Illegal Operations Research Articles

Awareness of Custom Officers on Counterfeit Pharmaceutical Products And The Roles Of Pharmacy Enforcement Officers

Background: Counterfeit pharmaceutical products (CPP) is a lucrative business for illegal operators who constantly try to smuggle their products into Malaysia. Full understanding of the roles and duties of pharmacy enforcement division as well as CPP by Royal Malaysian Custom (RMC) officers are pre-emptive to optimize the operation against drug smuggling. Objective: This study is aimed to examine the awareness of RMC officers on CPP and the roles of Pharmacy Enforcement Division (PED) officers at custom ports. Methods: A self-administered structured questionnaire was developed based on the review of relevant Acts and Guidelines. The questionnaire was reviewed by 4 key officers and pre-tested. Stratified purposeful sampling was adopted to recruit RMC officers who worked at 16 custom ports in Sarawak where PED officers were stationed. Ethics approval and permission to collect data were obtained prior to data collection. Results: A total of 110 RMC respondents (48.9% response rate) were sampled. As a whole, the mean scores of awareness level towards CPP and the roles of PED officers are satisfactory at 4.12 ( ± SD 0.967) and 4.21 ( ± SD 0.785) respectively. RMC officers who have worked for more than 10 years are significantly having greater awareness towards CPP as compared to those who have worked for 10 years or less. Conclusion: This study reveals that the awareness of RMC officers towards CPP and the roles of PED officers are sufficient to curb the entering of CPP through the collaboration of PED officers. However, the awareness program for the RMC officers who have less experience is necessary to reinforce their understanding of CPP. Key words: Awareness, Counterfeit Pharmaceutical Products, Pharmacy Enforcement Division, Royal Malaysian Custom Officer.

A Security Audit Module for HBase

NoSQL databases provide us with highly available and highly scalable data storage solutions. During the operation on huge amounts of data, security issues have become more and more important. Security audit is an important feature for NoSQL database security. An audit module will monitor and record users’ accessing activity on the database. Thus we can identify risks such as illegal operations, right violation, etc. We designed a security audit module to enhance security for HBase. We get accessing information by defining hook function in coprocessor. Then we implement a flexible set of rules to filter logs. The evaluation shows that the system can record required accessing information thus improves security of HBase.

Demonetization Decision: A Review of Unprecedented Orderliness of 8/11

Modi's Demonetization is a short term pain for long term gain, the 8/11 master stroke or surgical strike on black money is a change in the Indian Economy. Bigger/higher denomination notes are the root cause for black money in the country and are predominantly used either by tax evaders or worse by financers or illegal operations such as drug trading and terrorist activities. Though there may be initial discomfort and inconvenience this is not the end, this is not a full stop, but a war against black money: agony, ecstasy and the queues. It is an innovative thought and the Prime Minister seems eager to ensure that it gets implemented the right way and this decision will change the way the next generation sees the system, this change is going to be historical (His Story). Thus, this paper brings a review of demonetization decision and highlight that this decision will have a positive long-term impact on the economy.

A genetic algorithm-based framework for wavelength selection on sample categorization.

In forensic and pharmaceutical scenarios, the application of chemometrics and optimization techniques has unveiled common and peculiar features of seized medicine and drug samples, helping investigative forces to track illegal operations. This paper proposes a novel framework aimed at identifying relevant subsets of attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) wavelengths for classifying samples into two classes, for example authentic or forged categories in case of medicines, or salt or base form in cocaine analysis. In the first step of the framework, the ATR-FTIR spectra were partitioned into equidistant intervals and the k-nearest neighbour (KNN) classification technique was applied to each interval to insert samples into proper classes. In the next step, selected intervals were refined through the genetic algorithm (GA) by identifying a limited number of wavelengths from the intervals previously selected aimed at maximizing classification accuracy. When applied to Cialis®, Viagra®, and cocaine ATR-FTIR datasets, the proposed method substantially decreased the number of wavelengths needed to categorize, and increased the classification accuracy. From a practical perspective, the proposed method provides investigative forces with valuable information towards monitoring illegal production of drugs and medicines. In addition, focusing on a reduced subset of wavelengths allows the development of portable devices capable of testing the authenticity of samples during police checking events, avoiding the need for later laboratorial analyses and reducing equipment expenses. Theoretically, the proposed GA-based approach yields more refined solutions than the current methods relying on interval approaches, which tend to insert irrelevant wavelengths in the retained intervals. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The Market for Human Smuggling into Europe: A Macro Perspective

