호흡용 고압용기 파열 피해영향 분석에 따른 안전충전함 개발

Butterfly eyespot color patterns have been studied using several different approaches, including applications of physical damage to the forewing. Here, damage and distortion experiments were performed, focusing on the hindwing eyespots of the blue pansy butterfly Junonia orithya. Physical puncture damage with a needle at the center of the eyespot reduced the eyespot size. Damage at the eyespot outer rings not only deformed the entire eyespot, but also diminished the eyespot core disk size, despite the distance from the damage site to the core disk. When damage was inflicted near the eyespot, the eyespot was drawn toward the damage site. The induction of an ectopic eyespot-like structure and its fusion with the innate eyespots were observed when damage was inflicted in the background area. When a small stainless ball was placed in close proximity to the eyespot using the forewing-lift method, the eyespot deformed toward the ball. Taken together, physical damage and distortion elicited long-range inhibitory, drawing (attracting), and inducing effects, suggesting that the innate and induced morphogenic signals travel long distances and interact with each other. These results are consistent with the distortion hypothesis, positing that physical distortions of wing tissue contribute to color pattern determination in butterfly wings.

ObjectiveThe light-curing unit (LCU) has become a vital piece of dental equipment that must be correctly maintained. This study investigated the impact of contamination and physical damage to the light tip on the power and radiant emittance values from old and new LCUs.Materials and methodsTwo investigators assessed 200 LCUs in dental clinics. The extent of contamination and physical damage to the light-curing unit (LCU) tips was recorded using a scale ranging from 0 to 8, where 0 indicates the absence of damage or contamination, and 8 represents severe damage or contamination. Then, the radiant emittance and power values of the LCU tip were measured using a digital radiometer (Bluephase meter II; Ivoclar, Schaan, Liechtenstein). LCUs that were more than five years old were classified as old. Spearman correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between the condition of the LCU and radiant emittance/power (p = 0.05).ResultsThere were no significant differences in the percent reduction of the power and radiant emittance from the values reported by the manufacturers, as well as the presence of contamination or physical damage scores between old and relatively new light-curing tips (p > 0.05). The mean ± standard deviation percentage reductions in power and radiant emittance from the manufacturer’s stated values were 19.2 ± 17.63% and 3.9 ± 16.49%, respectively. Contamination and physical damage had significant positive correlations with the reduction in the power (r = 0.22070, p = 0.0017 and r = 0.27422, p < 0.0001, respectively) and the reduction in the radiant emittance (r = 0.28626, p < 0.0001 and r = 0.36650, p < 0.0001). Increased contamination and physical damage scores corresponded to greater percent reductions in the power and radiant emittance (p < 0.05).ConclusionsContamination and physical damage to the LCU can negatively impact the light output from LCUs.Clinical relevanceTo ensure optimal performance, dentists should regularly monitor the output of their LCUs and examine the devices for any signs of physical damage or contamination.

ABSTRACTOil‐infused elastomers have shown promise as anti‐icing coatings, but their softness has led to durability concerns. The effect of damage is investigated to study the resilience of the icephobicity of silicone elastomer coatings with and without oil infusion. Physical damage is applied to specimens by abrading with grit paper or cutting with a scalpel. Surface characterization reveals morphological changes in the coatings due to damage and de‐icing on the surfaces, along with changes in the static water contact angle. Abrasion of the surfaces does not overwhelmingly or universally worsen the ice adhesion strength. Some damage even lowers the ice adhesion strength, possibly due to Cassie–Baxter wetting. However, it decreases the average freezing time. Cutting causes accelerated deterioration to ice adhesion strength and worsens freezing time. Though damage to the oil‐infused coatings is greater, changes in icephobicity are similar to coatings without oil infusion. Re‐coating is an effective method of repairing even severely damaged surfaces and recovering icephobicity. We show oil‐infused elastomers have durable icephobicity and are effective anti‐icing coatings.

