Illegal Resource Research Articles

Navigating Socio-Political Threats to Amazonian Peatland Conservation: Insights from the Imiria Region, Peru

Tropical peatlands are critical for climate change mitigation and biodiversity conservation globally, yet in many parts of the world, they are being destroyed for anthropogenic uses with catastrophic environmental effects. Despite Peru’s status as home to the second largest area of peatlands in Latin America, significant gaps persist in understanding both the geographical distribution and the socio-political landscapes that shape them, exposing these ecosystems to risk of irreversible damage. Focusing on the Imiria region in Ucayali, Peru, where newly discovered peatlands intersect with Indigenous communities, this study, through participatory methods and qualitative analyses, explores the complex socio-political dynamics posing risks to these ecosystems. Our findings highlight a range of threats: (a) the emergence of new actors and land uses, including Mennonite colonies, coca settlements, and illegal resource extractors; (b) challenges posed by the state, encompassing changing legislation, a limited understanding of Indigenous needs and power dynamics, alongside insufficient strategies for peatland science and protection; and (c) a southward shift of socio-political and ecological problems towards peatland areas. We discuss how these dynamics exacerbate degradation risks and undermine Indigenous sovereignty, hindering conservation efforts. The study suggests pathways for ethical peatland conservation and emphasizes the need for further research in Ucayali, Peru.

Application of the integrated threat theory to conservation law enforcement.

Interactions between law enforcement agents in conservation (e.g., rangers) and illegal resource users (e.g., illegal hunters) can be violent and sometimes fatal, which negatively affects conservation efforts and people's well-being. Models from social psychology, such as integrated threat theory (ITT) (intergroup interactions shape intergroup emotions, prejudices and perceived threats leading to hostile attitudes or behaviors between groups), are useful in addressing such interactions. Conservation approaches relying mainly on law enforcement have never been investigated using this framework. Using a structured questionnaire, we collected data from 282 rangers in protected and unprotected areas (n=50) in northern Iran. We applied Bayesian structural equation modeling in an assessment of rangers' affective attitudes (i.e., emotions or feelings that shape attitudes toward a person or object) toward illegal hunters in an ITT framework. Rangers' positive perceptions of illegal hunters were negatively associated with intergroup anxiety (emotional response to fear) and negative stereotypes about a hunter's personality, which mediated the relationship between negative contact and affective attitudes. This suggests that negative contact, such as verbal abuse, may lead rangers to perceive illegal hunters as arrogant or cruel, which likely forms a basis for perceived threats. Rangers' positive contact with illegal hunters, such as playing or working together, likely lowered their perceived realistic threats (i.e., fear of property damage). Perceived realistic threats of rangers were positively associated with negative contacts (e.g., physical harm). The associations we identified suggest that relationships based on positive interactions between rangers and illegal hunters can reduce fear and prejudice. Thus, we suggest that rangers and hunters be provided with safe spaces to have positive interactions, which may help lower tension and develop cooperative conservation mechanisms.

Assessing the drivers of illegal resource use to improve wildlife conservation interventions

Strategies to reduce illegal resource collection vary depending on the assumptions made about the underlying drivers of resource use. Interventions to reduce illegal resource use commonly include law enforcement, integrated conservation and development projects, and environmental education. Despite using a mixture of strategies, illegal activities continue to threaten the endangered mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) in Volcanoes National Park (VNP), Rwanda. For conservation interventions to work effectively, it is important to understand the drivers of and motivations behind illegal resource use. To assess the drivers of, motivations behind, and deterrents to illegal resource use, we combined interviews of suspected illegal resource users with a larger household survey, indirect questioning (unmatched count technique), and focus groups. Overall, illegal resource use was most common among large households with lower well-being scores. Illegal resource users were more likely to report a problem from living near VNP and tended to be from households whose primary form of income was part-time labor. Although poverty was associated with illegal resource use overall, we found that several illegal resource users came from locally wealthy households and were motivated primarily by profit. Demand for forest products, like wild meat, highlights the structural factors likely behind illegal resource use and warrants further investigation. Because the drivers of illegal resource use varied between households, we find that neither law enforcement nor livelihood projects alone will decrease illegal resource use. Instead, effective conservation interventions require a multipronged approach to address the complex motivations of illegal resource use.