The public discourse on human smuggling into the European Union often evokes the presence of a few all-powerful ‘Mr Bigs’ who are able to ‘mastermind’ illegal operations. This article takes a closer look at the recent trends in relation to two key smuggling routes—the Eastern and the Central Mediterranean—with the aim to identify the analytical and empirical features of the markets for smuggling services. It shows that these markets have the ability to expand considerably and often over a short period of time. It then argues that this is consistent with the presence of many competitive enterprises, low barriers to entry, low skills and (relatively) low capital requirements. This is a far cry from how the public discourse is often framed. The costs to the smugglers of monitoring agents and clients are also likely to be modest—particularly in comparison with human trafficking. The article concludes by discussing some policy implications, including the adoption of land-based policies (regarded as more effective than naval operations) and a suggestion for a change in the terminology adopted in policy and intelligence reports.

Crisis and Reform: The 1893 Demise of Banca Romana

More than a century later, the Banca Romana crisis still provides useful insights on the challenges of preserving financial stability. This paper reviews the case and discusses implications that can be relevant today. The crisis was spurred by an unsustainable credit expansion encouraged by capital inflows, which provoked an asset price bubble and other imbalances. A system of corruption and collusion with politicians and journalists enabled the bank managers to run risky and illegal operations - effectively, asset-stripping - undetected and unhindered. As a result, it would not have been easy for an observer not endowed with investigative powers to detect the mounting risks, while the government, which had these powers, failed to take action when needed and concealed critical information from the public. When the crisis erupted, its resolution was facilitated by a previous, decade-long debate on the reform of the banking system which had led to the exploration and development of possible solutions that could then be rapidly implemented.

Crisis and Reform: The 1893 Demise of Banca Romana

More than a century later, the Banca Romana crisis still provides useful insights on the challenges of preserving financial stability. This paper reviews the case and discusses implications that can be relevant today. The crisis was spurred by an unsustainable credit expansion encouraged by capital inflows, which provoked an asset price bubble and other imbalances. A system of corruption and collusion with politicians and journalists enabled the bank managers to run risky and illegal operations – effectively, asset-stripping – undetected and unhindered. As a result, it would not have been easy for an observer not endowed with investigative powers to detect the mounting risks, while the government, which had these powers, failed to take action when needed and concealed critical information from the public. When the crisis erupted, its resolution was facilitated by a previous, decade-long debate on the reform of the banking system which had led to the exploration and development of possible solutions that could then be rapidly implemented.

