Illegal Waste Research Articles

DAMPAK PEMUKIMAN DAN KEGIATAN DI TEPI SUNGAI TERHADAP KUALITAS AIR SUNGAI BARU BARAT

Abstract. Baru Barat River is a man made river for flood and irrigation control. This study aims to determine the effect of activities on the bank on Baru Barat River on the water quality. Identification of activities is carried out along the bank of river. Water quality parameters are compared with the Governor of Jakarta no. 582 year 2005. The status of water quality is determined using the Pollution Inde (PI). The activities around the Baru Barat River are settlements, officem workshop, schools, deales, food stall, laundry, shops, beauty salons, guesthouses and gas station. BOD concentration range from 8.4-43.7 mg/L with a quality standard of 10 mg/L and COD range from 16-99.2 mg/L with a quality standard of 20 mg/L. Concentration of BOD and COD that exceed of quality standard at almost all sampling ponts. The level of pollutionj in the Baru Barat River is moderate polluted. The main problem at Baru Barat River are the presence of several illegal waste point left from activities that eventually enter the river and the absence of waste water treatment. The concept of community based must be implemented to waste management and communal wastewater treatment that are easy, inexpensive and integrated with the landscape. Keywords: Baru Barat River, river bank, water pollution index, river quality, domestic waste water

ILLEGAL MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MONITORING SYSTEM BASED ON ANDROID APP

Abstract. Illegal municipal solid wastes are tiny in scale and various in type, thus, it is difficult to be found by remote sensing image. To solve the problem, this paper designs and implements an illegal solid waste monitoring system based on Android App, which is composed of mobile-side and web-side. The mobile-side adopts the C/S structure, and realizes illegal solid waste location based on Gaode mobile map API on Android platform. Users can use the mobile App to report the type, scale, address and on-site photos of illegal solid waste in real time. The web-side adopts the B/S structure and develops based on the SSM framework. The web-side deploys the Tomcat server and MySQL database on the cloud server provided by Alibaba Cloud to realize the data cloud management and visual display based on Gaode Web map. The system has well-designed interfaces and convenient operations, which can effectively improve the management level and law enforcement efficiency of municipal solid waste.

A Geographic Information System-Based Indicator of Waste Risk to Investigate the Health Impact of Landfills and Uncontrolled Dumping Sites.

Uncontrolled and poor waste management practices are widespread. The global health impact of hazardous waste exposure is controversial, but the excess of some diseases appears to be consistent. The Geographic Information System (GIS, ESRI Inc., Rome, Italy) method used to estimate the waste risk exposure, in an area with many illegal waste dumps and burning sites, is described. A GIS geodatabase (ESRI ArcGIS format) of waste sites’ data was built. A municipal GIS-based indicator of waste risk (Municipal Risk Index: MRI) has been computed, based on type and quantity of waste, typology of waste disposal, known or potential environmental contamination by waste and population living near waste sites. 2767 waste sites were present in an area 426 km2 large. 38% of the population lived near one or more waste sites (100 m). Illegal/uncontrolled waste dumps, including waste burning areas, constituted about 90% of all sites. The 38 investigated municipalities were categorized into 4 classes of MRI. The GIS approach identified a widespread impact of waste sites and the municipalities likely to be most exposed. The highest score of the MRI included the municipalities with the most illegal hazardous waste dumps and burning sites. The GIS-geodatabase provided information to contrast and to prosecute illegal waste trafficking and mismanagements.

Hazardous materials emergency incidents: public health considerations and implications

ObjectiveHazardous materials (HAZMAT) incidents, including the deliberate release of toxic chemicals, can cause a significant drain on resources as well as heightened anxiety in the community. Recent high‐profile incidents, including the 2018 illegal waste storage fire in Victoria, Australia, have highlighted the complexity but also the value of multidisciplinary approaches to HAZMAT events. This brief report examines issues from a public health perspective and reflects on the experience of such events in South Australia. MethodsThe type, location and time of HAZMAT incidents for the period 2001 to 2018 (inclusive) in South Australia were compiled and classified from a database of the state Technical Advice Coordinator. ResultsThe profile of HAZMAT events was diverse, including fires, spills, unknown chemicals, sabotage and suicides. Incidents frequently occurred around transportation corridors and storage facilities. Public health agency involvement was most evident for known or suspected biological agents (toxins) and chemical toxicants with persistent exposures. Conclusion and implications for public healthPublic health agencies are likely to have a greater future role in HAZMAT management as the complexity of incidents increases (e.g. mass casualty events and events involving vulnerable subpopulations). There is a need for a national HAZMAT surveillance database to coordinate agency responses on a national level. A unified approach to risk communication for vulnerable communities is also critical.