NMR imaging was used to nondestructively measure transient moisture profiles during the drying of an ear of sweet com. Two-dimensional proton density images were measured, transient moisture profiles were determined, and shrinkage was measured from the proton densitiesAn interactive computer program was used to examine the effect of physical damage, hybrid, and weather conditions on dry matter loss during drying of 22% m.c. (wet basis) shelled corn with air at ambient conditions. Simulations used official weather data for October and November of 1969, 1975, and 1977 for locations in southwest, central, and northeast Indiana. Multipliers corrected allowable storage time for differences in grain damage and hybrid resistance to storage mold. Regardless of location or physical damage level, dry matter losses (DMLs) of the hybrids resistant to mold growth were con-sistently 30 to 40% lower than DMLs for susceptible hybrids. When 45% of the kernels had damage to the pericarp or were broken, there was 2.0 to 2.3 times the DML in the top layer of com as there was when 15% had damage. The effect of damage was slightly greater in hybrids susceptible to mold invasion. Hybrid storage mold resistance had approximately the same effect as changing the percentage of damaged kernels from 45% to 30%. Allowable storage time was influenced by both corn temperature and drying time. For the location-year combinations studied, average wet bulb depression during the drying period was a good indicator of time required to dry and average wet bulb temperature was a good indicator of potential for DML. These two factors can be used to interpret the influence of weather on differences in damage and hybrid resistance. Minimum deterioration of the top layer occurred when the average wet bulb temperature was relatively low and the average wet bulb depression was large. The increase in DML for a good year versus a bad year was equivalent to changing kernel damage from 30% to 45%..

Strong hurricane winds often cause severe infrastructure damage and pose social and economic consequences in coastal communities. In the context of community resilience planning, estimating such impacts can facilitate developing more risk-informed mitigation plans in the community of interest. This study presents a new framework for synthetically simulating scenario-hurricane winds using a parametric wind field model for predicting community-level building damage, direct economic loss, and social consequences. The proposed synthetic scenario approach uses historical hurricane data and adjusts its original trajectory to create synthetic change scenarios and estimates peak gust wind speed at the location of each building. In this research, a stochastic damage simulation algorithm is applied to assess the buildings’ physical damage. The algorithm assigns a damage level to each building using the corresponding damage-based fragility functions, predicted maximum gust speed at the building’s location, and a randomly generated number. The monetary loss to the building inventory due to its physical damage is determined using FEMA’s direct loss ratios and buildings’ replacement costs considering uncertainty. To assess the social impacts of the physical damage exposure, three likely post-disaster social disruptions are measured, including household dislocation, employment disruption, and school closures. The framework is demonstrated by its application to the hurricane-prone community of Onslow County, North Carolina. The novel contribution of the developed framework, aside from the introduced approach for spatial predicting hurricane-induced wind hazards, is its ability to illuminate some aspects of the social consequences of substantial physical damages to the building inventory in a coastal community due to the hurricane-induced winds. These advancements enable community planners and decision-makers to make more risk-informed decisions for improving coastal community resilience.

Summary of: The effect of disposable infection control barriers and physical damage on the power output of light curing units and light curing tips

Hydrogen gas storage place has been increasing daily because of its consumption. Hydrogen gas is a dream fuel of the future with many social, economic and environmental benefits to its credit. However, many hydrogen storage tanks exploded accidentally and significantly lost the economy, infrastructure, and living beings. In this study, a protection wall under a worst-case scenario explosion of a hydrogen gas tank was analyzed with commercial software LS-DYNA. TNT equivalent method was used to calculate the weight of TNT for Hydrogen. Reinforced concrete and composite protection wall under TNT explosion was analyzed with a different distance of TNT. The initial dimension of the reinforced concrete protection wall was taken from the Korea gas safety code book (KGS FP217) and studied the various condition. H-beam was used to make the composite protection wall. Arbitrary-Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) simulation from LS-DYNA and ConWep pressure had a good agreement. Used of the composite structure had a minimum displacement than a normal reinforced concrete protection wall. During the worst-case scenario explosion of a hydrogen gas 300 kg storage tank, the minimum distance between the hydrogen gas tank storage and protection wall should be 3.6 m.

While nanoparticles exert bactericidal effects through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the processes of the internalization of and the direct physical damage caused by iron oxide nanoparticles are not completely clear. We hypothesize that direct physical or mechanical damage of the cell membrane and cytoplasmic integrity by nanoparticles is another major cause of bacterial death besides ROS. The aim of this study is to investigate the process of the internalization of iron oxide nanoparticles, and to evaluate the effect of direct physical or mechanical damage on bacterial cell growth and death. The results demonstrate that iron oxide nanoparticles not only inhibited E. coli cell growth, but also caused bacterial cell death. Iron oxide nanoparticles produced significantly elevated ROS levels in bacteria. Transmission electronic microscopy demonstrated that iron oxide nanoparticles were internalized into and condensed the cytoplasm. Strikingly, we observed that the internalized nanoparticles caused intracellular vacuole formation, instead of simply adsorbing thereon; and formed clusters on the bacterial surface and tore up the outer cell membrane to release cytoplasm. This is the first time that the exact process of the internalization of iron oxide nanoparticles has been observed. We speculate that the intracellular vacuole formation and direct physical or mechanical damage caused by the iron oxide nanoparticles caused the bactericidal effect, along with the effects of ROS.