Community livelihoods and forest dependency: Tourism contribution in Nyungwe National Park, Rwanda

IntroductionCommunities living adjacent to protected areas in Africa are characterized by high poverty rates and their well-being often depends on park resources. This often results in forest degradation and decline in wildlife populations, for example due to illegal hunting for bush meat. To counter this challenge in Rwanda, a tourism revenue sharing program was initiated in 2005, with 5% (doubled to 10% in 2017) of the park gate fees invested in community development projects. We evaluated the effectiveness of this tourism revenue sharing from 2005 to 2017, targeting communities adjacent to Nyungwe National Park located in south-western Rwanda.MethodsWe used questionnaires addressed to members of community associations and local government in 24 sectors around Nyungwe National Park. Additionally, data on illegal resource use and socio-economic status of the surrounding communities were obtained to quantitatively triangulate and draw insights from communities’perceptions. Using spatial analyses and spatial regression, we mapped trends in illegal activities relative to socio-economic characteristics.Results and discussionBoth the qualitative and quantitative results indicate that the tourism revenue sharing program has not fully succeeded in improving community well-being around Nyungwe National Park. The tourism revenue sharing can consider targeting areas that demonstrate more need and reassessing prioritization of interventions supported by the program to achieve both poverty reduction around Nyungwe National Park and improved conservation outcomes in this protected area.

The Smell of Water

Residents of riverine and Indigenous communities in and around the Nanay River in the Peruvian Amazon have indicated that the smell of water is shifting. This article traces the changing smell of water in various communities in the Amazon to understand the importance of water for Amazonians (both spiritually and concretely), the extent to which the human nose is capable of smelling environmental change, and the future work that must be done to protect these fragile and increasingly polluted waterways. While it is well documented that the Amazon’s biodiversity and flora and fauna are under threat due to industrial activities and illegal resource extraction, the role that smell plays in recognizing and denouncing contamination is rarely considered. This article combines recent work in the field of smell studies with anthropological and environmental writings on Amazonia to translate stench into a vivid indicator of a slow violence on the waterways of this biome. Drawing on a documentary film focused on water, the writings of Indigenous philosophers Rafael Chanchari Pizuri and Ailton Krenak, and interviews with residents living along the Nanay River, the significance of water for this region is complexified and linked to larger moments of environmental destruction. The changing smell of water in the Amazon promotes what I call “slow smelling,” where harmful smells go unnoticed and become an accepted part of the odors of a place. Bilious odors indicate serious pollution and contamination of waterways that are necessary to the well-being of local communities and carry ancestral significance.

Economic pressures of Covid-19 lockdowns result in increased timber extraction within a critically endangered region: A case study from the Pacific Forest of Ecuador.

