Il Mulino Research Articles

Bootstrap confidence intervals for biodiversity measures based on Gini index and entropy

Monitoring the richness and the diversity of species living in an ecosystem is an important goal of ecology. To this purpose, measures of biodiversity have been introduced as statistical summaries of the abundance vector. In particular, we take into consideration the Gini–Simpson and the Shannon–Wiener indices, along with the effective number of species calculated through these measures, proposed, respectively, by Laakso and Taagepera (Comp Polit Stud 12:3–25, 1979) and Leti (Statistica descrittiva, Bologna, Il Mulino, 1983). It is an open question how to associate to these indices a measure of uncertainty. In this paper we compare confidence intervals based on these measures, calculated through three different bootstrap methods: percentile, -t and accelerated bias-corrected percentile. We recommend to practitioners to use the percentile procedure, as it is straightforward and computationally feasible, providing results very close to those obtained by more complex techniques.

Fabio Luca Cavazza, the New Frontier and the opening to the left in Italy

This article focuses on the key role played by Fabio Luca Cavazza, founder of the publishing house Il Mulino, in the development of cultural relations between the US and Italy in the early Cold War by drawing on Cavazza’s personal papers, an as yet unexplored archival source. The Department of State and the Eisenhower administration opposed a government that included the Socialists. However, thanks to the special relationship he had with the ‘New Frontier’s men’, in particular Arthur Schlesinger Jr., Cavazza was able to revive the issue, showing how it was in line with Kennedy’s New Frontier policy.

Book Review: The Administrative Architecture of Financial Integration. Institutional Design, Legal Issues, Perspectives, edited by Edoardo Chiti and Giulio Vesperini. (Bologna: Il Mulino, 2015)

Book Review: <i>The Administrative Architecture of Financial Integration. Institutional Design, Legal Issues, Perspectives</i>, edited by Edoardo Chiti and Giulio Vesperini. (Bologna: Il Mulino, 2015)

Intellectuals, journals, and the legitimisation of political power: the case of the Italian intellectual group ofIl Mulino(1950s and 1960s)

This article explores the intellectual discourse ofIl Mulino’s intellectual group in relation to the transformation of Italian politics during the period leading up to the centre-left governments. First, it investigatesIl Mulino’s cultural project of overcoming the hegemony of idealism by endorsing the empiricist approach favoured by Anglo-American social sciences, while establishing a new role for intellectuals. Then, it focuses on the group’s political agenda aimed at rationalising Italy’s ‘imperfect two-party system’. We argue that, within the Italian intellectual-political scenario,Il Mulino’s intellectual discourse sought to establish a new relationship between culture and politics. It tried to do so both by anchoring Italian political culture to the liberal- and social-democratic European tradition and by contributing to the stabilisation of Italian democracy, while proposing a reduction in the number of political parties.