Summary This paper addresses the combined effect of formation damage and non-Darcy flow in naturally fractured reservoirs using simplified analytical solutions and a 2D numerical simulator. Pressure drawdown, buildup, and isochronal tests simulated in this work indicate that, despite high fracture permeability, skin damage may accentuate the non-Darcy flow effect and drastically influence pressure-transient characteristics of low-pressure, naturally fractured reservoirs. In high-pressure reservoirs, this effect is significant only at high rates. Non-Darcy flow does not usually mask the typical pressure-transient characteristics of dual-porosity and dual-permeability reservoirs, but the conventional interpretation of the early-time data may lead to erroneous results. If the exponent, n, of the isochronal tests approaches 0.5 while the matrix permeability is low and flow rate is rather high, this would indicate the predominance of fracture flow. Under these conditions, small contributions from skin damage may greatly reduce gas-well performance in naturally fractured reservoirs. Introduction High velocity flow through porous media and fractures causes a higher pressure drop than predicted by the Darcy equation. This phenomenon, generally referred to as non-Darcy flow, was first described by Forchheimer (1901). Since then, it has been well established that the main variables that affect non-Darcy flow are the velocity, density, and saturation of the fluid and the permeability and porosity of the reservoir. Reservoir properties may be correlated to a single parameter, known as the non-Darcy flow coefficient, beta. Very little is known about the effect of other parameters, such as physical skin damage, on non-Darcy flow and their consequences in well performance. In fact, a recent literature review on non-Darcy flow by Li and Engler (2001a) indicates that most of the work has been focused on finding an accurate correlation for the non-Darcy flow coefficient, beta. There is also the issue of non-Darcy flow in dual-porosity and dual-permeability reservoirs, where high local velocities are prominent in the fractures. This paper pertains specifically to this issue. In general, the lower the formation permeability, the greater the non-Darcy pressure gradient. Formation damage in the near-wellbore region causes a drastic reduction in formation permeability, which potentially could be even more prominent in naturally fractured reservoirs. Thus, a greater non-Darcy flow effect could result in the wellbore region of a dual-porosity reservoir. The literature explaining the combined effect of physical damage and non-Darcy flow in single-porosity reservoirs is abundant (Berumen-C. et al. 1989; Camacho-V. et al. 1993; Fligelman et al. 1981); however, there is little information about such effects in dual-porosity and dual-permeability reservoirs. A finite-difference, 2D simulator in cylindrical coordinates was constructed to simulate pressure-drawdown and -buildup tests. By analyzing the simulated pressure drawdown and buildup tests, it was possible to decipher the combined effect of the skin damage and non-Darcy flow in fractured reservoirs. Both dual-porosity and dual-permeability idealizations of fractured reservoirs were considered.

Understanding the mechanism responsible for the progression of amyloid deposition is important for developing methods to suppress this process in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. The effects of physical damage during the transition phase of amyloid β fibril formation are unclear. In this study, we used high-speed atomic force microscopy to investigate the effects of damage to the intermediates of amyloid β in real time. Physical damage to intermediates did not suppress, but instead promoted fibrillization. This progression was accompanied by morphological changes from globular oligomers to protofibrils. These results suggest that the properties of the intermediates, such as structural fragility and stability, are highly related to the rate of fibrillization.