Comércio internacional de resíduos sólidos urbanos e a Convenção de Basileia: Contribuições sobre a poluição por óleo no litoral brasileiro

O comércio internacional de resíduos é uma atividade praticada em âmbito global, porém, há de se afir­mar que a movimentação transfronteiriça de resíduos entre os países é considerada ilegal. Como resul­tado surge, no âmbito global, um comércio ilegal de lixo entre os países. Por outro lado, o trânsito de resíduos entre os países será permitido pela Convenção de Basileia (CB), quando for passível de uso como matéria-prima. Diante desse cenário, o presente artigo exibirá um panorama da Convenção de Basileia. O Brasil, signatário do documento, tem como premissa regular as atividades quanto ao trânsito de resíduos diante de possíveis ações que infiram na CB, como por exemplo, um possível despejamento de resíduos no mar territorial do país. Diante do apresentado, o artigo relata a poluição por óleo no litoral brasileiro, ocorrida em agosto de 2019. Como aspecto metodológico o artigo ampara-se em revisão documental e bibliográfica. Conclusivamente, apresenta-se um cenário sobre uma probabilidade de omissão da CB para os Estados Partes.

Prioritizing management strategies to achieve multiple outcomes in a globally significant Indonesian protected area

AbstractThe multiple values delivered by protected areas around the world are threatened and in decline. We propose a structured decision science prioritization approach for justifying and guiding increased investments in protected area management to improve outcomes for a suite of important values. Using Bali's only national park, Taman Nasional Bali Barat (TNBB) as a case study, we draw from existing park documentation and 80 participating experts in TNBB's ecology, society and management to define goals that describe a successful outcome for nine core values of the park: threatened species, ecosystem function, ecosystem habitats, scientific research, food and health, spiritual values, traditional fishing, community prosperity, and ecotourism. Participants estimated that without increased investment, the extent of goal achievement is likely to be below 30% for all values at the end of the 15‐year planning time frame. However, implementing nine strategies, at an increased annual investment of 5.5 billion Indonesian rupiah (US$385,666) per year, would achieve the goals for all values. The most cost‐effective strategies were predicted to be collaboration and planning, monitoring and managing invasive species, followed by establishing and using a research and management fund, adapting to climate change, managing illegal resource use, waste and human impacts, as well as improving the captive breeding program for the iconic and critically endangered bird, curik Bali. Our approach may be useful for systematically comparing costed sets of management investments in other conservation areas worldwide.

Silencing Citizen Protest: Local Environmental Resistance in the Land of Fires

The main topic of this case study is local community response to environmental contamination resulting from corruption and waste mismanagement. The field research was carried out in part of a massive Italian district colloquially referred to as the land of fires” where illegal wastes dumped by the mafia routinely burned. A document analysis, participant observation and semi-structured interviews were conducted. Abandoned by those tasked with protecting public and environmental health, one might expect widespread concern, activism and protest. The case study supports the theory in terms of citizen mobilization while clarifying conditions that discourage public protest and action. The waste companies and the governmental institutions intended to regulate them were perceived as jointly complicit. Those who did not protest appeared to be caught in a classic double bind in which any response they made was wrong. Fear that the contamination and fires were harming their health demanded action. Yet, citizens dreaded that such efforts would bring mob and institutions' reprisal and did not have practical effective outcomes. This dilemma is fully explored, and the results are discussed within an eco-historical perspective. The case study is also updated to reflect more recent conditions that inspired widespread protest in the same affected region.

Fending off waste from the west: The impact of China's Operation Green Fence on the international waste trade

AbstractChina launched the first Operation Green Fence (OGF) on 1 February 2013 to fend off inflows of illegal waste. The main objective of OGF was to enforce waste trade policies already adopted by China and thereby restrict illegal waste imports. We use a gravity model of international trade with annual bilateral waste trade data at the 6‐digit HS code level to assess the impact of OGF on the international waste trade. First, we study the direct impact of OGF and find that the intervention resulted in a 26% drop in low‐quality waste exports to China from developed countries. Second, we assess the impact of OGF on exports from developed countries to developing countries, excluding China. We do not find a statistically significant effect of OGF on low‐quality waste exports from developed countries to developing countries (excluding China). We also test the waste haven hypothesis and do not find evidence that waste exports were disproportionately diverted to countries with lax environmental regulation.