Beck by Mal Peet and Meg Rosoff

Reviewed by: Beck by Mal Peet and Meg Rosoff Elizabeth Bush Peet, Mal Beck; by Mal Peet and Meg Rosoff. Candlewick, 2017 [272p] ISBN 978-0-7636-7842-5 $17.99 Reviewed from galleys Ad Gr. 10 up The illegitimate product of a one-night stand between his cash-strapped white mother and a black sailor in 1907 Liverpool, Beck is orphaned at eleven. He ends up at a Christian Brothers school in Ontario, where is he raped by one of the brothers, and he’s then shipped off to farm, whose owners overwork and under-feed him. Running away from the farm, he finds temporary respite with Bone, a black man who runs rum across the Canadian border into Detroit, and his woman Irma, who involve him in the illegal operation but also offer him a first glimpse of what a stable home and a loving relationship can look like. A deal gone deadly wrong, however, puts Beck back on the road headed toward Vancouver, only to be sidetracked by a prairie storm that ultimately leads him to Grace, a half-white, half-Blackfoot woman nearly twice his age. The two are undeniably attracted to each other and whether Beck and Grace can turn their sexual magnetism into a lifelong love becomes the focus of roughly the final third of this novel. Despite the intrinsic heat of the plotline, the book surveys Beck’s tribulations with a clinical eye. Some of the harshest episodes of Beck’s life are captured in passages of stunning grace, typical of the late Peet’s writing, but the cool distance between subject and reader makes empathy difficult to achieve. Readers familiar with both Peet and Rosoff may try to puzzle out whose work is whose, but with no solid hints in [End Page 376] closing notes from Rosoff and Peet’s wife, Elspeth, the pleasure of conjecture may be as satisfying as the tale itself. Copyright © 2017 The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois

化工安全评价的剖析与初探

安全问题一直是制约化工发展的重要因素，为了从根本上阻止化工安全事故的发生，就必须对化学工业进行安全评价。化工安全评价是一个复杂、严谨的过程，为了使人们能够清晰地理解安全评价，并且准确地选择、运用安全评价方法，本文筛选出七种在化工领域广泛应用的安全评价方法，并对其进行详细的分析与总结：1) 将其分为定性、定量和混合评价法三类，全面地总结其优缺点、适用范围，并结合安全评价方法选择的五项原则对这些方法的选择进行了详细的阐述；2) 对安全评价过程进行详细地剖析，并将这七种安全评价方法在评价过程中发挥的作用进行明确地表述，以促进对安全评价方法的运用。在基础上，本文收集并选取了2010~2016年发生在我国的121例典型化工事故，并对事故原因(即危险源)及比重进行详细地分析与统计，结果发现：违章操作、设备故障、工艺缺陷、意外因素、管理漏洞是化学工业安全事故的五大危险源，将这五类危险源作为七种安全评价方法的评价对象，对其进行具体地应用划分，以加深对化工安全评价的认识。 Security issues have been an important factor which restricts the development of chemical industry. In order to fundamentally prevent the occurrence of chemical industry safety accidents, it is necessary to carry out safety evaluation of the chemical industry. Chemical industry safety evaluation is a complex and rigorous process, in order to enable people to clearly understand the safety evaluation, accurately choose and use safety evaluation methods, this paper selects seven safety evaluation methods widely used in chemical industry, and analyzes and summarizes them in detail: 1) they are classified into three categories: qualitative, quantitative and hybrid methods, and their advantages, disadvantages and application scope are summarized comprehensively. And the selection of these methods is elaborated in combination with the five principles of safety evaluation; 2) the safety evaluation process is analyzed in detail and the roles of the seven safety evaluation methods in the evaluation process are clearly expressed to promote the application of the safety evaluation method. On the basis of the above, this paper collects and selects 121 typical chemical accidents in China from 2010 to 2016, and analyzes and summarizes the accident causes (hazard sources) and the proportion. The results showed that the illegal operation, equipment failure, defects of process defects, accidental factors and management loopholes are the five dangerous sources of chemical industry safety accidents. These five types of hazard sources are used as the evaluation objects of seven safety evaluation methods, and their application is divided into three parts to deepen the understanding of chemical safety evaluation.

Treating Information as a Strategic Resource to Win the “Information War”

The United States is challenged by adversaries who seek to alter fundamentally the systemic balance of power through information-based strategies. These strategies leverage both legal and illegal operations to gain influence and control over key industries and information resource domains to constrain American freedom of action. It is a larger geoeconomic and geoinformational campaign by adversaries to harvest information in support of military, diplomatic, economic, and global political goals. To respond, the U.S. government must understand that information is a strategic resource. An American response might be to erode its competitors’ economic and informational advantages, attack their dependencies on other strategic resources, and exploit their information control systems. Cyberspace operations may provide some competitive advantage, but first they must be employed effectively. This effectiveness requires overcoming debilitating intellectual constraints and adopting new operational models.

