ILC2 Research Articles

Dynamic changes in peripheral type II innate lymphoid cell (ILC2) subpopulation and its clinical significance in children with hay fever during the pollen season

Objective To analyze the dynamic changes in the expression and function of peripheral type Ⅱ innate lymphoid cell (ILC2) subpopulation and the activity of signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT6) in children with hay fever during pollen season. Methods A total of 10 patients with hay fever, 10 patients with house dust mite (HDM)-sensitized asthma and 12 healthy controls (HC) were enrolled in this study. Changes in peripheral ILC2 and the intracellular expression of Th2-related cytokines were detected by flow cytometry during and outside the pollen season. Peripheral Lin- cell population was isolated from each group and cultured with the presence of IL-25 or IL-33 for 7 d. The concentrations of IL-5 and IL-13 in culture supernatants were measured by ELISA. Expression of phospho-STAT6 at protein level was quantified by Western blot. Results Within the pollen season, the percentage of peripheral ILC2 cells was significantly higher in children with hay fever [(23.09±7.86)%] than in children with HDM-sensitized asthma [(6.84±3.85)%, P<0.05] and healthy children[(1.69±0.87)%, P<0.05]. In the non-pollen season, the peripheral ILC2 cells in children with hay fever presented a decreasing trend [(11.30±2.45)%], but was still higher than that in HDM-sensitized asthmatics [(3.76±1.96)%, P<0.05] and HC [(1.32±0.91)%, P<0.05] at the same time point. Moreover, peripheral IL-13+ ILC2 cells in children with hay fever [(6.94±3.16)% vs(4.17±1.98)%, P<0.05] and in HDM-sensitized asthmatics [(1.89±0.70)% vs(1.44±0.55)%, P<0.05] during the pollen season were significantly higher than those in the non-pollen season. After the in vitro stimulation with IL25 or IL-33, the levels of IL-5 and IL-13 in culture supernatants were both increased in children with hay fever and HDM-sensitized asthmatics, and a synergistic action was observed when IL25 and IL-33 were used in combination. Meanwhile, the protein level of phospho-STAT4 in Lin- cells was significantly up-regulated in the hay fever group after stimulation with IL25 and IL-33. Conclusions During the pollen season, the abnormal number and function of ILC2 subpopulation in children with hay fever might be another cause of the occurrence of clinical symptoms in a short period of time or acute exacerbation. Key words: Hay fever; House dust mite; Artemisia; Signal transducer and activator of transcription 6; Type Ⅱ innate lymphocyte cells

Immunological characteristics of peritoneal cavity and intra-abdominal infection

Despite the evolution of aggressive surgical techniques, extensive methods of supportive care and a vast array of anti-microbial options, intra-abdominal infection (IAI) is still a challenging clinical issue. Especially, when progressed IAI with septic complications because of unbalanced immune responses, the prognosis will deteriorated significantly. Recent studies indicate that besides the natural immunological cells, including macrophages and neutrophils, local immunological characteristics of peritoneal cavity should be studied with great attention. Among them, the omentum is considered to be a visceral adipose tissue with unique immune function. The milky spots(MSs) formed by the accumulation of immune cells performs immune surveillance and has a lymph node-like immune function, which is very important for the immune defense of the abdominal cavity. B1 cells and two types of intrinsic lymphocytes(ILC2) in the peritoneal cavity, although belonging to the lymphatic lineage, may play an important role in abdominal infections, especially in the early stages of the disease, due to their rapid responsiveness and acquired immune function. Therefore, paying attention to the immunological characteristics of the peritoneal cavity, and elucidating the changes, functions and regulatory mechanisms of B1 cells and ILC2 around the MSs and their components in the process of IAI, in order to explore the immunomodulation targets of blocking the infection from local to systemic dissemination, may be the key to solving the clinical problem of severe IAI and improving prognosis.