BackgroundEfforts to improve the impact of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) should be informed by understanding of the causes of decay in effect. Holes in LLINs have been estimated to account for 7–11% of loss in effect on vectorial capacity for Plasmodium falciparum malaria in an analysis of repeated cross-sectional surveys of LLINs in Kenya. This does not account for the effect of holes as a cause of net attrition or non-use, which cannot be measured using only cross-sectional data. There is a need for estimates of how much these indirect effects of physical damage on use and attrition contribute to decay in effectiveness of LLINs.MethodsUse, physical integrity, and survival were assessed in a cohort of 4514 LLINs followed for up to 4 years in Kenya. Flow diagrams were used to illustrate how the status of nets, in terms of categories of use, physical integrity, and attrition, changed between surveys carried out at 6-month intervals. A compartment model defined in terms of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) was used to estimate the transition rates between the categories. Effects of physical damage to LLINs on use and attrition were quantified by simulating counterfactuals in which there was no damage.ResultsAllowing for the direct effect of holes, the effect on use, and the effect on attrition, 18% of the impact on vectorial capacity was estimated to be lost because of damage. The estimated median lifetime of the LLINs was 2.9 years, but this was extended to 5.7 years in the counterfactual without physical damage. Nets that were in use were more likely to be in a damaged state than unused nets but use made little direct difference to LLIN lifetimes. Damage was reported as the reason for attrition for almost half of attrited nets, but the model estimated that almost all attrited nets had suffered some damage before attrition.ConclusionsFull quantification of the effects of damage will require measurement of the supply of new nets and of household stocks of unused nets, and also of their impacts on both net use and retention. The timing of mass distribution campaigns is less important than ensuring sufficient supply. In the Kenyan setting, nets acquired damage rapidly once use began and the damage led to rapid attrition. Increasing the robustness of nets could substantially increase their lifetime and impact but the impact of LLIN programmes on malaria transmission is ultimately limited by levels of use. Longitudinal analyses of net integrity data from different settings are needed to determine the importance of physical damage to nets as a driver of attrition and non-use, and the importance of frequent use as a cause of physical damage in different contexts.

It is common in the world the existence of explosion risks linked to the oil refining process. Thus, to analyze the probable situations, it is necessary the intervention of the technology through the systems of virtual reality and simulations. The explosion, is the type of increased accident that most causes immediate deaths, leading companies to pay damages and rebuild their destroyed assets again. So, the objective of this work is to demonstrate the use of software simulations to identify and quantify the possible effects of physical effects and explosion damages, resulting from the Petroleum Refining process operation of the diesel hydrotreatment unit, Abreu e Lima Refinery (ALR or RNEST in Brazil, country of Latin-American), a city located in northeastern Brazil. Simulations were performed with the Aloha software in three pipes of the ALR. The analyzes allowed to identify two routes of the refinery that present moderate threats, with effects that have the capacity to generate ruptures in the tympani and pulmonary hemorrhages in their employees. Finally, proposals were made for preventive mitigation measures to ensure that petrochemicals reduce their costs and still maintain the safety of their employees.