Yet More Light on Vatican Council II

Bibliographie du Concile Vatican II. By Philippe J. Roy. [Atti e Documenti, A. Sezione Pontificio Comitato di Scienze Storiche, 34.] (Vatican City: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2012. Pp. 477. euro35,00. ISBN 97888-209-8892-0.)Les membres du Coetus Internationalis Patrum au Concile Vatican LL. Lnventaire des interventions et souscriptions des adherents et sympathisants. Liste des signataires d'occasion et des theologiens. By Philippe Roy-Lysencourt. [Instrumenta Theologica, XXXVII.] (Leuven: Peeters, 2014. Pp. 484. euro54,00. ISBN 978-90-429-3087-2.)Separati ma fratelli. Gli osservatori non cattolici al Vaticano LL (1965-1965). By Mauro Velati. [Istituto per le scienze religiose, Serie: Testi e ricerche di scienze religiose, nuova serie, 52.] (Bologna: Il Mulino, 2014. Pp. 743. euro55,00. ISBN 978-88-15-2477-3.)This review article continues a series of earlier presentations of scholarly publications on the Second Vatican Council.* 1 Presented here are (1) a one-volume bibliography of works published through 2011 on the Second Vatican Council; (2) an inventory of the oral and written interventions at the Council of the Coetus internationalis patrum, a minority oppositional group; and (3) a comprehensive study of the non-Catholic delegated observers and guests who attended the Council.An Essential Instrument: A Bibliography of4000 Works on the Second Vatican CouncilPhilippe Roy provides a valuable tool for many types of study of the Council. For such bibliographical work, he prepared well through his dissertation of 2011 at Laval and Lyon on the international minority group of Council Fathers (which will be discussed later). His mentor at Laval, Gilles Routhier, established a basis for Roy's bibliography through informative reports on Council literature beginning in 1997 in Laval theologique et philosophique. The author made good use of the regular bibliographies given in Annuarium Historiae Conciliorum, Ephemerides Theologicae Lovanienses, and Revue d'Histoire Ecclesiastique. He contacted more than seventy Council scholars who supplied him with lists of their own and others' works. The coverage extends through works published in 2011, with a further volume planned to register the many works, especially on the Council's reception, stimulated by the fiftieth anniversaries in 2012-15 of the Council's opening, completed documents, and passage to the reception phase.The bibliography has six major parts: (1) working tools, (2) published sources, (3) histories of the Council, (4) persons active at the Council, (5) studies of the sixteen Council documents, and (6) reception of the Council. Each part is thoughtfully subdivided-for example, with the third part divided into sections on the pre-preparatory proposals of Council topics in 1959-60 by bishops, Catholic university faculties, and the curial congregations; on developments in 1960-62 as the preparatory commissions prepared the initial drafts of documents; on general studies of the unfolding of the Council's four periods and three intersessions; and on specific aspects of the whole event relevant to different continents. Persons active at the Council fall into thirteen categories, with listings, for example, on the popes, the Fathers, episcopal conferences, commissions and secretariats, periti, and non-Catholic observers.In the subdivisions filled out with ample listings, the works are ordered alphabetically according to their authors, with a total of 4183 entries. Some works are, however, rightly listed in two or more subsections. The placement of entries in the alphabetical order of the contributing authors seems at times questionable, notably in the parts on the archives, Council Fathers, and periti, since researchers usually look for material on persons of interest without initial concern for those who wrote on them. The final name-index of thirty 2-column pages becomes an essential tool for locating treatments of individual Council participants. …

Writing Peace out of Conflict: Nancy Cunard, Carole Satyamurti, Frank McGuinness

In recent years, and more especially since 9/11, the way in which wars are carried out, spoken of, justified and (re)presented has changed significantly. Language plays a crucial role in the construction and consolidation of the rhetoric of war as exemplified by the concept of a ‘just war’ and the phrase ‘War of Words’. Yet, the implications of language use in peace-making processes remain somehow largely underestimated or undervalued, when recognised. Faced with political and cultural intransigence, literature can create models for a co-operative culture enabling both writers and readers to contribute to the development of alternative peace discourses. Accordingly, this paper proposes a reading of pacifist works by Nancy Cunard, Carole Satyamurti and Frank McGuinness. Written out of conflict, and despite their different historical and cultural milieux , these texts demonstrate the power of the creative word to promote a new culture of peace based on intercultural dialogue and encounters . DOI: 10.17456/SIMPLE-30 Bibliography Cunard, Nancy. 2005. Poems of Nancy Cunard. From the Bodleian Library . Edited by John Lucas. Nottingham: Trent Editions. Cunard, Nancy ed. 1937. Authors take sides on the Spanish War. The Left Review. London. Bobbio, Norberto. 1984. Il problema della guerra e le vie della pace. Bologna: Il Mulino. Donaldson, Kayleigh. 2013. Hecuba: Dundee Rep , Theatre Review . http://www.femalearts.com/node/795 (accessed on 05/08/2015). Dowson, Jane ed. 1995. Women ’ s Poetry of the 1930s. A Critical Anthology . London: Routledge. Gordon, Lois G. 2007. Nancy Cunard: Heiress, Muse, Political Idealist . NYC: Columbia University Press. Kent, Jonathan. 2004. Review: Euripides’ Hecuba , http://www.theaterpro.com/hecuba.htm (accessed on 05/08/2015). Jervolino, Domenico. 2004. ‘Cultura della pace e filosofia della liberazione’. Guerra e pace . A cura di Giuseppe Prestipino. Napoli: La Citta del Sole. 283-292. McGuinness, Frank. 2004. Euripides ’ Hecuba . London: Faber. Panikkar, Raimon. 2002. Pace e interculturalit a . A cura di M. Carrara Pavan. Milano: Jaca Book. Qwipp, Edward. 2013. Dangers and Insights: Auden’s Spain. The Spanish Civil War: Exhuming a Buried Past . Anindya Raychaudhuri ed. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 171- 187. Salis, Loredana. 2014. ‘The root of all evil’: Frank McGuinness’ Translations of Greek Drama. Studi irlandesi. A Journal of Irish Studies , 4: 145-160, http://dx.doi.org/10.13128/SIJIS- 2239-3978-14674 . Satyamurti, Carole. 1991. ‘Striking Distance’, reprinted in Peter Forbes. 1999. Scanning the Century. The Penguin Book of the Twentieth Century in Poetry . London: Viking, 477-478. Walzer, Michael. 1977. Just and Unjust Wars . New York: Basic Books.