Reasoning Criminal – Implikasi Limbah Hasil Operasional Kapal Terhadap Ekosistem Laut di Selat Malaka

The Malacca Strait, which has always been the most strategic world trade route. The majority of foreign vessels crossing the Malacca Strait transit at the Port of Singapore. The potential of environmental pollution in the Malacca Strait area is also very large, especially the pollution from vessel waste resulting from the operational activities of vessels in the form of liquid waste and garbage dumped in vain and the washing of vessels illegally. The operational activities of foreign ships in violation of international treaties and Indonesian law often occur in Indonesian coastal areas. Indonesian waters were victims of foreign vessels who carried out illegal activities in order to reduce operational costs and avoid sanctions from the port authorities and the Singapore's sincerity which required that every vessel to be anchored in Singapore's port was clean from waste. Regulations made by the Singapore Government encourage illegal ship laundering and waste disposal in the Straits of Malacca. The supervision of severe penalties against each vessel that crosses and violates the rules, and the establishment of a special zone of vessel cleaning in the Straits of Malacca can reduce environmental damage. This research uses qualitative methods using rational choice and institutional approach in environmental view to see how environmental problems caused by vessel waste occurred and cause cross border problems threatening ecosystem in the Straits of Malacca, especially the Indonesian water area. Data used in the form of qualitative data are collected through document studies, interviews, document analysis, focused discussions, and observations made.

Urgent need to review domestic regulations in Japan for preventing illegal transboundary movement of hazardous wastes

• There is a need to study the growing trend in e-waste trading that appears to be shifting towards illegal recycling activities. An increasing number of cases of illegal waste trading have involved people from developing countries who reside in Japan. They export hazardous waste by attaching it to second-hand products sent from Japan to their home countries. • The Yokohama customs office has the only special force investigating hazardous waste exports; more than half the detected illegal cargo are components of dismantled vehicles containing illegal toxic or hazardous waste banned by the basel convention and is unlawful in Japan. • In Japan, recycling activities are under a different government sector jurisdiction from business exporting hazardous waste. Overseeing the export of hazardous waste attached to second-hand products can be problematic and is a weak point associated with the vertically divided administration system which needs to be reviewed and remediated.

Surveillance Aircraft and the Borders of Schengen

There is a widespread perception that the development of surveillance technologies in border management is antagonistic to civil liberties. This article attempts to contribute to a better understanding of the need for new technological means to survey the EU’s external border. Contrary to the critics, it contends that there is no liberty without security. It argues that the so-called militarisation of the EU’s borders is a precondition for countering the dangers which threaten our liberties. These dangers include organised cross-border crime, illegal migration and incursions by hostile powers. The article also demonstrates that the use of border surveillance aircraft contributes to saving lives at the EU’s external border and that the use of modern technologies generates record trails which make it easier to track potential human rights abuses committed by border guards. To manage migration, facilitate legitimate commerce, monitor for illegal waste dumping and guarantee the undisturbed functioning of our institutions, improved border management with the help of modern technologies is a necessity.

COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN WASTE MANAGEMENT IN CHANGWON CITY, SOUTH KOREA

Changwon City, located in the southern central region of Gyeongsangnam-do in South Korea, has become a major center of industrial economy in the central region of Gyeongnam. To achieve good waste management can be done by handling: institutional aspects, financial aspects, regulatory aspects (legal), aspects of community participation, and operational technical aspects. The purposes of this research are to find out the participation of the community in Changwon City, South Korea and to investigate the type of management carried out in Changwon City, South Korea. The literature study method uses secondary data from Changwon City, South Korea and several studies on waste management to support and supplement information from the interviews. Government of South Korea adopted the concept of a volume-based waste fee system and collecting the recyclable waste, which is a volume-based waste disposal system, where each citizen has to pay for every plastic waste that will be used. The greater the waste production will need the greater the costs. Communities are required to sort out their waste before putting it in a plastic bag according to the type of waste, especially waste that can still be recycled. Korea has also established an expanded producer responsibility system and recycles its construction waste. Korea's waste information system has resulted in cost savings, promoted transparency, and eliminated illegal waste disposal. The effects of this policy include reducing the production of solid household waste, contributing to the completion of separate disposal, collecting waste and recyclable goods securing the cost of waste treatment from the benefits of the VBWF system and economic utilization.