Unlawful Occupation of State Land in Malaysia and Its Implications

This paper discusses the unlawful occupation of State land in Malaysia and its implications. This paper identifies the types and the nature of unlawful occupation of State land or Government land. The study is to provide an overview and descriptive analysis of the situation and the efforts done by the local authorities in addressing the issues. It then discusses several cases of unlawful occupation of State land by drawing examples from cases involving illegal factories and illegal farming from different states in Malaysia. Most of the illegal operators tend to occupy government land without permission of the owner i.e. the government. The study identified the main adverse effects of illegal encroachment on state land are in term of the loss of state revenue and the adverse environmental effect to the surrounding area. Cases of the illegal occupation of state land like in Cameron Highland in Pahang and Tapah in Perak have led to landslide and flood that effect the surrounding residential areas and the town of Cameron Highland1, 2. The state governments in Selangor, Perak and Pahang have applied various enforcement methods in addressing the problems. However, the issues remain unsolved as most of these activities were done in the remote location of rural and forest areas. It is hoped that the discussion will provide positive input in providing some guidelines and solution to the issue of illegal encroachment on state land in Malaysia.

The Reasons of Integrity Deficiency of Social Insurance in China

Social insurance is often plagued by moral risk in the process of implementation. The emergence of moral risk aggravates the contradiction between supply and demand of social insurance fund, raises the cost of enterprise, increases the financial burden of the government, and affects the reputation of the social insurance system. Moral risk is mainly manifested as the misappropriation, illegal operation of social security funds, and social security violations occurring frequently. As the main part of the social security system, the enterprises have the phenomenon of evading the social security fee. What’s more, there is also a moral risk problem in the field of social health insurance. Social integrity based on private relations has been hardly to meet the needs of social development, while social integrity based on mechanism perfection has not been established yet; the Chinese society is experiencing an integrity crisis. Therefore, it is of great theoretical and significance to research and establish a practicable system of social insurance. Based on the present situation in China, this paper analyzes the root of integrity deficiency in China’s social insurance, and puts forward the corresponding policy recommendations and countermeasures.

基于驾驶员身份认证的车载酒精检测系统设计

近年来，我国机动车数量快速增长，交通事故成为危害公众安全的重要因素。事故成因包括超速、酒驾、疲劳驾驶等。本设计以单片机为控制核心，结合非接触式IC卡技术、GSM技术、传感器技术以及CAN总线技术，研究设计了一套基于驾驶员身份认证的酒精检测系统，通过IC卡绑定驾驶员与驾驶行为，通过酒精传感器对驾驶员入驾状态进行检测，根据检测结果进行预警，降低涉酒类交通事故的发生率。 In recent years, with the rapid growing of the quantity of motor vehicles in China, the traffic accident has become an important factor endangering the public security. The accident causes mainly include speeding, drunk driving and fatigue driving. The research shows that enhancing superintendency strength can effectively reduce the illegal operations of drivers. With the single chip processor as the core, combining with contactless IC card technology, GSM technology, sensor technology and controller area network bus technology, the study designs a set of the responsibility identification of driving system, which binds drivers and driving behavior through the IC card, automatically monitoring the driver status by using alcohol sensor before driving. According to the results of the detection, it gives the warning, and reduces the incidence of traffic accidents.