Although the COVID-19 lockdowns in 2020 had some environmental benefits, the pandemic's impact on the global economy has also had conservation repercussions, especially in biodiverse nations. Ecuador, which is heavily reliant on petroleum, agricultural exports, and ecotourism, experienced a rise in poverty in response to pandemic shutdowns. In this study, we sought to quantify levels of illegal timber extraction and poaching before and after the start of COVID-19 lockdowns throughout two protected areas (Reserva Jama Coaque [JCR] and Bosque Seco Lalo Loor [BSLL]) in the endangered Pacific Forest of Ecuador. We analyzed chainsaw and gunshot acoustic data recorded from devices installed in the forest canopy from December 2019 to March 2020 and October 2020 to March 2021. Results from generalized linear mixed effects models indicated less chainsaw activity before lockdowns (βpost.lockdown=0.568 ± 0.266 SE, p-value=.030), although increased average rainfall also seemed to negatively affect chainsaw activity (βavg.rainfall=-0.002 ± 0.0006 SE, p-value=.003). Gunshots were too infrequent to conduct statistical models; however, 87% of gunshots were detected during the 'lockdown' period. Observational data collected by rangers from these protected areas also noted an increase in poaching activities beginning mid to late 2020 and persisting into 2021. These results add to the steadily growing literature indicating an increase in environmental crime, particularly in biodiverse nations, catalyzed by COVID-19-related economic hardships. Identifying areas where environmental crime increased during pandemic lockdowns is vital to address both socioeconomic drivers and enforcement deficiencies to prevent further biodiversity loss and disease outbreaks and to promote ecosystem resilience. Our study also demonstrates the utility of passive acoustic monitoring to detect illegal resource extraction patterns, which can inform strategies such as game theory modeling for ranger patrol circuits and placement of real-time acoustic detection technologies to monitor and mitigate environmental crimes.

Rule-breaking in terrestrial protected areas of sub-Saharan Africa: A review of drivers, deterrent measures and implications for conservation

Nature conservation relies largely on peoples' rule adherence. Nevertheless, non-compliance with regulations threatens in situ conservation in nearly every protected area (PA) and remains an intractable issue. We reviewed the available published scholarly literature on non-compliant biological resource-use in terrestrial protected areas (TPAs) of sub-Saharan Africa. The focus is on two objectives, firstly, to disentangle the complex drivers behind the various types of deviant behaviour observed in these PAs, and secondly, to assess the strategies deployed on the ground to deter such illegalities. Using 72 selected journal articles published between 2001 and 2021, we recorded nine types of deviant behaviour or illegal resource extraction that were reported. Poaching activity overshadowed all other criminal behaviours. Drivers varied according to the type of crime perpetrated or resources targeted. Poverty was the most cited driver of non-compliance, particularly for illegal bushmeat hunting. PA resentment prompted by destructive errant wildlife was almost as strong a motivation as material poverty. To deter offenders from committing a crime, a combination of interventions, i.e., law enforcement and a spectrum of non-enforcement approaches, such as Reformed Poachers Associations, long-term research sites and resource-access agreements, were deployed. Our synthesis demonstrates that the growing sub-Saharan African literature on non-compliant biological resource-use in TPAs is dominated by bushmeat poaching drivers. Other motives for PA offences by border villagers are scarcely dealt with in the peer-reviewed literature. Future studies of wildlife crime need to address PA transgression multidimensionality, not just bushmeat poaching, to reveal further drivers of transgressive behaviour and ultimately allow for evidence-informed conservation intervention design.

Human-Terrestrial Wildlife Conflict in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review

We conducted a review of 26 articles published between 2009 and 2021 to determine human-wildlife conflict based on spatial and temporal patterns, biological components, drivers of conflict, and mitigation methods used. We employed search, synthesis, appraisal, and analysis framework for review and VOSviewer software for network analysis. We included articles that only focused on relations between terrestrial wildlife and humans, while others deal with ecology, distribution, and biology of wildlife because it does not go with HWC. Forty-seven species of terrestrial vertebrates were reported in conflict-related studies, being Bovidae and Cercopithecidae the most frequently studied groups, of which eleven are found in threatened list species. The main drivers reported were land use change, proximity to protected areas, and illegal resource exploitation. In the management case, the use of traditional protection techniques such as fencing, guarding, and physical barriers was reported. About 178 keywords' analysis revealed a focus on “coexistence,” “mitigation,” and “food security.” The literature focused mainly on larger mammals, led by Ethiopian authors, and excluded the social dimensions of HWC. Therefore, identifying conflict-prone species focuses on the social dimensions of coexistence, such as human attitudes towards terrestrial wildlife, and broadening the taxonomic and cultural breadth of HWC is required.