Landslide hazards become more intense and frequent due to climate change and human activities, posing great risks to the built environment in landslide-prone areas. As large volumes of soil and/or rock are mobilized and travel long distances, these mass movement processes gain destructive power. It is impossible to stop such disastrous events of the nature; the only way is to reduce or avoid the risk. In such a case, risk assessment must necessarily be conducted to provide an objective measure of the risk. As one of the critical components in quantitative risk assessment (QRA), vulnerability assessment to landslides hazard is still in its infancy and considerable research gaps still exist with respect to the vulnerability assessment, hampering the development of QRA. Physical building vulnerability assessment establishes a relationship between debris flow intensity and building damage in a scientific manner. In the literature, little effort has been made to investigate the interaction mechanisms between mass flows and buildings, leading to a lack of understanding on the explicit failure mechanism in many vulnerability models. The mechanics-based building vulnerability model considering building-landslide interactions thus is still not available. In this study, the interaction processes between landslides and a typical reinforced concrete (RC-) building are discovered through an explicit finite element platform LS-DYNA. The Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) formulation, which allows automatic rezoning, is applied to simulate the landslide flow dynamics and the impact into the building. Three-dimensional RC-building is modelled using the Finite Element Method (FEM) considering detailed configurations. Seven impact cases with four different flow materials; namely low-intensity water flow, high-intensity water flow, debris flood, debris flow, low-intensity earth flow, moderate-intensity earth flow and high-intensity earth flow are studied. The evolution of physical building damage to landslides is investigated and different building failure modes to flows with increasing solid content, e.g., floods, debris flows and earth flows are compared. When a RC building is subject to a landslide impact, the frontal walls fail first due to their low out-of-plane strength. The side walls are damaged by the combination of the friction effect and lateral impact in the water flow, debris flood and debris flow cases whereas the side walls in the earth flow cases are mainly destroyed by the force transferred from the columns. Bending failure is the most common column failure mode. A forward pushover failure mode, which is a global failure of the building frame, is observed in the high-intensity water flow and debris flood cases. Upon impact by an earth flow, progressive local failures of the columns at the ground floor can occur and lead to backward collapse of the building. Upon impact by a debris flow, both the local column failure and the global pushover collapse of building can occur, as debris flow with high solid content is an intermediate flow sharing characteristics of both flood and earth flow. Five-class classification systems for RC-buildings impacted by an earth flow and a debris flow are proposed using multi-source information from field observations, numerical simulations and expert experience. The clear hierarchy of damage degree and the physical description of damage state provide more accurate evaluation of the damage state of buildings. Based on the identified physical damage process and failure mechanism, a novel reliability based building vulnerability model is established by explicitly considering the uncertainties on both landslide intensity and building material property. Two series of fragility models have been proposed based on practical debris-flow impact pressure models. Several debris flow intensity measures are investigated. A better indicator can be provided using the intensity measure that represents specific failure mechanism, for example, impact force (hv&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) for force-dominated failures or overturning moment (h&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;v&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) for moment dominated failures, where h and v are debris flow depth and velocity, respectively. The corresponding fragility surfaces best express the potential building damage. The intensity thresholds in the proposed fragility curves are consistent with those in empirical vulnerability curves. Further, the reliability based vulnerability analysis is extended to multi-hazard vulnerability assessment. The effect of hazard interactions on the physics of building damage is formulated from the perspective of triggering and temporal relations. A fragility analysis framework for generating physics-based vulnerability models for sequentially and concurrently occurring hazards is proposed. The framework is illustrated by evaluating the failure probability of a RC-building impacted by multiple surges of debris flows. Considering specific debris flow-building interaction mechanisms, nonlinear finite-element pushover analysis is adopted to obtain the building response under debris flow impact. By quantifying the physical damage caused by the primary debris flow, the cumulative damage effect of the sequentially occurring debris flows is formulated. The amplified damage effect of the concurrently occurring debris flows is however case specific. The interaction process between a building cluster and a landslide is studied based on two notable landslide cases, namely the Shen Zhen landslide and the Po Shan Road landslide. Blockage effect and domino damage effect of the building cluster are significant and should be considered in the landslide risk assessment and hazard mitigation work.

Yellowfin tuna has a high level of free histidine in their muscle, which can lead to histamine formation by microorganisms if temperature abuse occurs during handling and further processing. The objective of this study was to measure levels of histamine in damaged and undamaged thawed muscle to determine the effect of physical damage on the microbial count and histamine formation during the initial steps of canning processing and to isolate and identify the main histamine-forming microorganisms present in the flesh of yellowfin tuna. Total mesophilic and psicrophilic microorganisms were determined using the standard plate method. The presence of histamine-forming microorganisms was determined in a modified Niven's agar. Strains were further identified using the API 20E kit for enterobacteriaceae and Gram-negative bacilli. Physically damaged tuna did not show higher microbiological contamination than that of undamaged muscle tuna. The most active histamine-forming microorganism present in tuna flesh was Morganella morganii. Other decarboxylating microorganisms present were Enterobacter agglomerans and Enterobacter cloacae. Physical damage of tune during catching and handling did not increase the level of histamine or the amount of microorganisms present in tuna meat during frozen transportation, but they showed a higher risk of histamine-forming microorganism growth during processing.

This study investigated the effects that disposable infection control barriers and physical damage through use had on the power output from dental light curing units (LCUs) and light curing tips (LCTs). Five disposable infection control barriers were tested on a number of LCUs and LCTs. Testing involved the repeated measurement of power output of LCUs and LCTs on a radiometer. Two of the barriers tested caused statistically significant reductions in the mean light output intensity when compared to the no barrier control groups. One barrier type reduced the power output by 30 to 40%. It was also noted that physical damage to the LCTs affected power output by between 20 and 30%, which was then further reduced by the disposable barrier. This study showed that three of the five disposable infection control barriers had little effect on the overall efficiency of the power output of the LCUs. It also showed that physical damage to LCUs and LCTs can affect power output significantly. Infection control measures should be carefully considered before use to avoid undue effects on power output delivered from the LCUs/LCTs to ensure that the degree of polymerisation within the resin-based composite and curing efficiency are not affected unduly.