Evaluating and Improving the Effectiveness of Vehicle Inspection and Maintenance Programs: A Cost-Benefit Analysis Framework

Motor vehicle inspection and maintenance (I/M) programs are designed to identify high-emitting vehicles and mitigate their impacts on air quality and climate. I/M programs have been traditionally ranked superior among various vehicle emission control measures by the results of cost-benefit analysis, based on the assumption that these programs will achieve the targeted emission reduction outcomes. However, the actual effects of I/M programs may be greatly uncertain and when this uncertainty is taken into account, these programs may become suboptimal. This study develops a new a cost-benefit analysis framework that links various program design consideration, such as program participation rate, identification rate and effective repair rate, to the public health benefits as well as costs of the programs. This framework helps decision makers to investigate minimum implementation requirements that at least ensure the benefits are greater than the costs of implementing the programs in order to improve the overall effectiveness of the I/M programs. To illustrate the applications of the framework, it was applied to a particulate matter oriented I/M program targeting all diesel-fueled vehicles in the city of Bangkok, Thailand, a large metropolitan area that has been suffering from severe ambient PM pollution mainly attributable to its wide use of diesel-fueled vehicles and motorcycles. It was found that the health benefits achieved from the program are sensitive to several key program design elements, including participation rate and problem vehicle identification rate, fraction of effective repairs and illegal operation rate. Other variables, such as the testing cut-points and vehicle population growth rate, only have modest effects on the overall emission reduction and consequent health benefits. Overall, the performance of multiple variables associated with I/M program design needs to be improved simultaneous in order to achieve the targeted benefits of the program.

호흡용 고압용기 파열 피해영향 분석에 따른 안전충전함 개발

소방서, 스쿠버 등 공기호흡기 용기 충전시설의 고압가스안전관리법에 따른 허가 또는 신고를 하지 않고 운영하고 있으며, 시설개선 및 공기호흡기 충전중 사고발생에 따른 안전관리가 필요하다. 정부에서는 불법운영 해소를 위해 노력하고 있으며, 고압으로 인한 위험으로부터 안전거리와 방호벽 설치와 동등이상의 안전성을 확보하기 위한 방법으로 안전충전함을 설치하여 운용하는 방법을 대안으로 제시하였다. 방호벽 설치기준을 갈음할 수 있는 안전충전함은 용기파열 시 순간 과압이 원만하게 분산될 수 있는 내부구조를 가져야 하며, 파편이 분산하는 것을 최소화 하고 모든 파편의 외부 비산을 방지하고, 외부로 방출되는 과압이 작업자가 위치하지 않은 곳(상부 및 하부)으로 분출되도록 하여 방호벽의 성능을 갖추도록 하여야 한다. 본 연구에서는 압축공기의 물리적 폭발에 따른 피해 영향을 계산하고, 실제 충전함 시제품을 제작하여 시험용 용기를 가스로 파열시키는 파열시험으로 안전충전함의 외함변화를 관찰 한 결과, 공기 배출구조설계 등을 통하여 안전충전함 내부의 과압을 해소할 수 있음을 확인 하였다. A fire station and scuba have operated filling facilities for respiratory high-pressure cylinder without getting authority or reporting according to High-Pressure Gas Safety Control Act. They need facility improvement and special management to make provision for the time of accident during filling process. The Government have strived to correct illegal operations and suggested an alternative, establishing and operating the safety cabinet. It insures a safety being distance from danger caused by overpressure and a safety provoked by the protective wall equals or superiors. The safety cabinet is required to have an internal structure that smoothly distribute overpressure at the time of rupture. Plus, it needs to minimize fragments. It is also equipped with the performance of protective wall that makes overpressure to outside vent on the place where there is no person (top or bottom). This study calculated the consequence of physical explosion damage and built a prototype of safety cabinet. In addition, through the gas burst test, it derives for the ways to mitigate the physical explosion damage.