Unbundling Property Rights among Stakeholders of Bataan Natural Park: Implications to Protected Area Governance in the Philippines

ABSTRACT Protected areas such as natural parks provide a range of ecosystem services vital to human well-being. The common-pool-resource nature of natural parks has made them susceptible to overuse and degradation, especially when property rights among multiple and varied stakeholders are not clearly defined. It is therefore imperative to analyze property rights of these stakeholders to facilitate an effective, equitable, inclusive, and sustainable natural parks’ management – an area less explored in current literature. Using Schlager and Ostrom’s framework on “bundles of rights” and based on stakeholder analysis and a perception survey conducted among 382 occupants of the Philippines’ Bataan Natural Park (BNP), we argue that a deeper understanding of the stakeholders’ property rights is an important initial step toward enhancing the governance of the country’s protected areas. Results revealed that cooperatives, associations, and the business sector have a wider range of property rights compared to the majority of the Park’s occupants based on the legal instruments awarded to them by the Philippine Government. Perceptions of non-tenured migrants, which constitute a majority of the BNP’s occupants, deviate from their actual legal rights. This disparity between perceived and actual rights contributes to problems like illegal resource extraction and land conflicts. We distilled key governance implications in the context of property rights which maybe relevant to other protected areas of similar situation.

Status of illegal resource extraction within Rwenzori Mountains National Park, Uganda: Baseline studies near four hydropower projects

AbstractIllegal resource use in protected areas is a problem for park managers. We investigated status and distribution of illegal activities inside Rwenzori Mountains National Park in areas adjacent to four sites where hydropower projects were being developed outside the park. We used in‐park plot, nonplot‐based methods and community surveys and compared findings from these with ranger patrol records of the Uganda Wildlife Authority. Seventeen kinds of illegal activities were recorded. Collection of medicinal plants and poaching were the most pervasive forms of illegal activities inside the park. Poaching exhibited significant differences (p = 0.03) across sites, and prevalence of poaching signs increased with distance from park boundary at two sites (p = 0.05). The study revealed higher levels of illegal activities than earlier recorded from ranger patrol data. Sixty‐eight per cent (68%) and 44% of the respondents reported participation in collection of medicinal plants and poaching, respectively. Ninety‐eight per cent (98%) of respondents agreed that the park is an important source for natural resources. Ranger patrols should extend further inside the park rather than near the boundaries as has been the case. The findings set a valuable benchmark for assessing the temporal and spatial variation of illegal resource extraction over the hydropower projects’ duration.

Participation in illegal harvesting of natural resources and the perceived costs and benefits of living within a protected area

In this study, we tested a novel approach for indirectly detecting participation of the local population in illegal harvesting of Protected Areas (PAs) natural resources and its spatial distribution. The research was conducted in the Niassa National Reserve (NNR), the third-largest PA in Africa, and included a face-to-face survey to 339 households. The householders were asked about the importance of several threats to biodiversity conservation, including any illegal harvesting in which they may be involved. Non-recognition of these illegal activities as relevant threats to biodiversity is interpreted as likely indication household involvement in these activities. We also gathered evidence to support our inferences of participation in illegal resource harvesting, based on the respondents' perceptions of costs and benefits of living within the Protected Area (PA) and their opinions about conservation measures under implementation. The results showed that households that are more likely involved in illegal activities are poor, less educated, and mostly located near to the PA borders, where they bear higher costs while receiving fewer benefits than others of living in the interior of the NNR. Village respondents were more likely to admit participating in activities that they need to conduct to cope with their daily needs, activities not generally considered as a serious infraction by park authorities.