Predicting recycling in Southern Italy: An exploratory study

The waste disposal crisis in Southern Italy has led to a phenomenon dubbed ‘the Land of Fires,’ where illegal waste disposal and toxic fires of waste are currently contaminating the land, the ground and surface water, and the air quality. The general aim of this study was to investigate the psychosocial factors involved in the prediction of municipal solid waste separation, in a convenient sample of the inhabitants of three areas of Southern Italy, that is specifically the Land of Fires territory (Campania region), Abruzzo and Puglia. We put forward a model involving both pro-environmental concerns and cognitive evaluations. A written questionnaire was administered to a sample of 313 inhabitants from the three areas. Structural equation modelling was performed on the data. The findings confirmed the hypothesized relationships between study variables. The results showed that internal attribution and social norms were the strongest predictors of attitude, followed by the level of knowledge. Biospheric and altruistic values weakly predicted attitudes. Attitude strongly predicted the behavioural intention, which in turn predicted pro-environmental behaviour (i.e. recycling). Trust in institutions was unrelated to the recycling attitude. Attitudes partially mediated the relationship between internal attribution and behavioural intention, and between social norms and behavioural intention. Based on those results, some suggestions are put forward to improve recycling behaviour in the relevant territories.

Spatial distribution of solid waste dumping sites and associated problems in Chiro town, Oromia regional state, Ethiopia

The current rapid increase in population together with expansion of the town is producing large volumes of wastes, which demand greater infrastructure, institutional setup and community participation for its management. Besides the importance of information on municipal solid waste management for decision making, there is no reliable study that identifies the gap on the existing situation of Chiro town. Hence, this study was intended to describe the current spatial distribution of solid waste dumping sites and associated problems in town. Both primary and secondary data were collected for the analysis. The data on the problems associated with solid wastes were analyzed by descriptive statistics, while that of spatial location of dumping sites were analyzed and mapped by Arc GIS 10.4.1 software. The results of the study revealed that solid waste dumping sites were unevenly distributed throughout the town; where majority of the dumping sites are concentrated at center and around the micro riverbank in the town. Due to this illegal dumping sites and poor waste management, the respondents perceived that there is a prevalence of malaria, diarrhea, body allergic, cough and other diseases (pneumonia, michi and sinus) in the town. Furthermore, there are problems of litter distribution nearby house (illegal dumping), bad odor, reproduction of vectors and blocking the drainage system arising from uncontrolled waste disposals. Therefore, its top priority to prepare the dumping sites and effective institutional set up with enough budgets to handle the current waste problems of the town.

Counting the Cost: Malaysia’s Push-Back Begins over Overseas Waste Dumping

Malaysia is locked in a huge battle over how it should manage the creeping trend of plastic waste dumps in the country. Huge tonnes of waste dumped on its soil have led to the formation of plastic trash mountains in some parts of the country. The setting often orchestrated by illegal waste factories seems far from the safe and secure haven the authorities are keen to portray. The study explores how this trend has been allowed to fester. It aims at the state of environmental governance in the country and addresses the pertinent issues confronting the country and the Southeast Asia region as a whole. The study finds that the lack of or inadequacy of collaborative efforts in monitoring and reporting detrimental activities on the environment as a basis for the present predicament of the country.

Local Mass Media’s Attitudes towards Environmental Situations in the East

The research on “The Local Mass Media’s Attitudes towards the Environmental Situations in the East” aimed to learn the local mass media’s attitudes toward environment situation in the East of Thailand. This research is a qualitative study. In-depth interviews with key informants who are mass media in the eastern part of Thailand were applied. The informants were asked about their attitudes towards environmental problems in the East. Four issues mentioned during the interviews included Illegal waste disposal in other people’s properties, coastal erosion in Laem Chabang area, people’s opposition of the town plan amendment, and the fresh water conflict.

Blood screening for heavy metals and organic pollutants in cancer patients exposed to toxic waste in southern Italy: A pilot study.