중국 어선의 불법조업에 대한 우리나라 수산자원의 보호방안

Today, all the countries of the world newly recognize importance of sea, which are focused on efforts for security of marine territory and fishes resources. Many of the coastal state, to strengthen the rights of their own country EEZ, marine survey and continental shelf development, travels through such maritime jurisdiction in the territorial sovereignty and the EEZ overlaps, deepening complex interests between neighboring countries cooperation activities of the fierce competition, the domestic and foreign been has been carried out. Under such circumstances, is devastated coastal of China, our territorial waters and EEZ has been violated more and more, in spite of the powerful crackdown maritime public power, illegal fishing more resistance intensified. They tend to be gradually organization, collectivization and atrocities. Currently, illegal fishing of Chinese fishing boats in the West Sea of Korea, including the waters near Yeonpyeong Island is prevalent as operating in the coast of the country. Furthermore regrettable one is illegal on a scale and the situation where South Korea of scale of damage caused by it have not been accurately grasp of the operation, but that there is damage of Korea official duty enforcement to crack down the increase to illegal operations year after year have occurred. Violent, illegal fishing of Chinese fishing boats, in order to eradicate the operations of insane at our sea, we investigated to the infringement situations of fisheries resources by multiple fields. each of problems presenting a specific preservation plan in accordance with the function and role of the maritime enforcement organization and other government organization the point. at the same time we will try to seek measures such as a scheme that it is possible to increase the capacity.

Low-Altitude Unmanned Aerial Vehicles-Based Internet of Things Services: Comprehensive Survey and Future Perspectives

Recently, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), or drones, have attracted a lot of attention, since they represent a new potential market. Along with the maturity of the technology and relevant regulations, a worldwide deployment of these UAVs is expected. Thanks to the high mobility of drones, they can be used to provide a lot of applications, such as service delivery, pollution mitigation, farming, and in the rescue operations. Due to its ubiquitous usability, the UAV will play an important role in the Internet of Things (IoT) vision, and it may become the main key enabler of this vision. While these UAVs would be deployed for specific objectives (e.g., service delivery), they can be, at the same time, used to offer new IoT value-added services when they are equipped with suitable and remotely controllable machine type communications (MTCs) devices (i.e., sensors, cameras, and actuators). However, deploying UAVs for the envisioned purposes cannot be done before overcoming the relevant challenging issues. These challenges comprise not only technical issues, such as physical collision, but also regulation issues as this nascent technology could be associated with problems like breaking the privacy of people or even use it for illegal operations like drug smuggling. Providing the communication to UAVs is another challenging issue facing the deployment of this technology. In this paper, a comprehensive survey on the UAVs and the related issues will be introduced. In addition, our envisioned UAV-based architecture for the delivery of UAV-based value-added IoT services from the sky will be introduced, and the relevant key challenges and requirements will be presented.

Oil palm–community conflict mapping in Indonesia: A case for better community liaison in planning for development initiatives

Conflict between large-scale oil-palm producers and local communities is widespread in palm-oil producer nations. With a potential doubling of oil-palm cultivation in Indonesia in the next ten years it is likely that conflicts between the palm-oil industry and communities will increase. We develop and apply a novel method for understanding spatial patterns of oil-palm related conflicts. We use a unique set of conflict data derived through systematic searches of online data sources and local newspaper reports describing recent oil-palm land-use related conflicts for Indonesian Borneo, and combine these data with 43 spatial environmental and social variables using boosted regression tree modelling. Reports identified 187 villages had reported conflict with oil-palm companies. Spatial patterns varied with different types of conflict. Forest-dependent communities were more likely to strongly oppose oil-palm establishment because of their negative perception of oil-palm development on the environment and their own livelihoods. Conflicts regarding land boundary disputes, illegal operations by companies, perceived lack of consultation, compensation and broken promises by companies were more associated with communities that have lower reliance on forests for livelihoods, or are located in regions that have undergone or are undergoing forest transformation to oil-palm or industrial-tree-plantations. A better understanding of the characteristics of communities and areas where different types of conflicts have occurred is a fundamental step in generating hypotheses about why certain types of conflict occur in certain locations. Insights from such research can help inform land use policy, planning and management to achieve more sustainable and equitable development. Our results can also assist certification bodies (e.g. the Roundtable for Sustainable Palm Oil-RSPO, and the Indonesian and Malaysian versions, ISPO and MSPO), non-government-organisations, government agencies and other stakeholders to more effectively target mediation efforts to reduce the potential for conflict arising in the future.