Land use in Brazilian continental wetland Ramsar sites

Wetlands are systems of high biological diversity, productivity, and high economic and social importance to mankind. Despite its importance, wetlands are very threatened by human activities. World-wide, wetlands receive international recognition since 1971 by the Ramsar Convention. Guidelines adopted by Brazil to include its wetlands into the Ramsar List require that Ramsar sites are legally protected. This work analyses the main environmental pressures in the inner and surrounding areas of the 19 Brazilian inland Ramsar sites. Results show that wetland habitats are relatively well conserved in the inner areas of the 19 Ramsar sites. The proportion of natural landscape between the surrounding areas of Ramsar sites varies broadly (between 20 % and 99 %). Low anthropic disturbance inside of Ramsar sites suggests that external human pressures have not affected yet core areas of Ramsar sites. Brazilian guidelines to establish Ramsar sites only in protected areas has been very effective in Brazil, despite the many environmental pressures of protected areas, such as invasion by exotic species, tenure, human occupation, exploitation of illegal resources, etc.

Prioritizing management strategies to achieve multiple outcomes in a globally significant Indonesian protected area

AbstractThe multiple values delivered by protected areas around the world are threatened and in decline. We propose a structured decision science prioritization approach for justifying and guiding increased investments in protected area management to improve outcomes for a suite of important values. Using Bali's only national park, Taman Nasional Bali Barat (TNBB) as a case study, we draw from existing park documentation and 80 participating experts in TNBB's ecology, society and management to define goals that describe a successful outcome for nine core values of the park: threatened species, ecosystem function, ecosystem habitats, scientific research, food and health, spiritual values, traditional fishing, community prosperity, and ecotourism. Participants estimated that without increased investment, the extent of goal achievement is likely to be below 30% for all values at the end of the 15‐year planning time frame. However, implementing nine strategies, at an increased annual investment of 5.5 billion Indonesian rupiah (US$385,666) per year, would achieve the goals for all values. The most cost‐effective strategies were predicted to be collaboration and planning, monitoring and managing invasive species, followed by establishing and using a research and management fund, adapting to climate change, managing illegal resource use, waste and human impacts, as well as improving the captive breeding program for the iconic and critically endangered bird, curik Bali. Our approach may be useful for systematically comparing costed sets of management investments in other conservation areas worldwide.

After the ICC Office of the Prosecutor\u2019s 2016 Policy Paper on Case Selection and Prioritisation: Towards an International Crime of Ecocide?

The 2016 Office of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (ICC) policy paper on case selection and prioritization is a significant development in that it highlights the possible role of the ICC in prosecuting environmental damage, illegal natural resource exploitation and land grabbing. For obvious reasons, however, the ICC Office of the Prosecutor policy paper could not expand the court’s current jurisdiction over ecocide which is dependent on a formal amendment to the ICC Statute and the policy paper is only an internal policy document. But more fundamentally it has been predicted that the 2016 ICC Office of the Prosecutor may signify the revitalization of the debate on how an international crime of ecocide could be conceptualised under international law and ultimately whether the ICC should have a broader jurisdiction over ecocide. This article aims to critically evaluate how a crime of ecocide could be conceptualised under international law, as well as to assess the limitations of conceptualising ecocide based on the narrow definition of the existing crimes under the ICC Statute. Moreover, this article aims to critically evaluate developments in past three and half years following the adoption 2016 OTP Policy Paper, and notes that the practice of the OTP in dealing with recent national communications and the ICC case law itself to date have not signified a considerable shift in interpreting the law in cases involving environmental damage, illegal natural resources exploitation and land grabbing. Therefore, they have done little so far to clarify the scope of the court’s existing jurisdiction over “ecocide”.