Progress in innate lymphoid cells in intestinal homeostasis and diseases

Innate lymphoid cells are the most recently discovered family of lymphocytes and a group of innate immune cells. They cannot directly participate in specific immune responses due to lack of pattern recognition and recombination receptors. According to the transcription factors that regulate their development and function and the cytokines that they can produce, ILCs can be divided into three groups: ILC1, ILC2 and ILC3. ILC1 and ILC3 also include several different subtypes. ILCs play an important role in maintaining the integrity of intestinal mucosal epithelium, regulating intestinal microbiote, promoting the development of the intestinal immune system and regulating intestinal inflammation. This article reviews the roles of ILCs in intestinal homeostasis maintenance and the development of intestinal diseases. Key words: Innate lymphoid cell; Intestinal microbiote; Inflammatory bowel disease; Colorectal cancer

LB973 Characterization of tissue-resident ILC2 heterogeneity in homeostasis

LB973 Characterization of tissue-resident ILC2 heterogeneity in homeostasis

Updates on type 2 innate lymphoid cells and allergic diseases

Innate lymphoid cell is a type of immune cells that lineage-negative, but can be stimulated to produce inflammatory cytokines that people discovered in recent years.It can be classified into three classes(ILC1, ILC2, ILC3), according to its different functions.Type 2 innate lymphoid cells(ILC2)have attracted much attention because it is closely related with parasites and asthma and other allergic diseases.This review focuses the ILC2 phenotypes and the discovery, distribution, relationships with disease. Key words: Type 2 innate lymphoid cell; IL-5; IL-13; Asthma

Immunology: A glia-ILC3 axis.

Immunology: A glia-ILC3 axis.

Innate lymphoid cell 3 and psoriasis

The immunopathogenesis of psoriasis involves the combined effect of predisposing genes and environmental risk factors, which excites the interaction between innate and adaptive immunity in the body. Recently, it has been gradually recognized that innate immune system takes part in the initiation of inflammation in psoriasis. Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) mainly consist of 3 subsets, among which, natural cytotoxicity receptor-positive group 3 ILCs (NCR+ILC3) play a major role in innate immune responses in dermatitis. NCR+ILC3 can produce interleukin 17 (IL-17) and IL-22, and participate in the occurrence of psoriasis together with T cells. Key words: Psoriasis; Immunity; Interleukin-17; Interleukin-22; NCR+ ILC3

ILC3 aggression

ILC3 aggression

DEVELOPMENTAL RELATIONSHIP AMONG CD56BRIGHT, CD56DIM NK CELLS AND TYPE-2 INNATE LYMPHOID CELLS (ILC2)

Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are immune effector cells which, differently from T and B lymphocytes, do not express rearranged receptors. Besides NK cells that belong to the ILC1 group, the novel lineages have raised a question regarding their developmental relationship. To this regard, the ILC groups differ not only for their effector functions but also for their anatomical localization, suggesting the possibility that a common progenitor may migrate and differentiate in different ILCs, depending on the tissue microenvironment. On the other hand, we have recently indicated that CD56dim and CD56bright NK cells, both considered in the ILC1 group, originate from two distinct precursors which generate cells with convergent phenotypes and functions. CD56bright /CD117+ NK cells, differently from CD56dim/CD117neg NK cells, early express natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs), while lately upregulate granzyme- B, perforin, LFA-1, and CD94-CD159a heterodimer (1). Within the ILC family, the recently defined type-2 ILCs (ILC2), characterized by CD161+/CD117+/NKp44neg phenotype, typically produces IL-13 and IL-5 (2). Interestingly, a similar subset had been described several years ago (3). At that time, these cells had been considered an immature stage of NK cell differentiation which, under opportune cytokine stimulation, upregulated CD56 and CD94 antigens, produced IFN-gamma and became cytotoxic. New evidences suggest that, rather than an immature NK cell stage, these cells represent a mature lineage which, similar to CD56bright NK cells, early expresses CD117 and CD161 antigens. However, during their differentiation, ILC-2 upregulate granzyme B and CD94 in absence of NCRs, thus resembling the CD56dim NK cell lineage in their developmental pattern of antigen expression.

Type-2 innate lymphoid cells in bronchial asthma

Type-2 innate lymphoid cells （ ILC2 ） is a new member of the innate lymphoid cell family which has been recently discovered. These cell arise from lymphoid progenitors in the bone marrow and,under the control of the transcriptional regulators and Gata3,producing IL-5,IL-9 and IL-13 is a sign of the maturation. These cells are critical components of the innate immune response to parasitic worm infections and have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma. This paper summarizes the role of ILC2 in the pathogenesis of asthma and its therapy research progress. Key words: Type-2 innate lymphocyte cells; Asthma

Keeping eosinophils on time — ILC2 it!

Keeping eosinophils on time — ILC2 it!