditions. Semantic attributes were chosen for the subjective environmental evaluations of sensation and perception. The Korean Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV was used to develop a working memory test to measure the cognitive performance of subjects in the classroom. The cross-modal effects of lighting and sound factors were observed on environmental perception rather than environmental sensation. Sound and lighting factors had the greatest influence on environmental perceptions and cognitive performance, respectively. A classroom that is perceived to have the best environmental conditions may not be conducive to enhancing the cognitive performance. The priority of an indoor environment is to meet the objectives of the indoor space. In terms of multi-sensory interaction, not only light and sound but also other elements of the indoor environment should be considered for improved indoor environmental control.

Modelling of the Solar-Light Climate of Mountain Terrain is a Prerequisite for Assessing the Insolation and Illumination of Premises

The article analyses the current documents regulating the requirements of the insolation of premises and urban areas, as well as the solar-light regime of territories depending on the boundaries of zones along geographical latitudes for the conditions of complex mountainous terrain in order to identify their degree of study. In this regard, it is determined that in the above maps, the zoning of territories, countries on mountainous terrain are highlighted as an unexplored or poorly studied zone in terms of climatic and solar-light factors. The indicators of the solar-light climate of mountain territories characterized by a special insolation-light-climatic condition are highlighted. The algorithm for solving the problem is defined, which includes the assessment and analysis of the solar-light climate of a characteristic mountainous complex relief, revealing the influence of complex relief on light-climatic characteristics. A methodology for assessing qualitative and quantitative indicators of solar radiation, the state of the atmosphere, the probability and duration of sunshine, the magnitude and nature of changes in time of direct, scattered, reflected, and total radiation coming to horizontal and variously oriented inclined, vertical surfaces, the ratio of the latter on complex mountainous terrain potentially construction, causing the solar-light environment of buildings are considered. It is established that the information material obtained on the basis of research on the amount of radiation coming from the solar dome on inclined surfaces of various orientations allows us to more accurately take into account its effect on the indoor light-climatic regime and, along with it, determines the direction of further research when assessing also the factors of indoor microclimate and thermo-physical characteristics of enclosing structures. A method for modelling characteristic landforms with determining their typology has been developed and a regularity has been established for the flow of direct, scattered, reflected and total solar radiation to differently oriented slopes, which determine the light climate of building premises, which can serve to assess its insolation-light-climatic regime, as well as to correct the calculation method of illuminance levels.

Histogram Refined Local Ternary Pattern-based Bilateral LPP for Vision Sensor-based Robot Navigation Guidance under Challenging Environments

The present paper proposes a new variant of bilateral locality preserving projection (BLPP), a nonlinear manifold learning technique, for vision sensor-based robot navigation guidance in challenging environments, suffering from both variations in ambient illumination levels and vision sensor noises and uncertainties in image acquisition. In its basic form, the adjacency graph in BLPP is formulated both in feature subspace and spatial subspace, simultaneously. The present work proposes to compute the feature weights using local ternary pattern (LTP), a lesser noise-sensitive feature descriptor, which is also robust against illumination variations. In addition, histogram refinement has been performed on the feature descriptor to encode the local neighborhood structure of the data, proposing a further augmented version of BLPP named histogram refined local ternary pattern-based BLPP (HRLTP-BLPP). Extensive real-life experiments with challenging photometric conditions and sensor noises have been performed to show the usefulness of HRLTP-BLPP over other competing, state-of-the-art approaches, utilized for robot navigation guidance.

Impact of repeated morning bright white light exposures on attention in a simulated office environment

Attention is essential to the work. This study investigated the effects of two different light pulses on a simple attention task. In addition, the effects of subsequent exposure to constant but different illuminance levels on the continuation of the simple attention task and a subsequent complex attention task were examined. A total of 56 subjects were assigned in random order to two white light interventions that were repeated five times during the morning. Each light intervention consisted of a brief light pulse followed by constant light exposure and differed in temporal dimming dynamics and corneal illuminance. Subjective and psychometric parameters were recorded several times during light exposure. Heart rate variability (HRV) was derived from continuous electrocardiograms. Subjects showed improved reaction speed in the simple attention task, accompanied by higher HRV under a brighter light pulse without habituation by repetition. This difference in simple attention performance disappeared when light exposure remained the same after the light pulse. In addition, higher reaction speed and HRV were observed in the complex attention task under constant bright light exposure. Intermittent bright light seems promising to acutely improve attentional performance in office workplaces. Future research is needed to investigate daytime light effects on other work-related cognitive functions.