In Italy, in the eastern area of the Campania region, the illegal dumping and burning of waste have been documented, which could potentially affect the local population's health. In particular, toxic waste exposure has been suggested to associate with increased cancer development/mortality in these areas, although a causal link has not yet been established. In this pilot study, we evaluated blood levels of toxic heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in 95 patients with different cancer types residing in this area and in 27 healthy individuals. While we did not find any significant correlation between the blood levels of POPs and the provenance of the patients, we did observe high blood concentrations of heavy metals in some municipalities, including Giugliano, where many illegal waste disposal sites have previously been documented. Our results showed that patients with different cancer types from Giugliano had higher blood levels of heavy metals than healthy controls. Despite the obvious limitations of this exploratory study, our preliminary observations encourage further research assessing the possible association between exposure to hazardous waste, increased blood metals, and increased risk of cancer.

Sztuka nie-ludzkich aktorów

The Center for the Living Things is a research institute founded in 2016 in order to examine, collect and popularise knowledge concerning new non-human forms: plants, lichen, fungi and insects. All exhibits gathered in the Institute’s collection are abandoned objects, used commodities and those no longer needed – the debris of human overproduction, which has become the natural environment for many living organisms. Specimens were found in an illegal waste dumping site, where man-derived objects and plant tissues mix. These hybrids of plants and artificial objects are difficult to classify, as they are simultaneously animate and inanimate. Exhibits collected in the Center for the Living Things cannot be classified conventionally. Recently, waste has taken over behaviours from living matter. In the process of overproduction, the incessant need to constantly update the goods we possess is the reason why most of these unnecessary products seem to be out of our control. The Center for the Living Things aims to describe mechanisms appearing in the sphere of rejection and uselessness. In this sphere, products are no longer tools used by people. Products participate in almost every process that occurs in the biosphere, hence we cannot definitively separate economic or social processes from so-called natural processes. The Center aims to draw attention to these processes, seek connections and possible alternatives. Specimens are stored and cultivated in an ever-expanding collection at Poznań’s Botanical Gardens. This institution also organises also houses temporary exhibitions, presentations and workshops. Work is underway on an edition of the ‚Atlas of Waste-plants’ to appear at the end of 2019. More information and a digital version of the Institute’s collection can be found at: www.centerforlivingthings.com.

Mapping and analysis of illegal solid waste heap point at segment 6 Ciliwung riverbanks

The research about illegal heap point of solid waste was conducted to identify the quantity, measure the volume and compositions of solid waste heap point as a response to river pollution caused by solid waste along Segment 6 Ciliwung Riverbanks. Calculations of the volume and compositions of solid waste were carried out for three days in five locations are riverbank in area of Manggarai (Location 1), Kebon Manggis (Location 2), Menteng (Location 3), Kwitang (Location 4), and Kebon Sirih (Location 5). The research shows that there are 22 illegal heap points consisting of 93.38 m3 solid waste volume. The highest volume of the illegal heap point of solid waste was located in Kebon Manggis Area with 34.64 m3 and the lowest volume was located in Kebon Sirih Area with 1.53 m3. The average compositions of solid waste consisting of 45.56% organic waste and 54.44% non-organic waste with the highest percentage are the plastic waste 18.6% and the lowest percentage is rubber/leather waste 2.01%. The existence of the illegal heap point of solid waste in riverbank has the potential to cause a high value of Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and cause low levels of Dissolved Oxygen (DO).

PCB levels in adipose tissue of dogs from illegal dumping sites in Campania region (Italy).

The aim of the study is to investigate the potential relationship between exposure to PCBs and cancer. In doing so we relied on a sample of dogs coming from a peculiar area of the Campania region (Italy), that has been suffering for illegal waste dumping and open air burning of plastic waste for many years. The latter determined the release of organic and inorganic pollutants, such as the PCBs. By comparing dogs with cancer and healthy dogs, we found much higher PCB concentrations in the former, with a significant difference (p<0.05) for the non-indicator ∑10NDL-PCB and the DL-PCBs. A regression analysis, controlling for three potentially confounding factors, that are sex, age and weight, confirmed the higher ∑10NDL-PCB concentration in dogs with cancer. Hence, our evidence suggests a potential health hazard for animals and likewise people living in a risky area due to the presence of environmental organic pollutants.