Secure Computing Resource Allocation Framework For Open Fog Computing

AbstractFog computing has become an emerging environment that provides data storage, computing and some other services on the edge of network. It not only can acquire data from terminal devices, but also can provide computing services to users by opening computing resources. Compared with cloud computing, fog devices can collaborate to provide users with powerful computing services through resource allocation. However, as many of fog devices are not monitored, there are some security problems. For example, since fog server processes and maintains user information, device information, task parameters and so on, fog server is easy to perform illegal resource allocation for extra benefits. In this paper, we propose a secure computing resource allocation framework for open fog computing. In our scheme, the fog server is responsible for processing computing requests and resource allocations, and the cloud audit center is responsible for auditing the behaviors of the fog servers and fog nodes. Based on the proposed security framework, our proposed scheme can resist the attack of single malicious node and the collusion attack of fog server and computing devices. Furthermore, the experiments show our proposed scheme is efficient. For example, when the number of initial idle service devices is 40, the rejection rate of allocated tasks is 10% and the total number of sub-tasks is changed from 150 to 200, the total allocation time of our scheme is only changed from 15 ms to 25 ms; additionally, when the task of 5000 order matrix multiplication is tested on 10 service devices, the total computing time of our scheme is $\sim$250 s, which is better than that of single computer (where single computer needs more than 1500 s). Therefore, our proposed scheme has obvious advantages when it faces some tasks that require more computational cost, such as complex scientific computing, distributed massive data query, distributed image processing and so on.

Population Status, Habitat Use of Non-human Primates and Human-Wildlife Conflict in Zengmewerweria Forest Area, Ankober District, North-eastern Ethiopia

Threats to the survival of wild primate population have greatly increased. Most primate populations today face ongoing habitat disturbance, yet not all species respond to disturbance the same way, while many primate species experience declines in population density. There is no much information on the population status and density of primates in Zengmewerweria forest area. Their for study on the Population status, density, and habitat use of non-human primates and cause of human-wildlife conflict was carried out in Zengmewerweria forest area, Ankober district, north- eastern Ethiopia conducted from September 2018 to December 2020. Aim of this study was to provide information on population status, density and habitat use of non-human primate and human-wildlife conflict in the forest. Total counting method was used to collect data on the population status of non-human primates in six counting blocks. Questionnaire and group discussion were used to collect data about human-wildlife conflict as well as to assess the attitude of society about wildlife. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. Only two species of non-human primates Grivet monkey (Chlorocebus aethiops) and Black and white colobus (Colobus guereza) were identified in the forest. The total populations of Colobus guereza were 44 and 36 individuals during the dry and wet seasons respectively. There was no significant seasonal difference between seasons (χ2=1.3, df=1, P > 0.05). Similarly the total number of grivet monkey recorded during the dry season was 140 and the wet season was 117 and there was no a significant difference in the number between seasons (χ2=2.6, df=1 P > 0.05). The average density of grivet monkey and colobus was 39.67 and 12.35 individuals per kilometer square respectively. Illegal expanding for farming and illegal resource use, loss of wildlife habitat, increasing deforestation and overgrazing were the major problems encountered in the study area. Therefore, Woreda Administration should work a lot with the community to limit negative activities and protect the Forest. Furthermore, different conservation measures should be taken to increase the number of primates.

Resources and Rape: Congo’s (toxic) Discursive Complex

Abstract:In the last decade, the rapes (of women) in, and the metaphoric raping (of natural resources) of, the Democratic Republic of Congo have received unprecedented attention from media, donors, and advocacy groups. Beginning in the early 2000s, these two narratives (the involvement of armed groups and state forces in illegal resource exploitation and the widespread prevalence of sexual violence in eastern DRC) merged to form a direct cause-consequence relationship, in which rape is framed as a tool for accessing mineral wealth. Through an analysis of media articles and reports of human rights organizations, this study traces the making of this rape-resources narrative, juxtaposing it with wider academic debates and critical scholarship. The narrative effectively focuses attention on a narrow set of actors and spaces in Congo’s conflicts, highlighting each of those actors/spaces in particular ways while obscuring the role of others. Because of this, key dynamics are missing from the narrative, such as historical context, gendered conflict dynamics, and armed group/civilian activity and mobilization, which are critical to understanding the scale and scope of violence in the region more broadly and the perpetration of instances of rape more specifically. The unraveling of the rape-resources narrative reveals its toxicity in limiting effective interventions and in closing down alternative narratives.