INEFFICIENCY OF FORESTRY REGULATIONS AND MANAGEMENT APPLICABILITY ON ROSEWOOD (DALBERGIA. SPP) EXPLOITATION IN MADAGASCAR: CASE STUDY OF MAROJEJY AND MASOALA NATIONAL PARKS

INTRODUCTION:Madagascar possesses a land of exceptional endemism for flora and fauna representing 90% of its whole wildlife, which can be considered as one of the highest rates in the world (Annik Schnitzler, 2015). By the splendor of its ecosystem, Madagascar was once called the Green Island. But this name is now changed into the so-called Red Island' because of the pressure of population on the environment (Bernard Moizo, 2011). One aspect of that pressure is the illegal exploitation of precious wood, rosewood and ebony. The rosewood known under the scientific name Dalbergia of Madagascar (Dalbergia. spp), for decades has become the main target of illegal operations. This rosewood belongs to the rainforest type. Rosewood has a lot of function; among the others, it represents the place where animals like Simpona, Indri Indri and many others dwell. Therefore, it is practically important to protect and preserve it against illegal activities, especially if it is associated with World Heritage areas, namely Marojejy and Masoala National Parks (NPs).Derek S. and Porter P. Lowry II acknowledge an increase rate of illegal logging in the SAVA region, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, where abundant rosewood has been exploited and exported for the last decade ( Derek S. and Porter P. Lowry II, 2009). Confiscated wood has been apprehended in both protected areas of Marojejy and Masoala as suggested by various tangible evidences. (Patel, 2007). Besides, poor local people in the vicinity of the parks as well as several well-organized criminal networks have unceasingly seized on forests exploitation (Derek Schuurman and Porter P. Lowry II, 2009). It is illegal because the illegal logging is defined as the harvest, transport, sale or purchase of timber in contravention to national laws (John Innes, 2010). The Malagasy Law No. 97-017 of 8 August 1997 revising forest legislation has clearly cited in article 17 that, strict nature reserves, national parks, special reserves and protected forests in respect of international conventions as well as land and water areas defined in Article 2 are not likely to distraction (Ministry of Water and Forests, 2015) whereas the logging in question is operated inside the PAs. Environmental Investigation Agency and Global Witness has discovered the illegal harvest of rosewood is about 100 to 200 trees per day in northern Madagascar, according to the survey conducted in 2009 (Global Witness and Environmental Investigation Agency, 2009).This means that these woods are from Marojejy and Masoala, and also from the place around the sites. Thousands of trees are cut illegally, and tons of timbers are exported outside the country in the same way. According to the Ministry of Water and Forest, between 87% of the exploited forests, 60% is for the rosewood only (Brodbeck, 1999 cited in Randriamalala and Zhou). Currently, Madagascar is already suffering serious land degradation due to illegal operations inspite of the presentt laws in vigor governing the protection of forest. Since 2009, rosewood trafficking has never ceased growing. The number of exploiters increases, for instance, in 2009, operators were in total of 13, but in 2012, that number has increased from 19 to 103, or 542% (Hery F. Randriamalala, 2013). The vast majority of rosewood exploitation source, representing 98,5% of them are considered as illegal, according to Rakotondramanga, 2002, while Jerome Ballet et al. 2010, shared the same views emphasizing to an extreme but chaotic illegal exploition of such invaluble wood since the year 2009. Therefore, this present study aimed to, firstly, analyze the reason why the forestry regulation and management policies on rosewood trees are not effective and stop the problems of forest harvesting in Madagascar. Secondly, it proposes recommendations on how to protect the Protected Areas (PAs) of Marojejy and Masoala from illegal logging.MATERIALS AND METHODS:DATA COLLECTION:The data was collected in Madagascar. …

Development of Maritime Governmental Power for National Security and Public Safety - Focus on the Illegal Operation of Chinese Fishing Boats -

Development of Maritime Governmental Power for National Security and Public Safety - Focus on the Illegal Operation of Chinese Fishing Boats -