Displacement versus Co-existence in Human-Wildlife Conflict Zones: An Overview

Wildlife presents both a threat and a resource to humans. Protected areas offer the best protection for conserving biodiversity and ecosystems worldwide. Despite more than half protected areas around the world being established on indigenous land natives are generally prohibited official access. However, protected areas are suffering from encroachment of surrounding population and almost half of all protected areas are heavily used for agriculture. Those in the tropics especially are experiencing serious and increasing degradation from poor management of development projects, agricultural encroachment, and illegal resource use. As a result, human-wildlife conflict is a significant and growing problem around the world. The literature reviewed for this paper has been notable for its polarised assessment of the human-wildlife conflict. On one side are the biological sciences, devoted to understanding the mechanisms of biodiversity loss and its consequences for conservation. On the other side are the social scientists, concerned with livelihood issues in and outside protected areas. Cernea and Schmidt-Soltau claim that these two groups have had an unequal influence on policy, with biological sciences having devoted a “broader, deeper and more systematic research effort than the social sciences” [1:3]. To avoid some of the bias towards biological sciences present in the literature, this paper will examine the underlying conditions required for co-existence. As such, I developed the ‘human-wildlife interaction model’.

The use of geomatics techniques to evaluate crop water requirement in Mujib Basin

Geomatics was used in this paper to provide efficient tools to create maps and to perform all the necessary analysis about crops (computation of areas, discrimination of crop types etc.) in Mujib Basin (MB), in a timely and cost-effective manner which can’t be delivered using the conventional surveying technology. The use of these techniques allowed the identification and the delineation of agricultural parcels and then the computation of their areas in this basin. This leads to the production of a digital crop map. The obtained crop map beside FAO and climatic data permitted the evaluation of water requirements for crops during the intended period. This study showed the efficiency of geomatics techniques to reveal the illegal use of the underground water resources in comparing with the well production in this basin and to estimate the water requirement to irrigate all parcels during the year 2015. Significant difference between well production and water requirements for the parcels irrigated from underground water is found. This proves the use of illegal water resources for example by digging wells without permission or taking water from main pipelines before metring. This metring helps the control of the consumed water from underground reservoirs.

Video Animasi Multimedia Pembelajaran Keamanan Jaringan Komputer 2D

SMK N 1 Dumai adalah sekolah kejuruan yang memiliki berbagai macam jurusan. Salah satunya ialah Jurusan Teknik Komputer dan Jaringan (TKJ). Salah satu mata pelajaran yang dipelajari adalah Keamanan Jaringan Komputer. Keamanan Jaringan Komputer sudah mulai dipelajari oleh siswa kelas 3 tingkat sekolah menengah kejuruan jurusan TKJ, karena sangat dianggap perlu untuk dipelajari sebagai dasar untuk mengenal bagaimana memonitor akses jaringan dan mencegah penyalahgunaan sumber daya jaringan yang tidak sah. Dalam mempelajari Keamanan Jaringan Komputer siswa TKJ cenderung kesulitan memahami materi, karena guru hanya memberi penjelasan materi melalui buku. Siswa terkesan kurang paham dan jenuh dalam belajar jika hanya membaca buku dan gambar statis saja, sementara dalam pelajaran keamanan jaringan komputer perlu adanya sebuah animasi multimedia untuk lebih memperjelas isi materi pelajaran. Penelitian ini dibangun dengan mengadopsi metodologi penelitian Luther dengan tahapan penelitian pengonsepan, perancangan, pengumpulan bahan, pembuatan, pengujian, penyimpanan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah membuat video animasi multimedia pembelajaran Keamanan Jaringan Komputer berbasis 2D. Aplikasi ini diharapkan untuk mempermudah pihak pengajar dalam memperjelas isi materi dan membuat siswa lebih paham dan termotivasi untuk belajar.