Status attainment as a competitive process : a theoretical and empirical study on the implications of Boudon's status attainment Model

The typical status attainment approach assumes a purely individual-level process, disregarding that individuals are interdependent because status positions are scarce. In line with arguments by Thurow [1975] and Coleman [1987] we reanalyze and extend Boudon's [1974] model in which status attainment is modeled as a competitive process. We use computer simulations to derive testable predictions from this model under different circumstances. In line with previous studies, we find that Boudon's assertion that mobility is not affected by educational inequality does not hold in all circumstances. Furthermore, we extend Boudon's model by allowing the distribution of jobs to shift upwards (in line with modernization arguments), and find that this has complex and counterintuitive effects on status inequality. We test the hypotheses that we derive from the simulation on comparative data. Although not all hypotheses are supported, the results do lend support to the notion that status attainment is indeed a competitive process.Copyright © 2013 by Societa editrice il Mulino,Bologna.

The State and Southern Italy

In the Republican period, the new democratic State overturned the conditions of marginalization experienced by the South in the liberal age, and especially during the Fascist regime, which had increased the gap between the country's north and south. Associazione per lo sviluppo dell'industria nel Mezzogiorno (Svimez) and, above all, Cassa per il Mezzogiorno were very important tools in promoting and directing State intervention for the modernization of southern Italy, and, in this, joining the work played by Iri (Istituto per la ricostruzione industriale). The recent book La dinamica economica del Mezzogiorno. Dal secondo dopoguerra alla conclusione dell'intervento straordinario, published by Svimez itself (Bologna, il Mulino, 2016), confirms the role as driver of growth exercised by State intervention in the economy, which since 1950 has favoured the process of convergence between north and south. Similarly, since the second half of the 1970s, the crisis of that approach, favoured by tendencies of localism and clientelism, has created the conditions for the gap to widen once again.

Il soldato e l'atleta: Guerra e sport nella Grecia antica by Paola Angeli Bernardini

412 PHOENIX War in Ancient Greece”) similarly looks at women’s participation in civic life, especially in times of warfare, in both mythological and historical examples. She suggests that the best model of interpretation for their actions is not that of inversion, but of cooperation: war is an event which involves both men and women, in complementary ways. Payen extends this argument in a different direction, noting that the standard claim that women are noncombatants because they are not citizens is only a partial truth. Rather, men are involved in formal battle lines (in which there is the possibility of glory), and women are included in forms of defensive warfare (i.e., when things become more desperate). Sebillotte Cuchet’s contribution treats women warriors in Caria, as part of a larger exploration of the “historicity” of some of our sources. In a typical hermeneutic circle, narratives in which women are said to take part in battle are usually interpreted as being less historical than those in which they do not because women are not warriors. Archaeological evidence provides a way out of this circle, as does careful reexamination of historical examples, stripping away the lens of Athenian (polarizing) interpretation. So too, on the Roman side, Hallett on Fulvia, who is first fictionalized and then demonized, provides a model. Hallett uses contemporary sources to show that Fulvia’s military involvement was seen as part of a larger, unfeminine pattern of behaviour, including sexual self-assertiveness à la the elegiac puella, which (some, but not all) the sources find deeply problematic. Stéphane Benoist (“Women and Imperium in Rome: Imperial Perspectives”) examines Roman women who were associated with rulership in various ways over a long sweep of centuries: from the passages in which women are described as dux to imperial women in their various roles as mothers of emperors and of the army. Essentially, the sources struggle with presenting power as legitimate for women, even when they do not find it threatening. Finally, Henriette Harich-Schwarzbauer (“The Feminine Side of War in Claudian’s Epics”) looks at how Stilicho’s idealized wife Serena and personified virtues such as Roma are triangulated with eunuchs, who take the traditional feminine place of the Other along with more negative personifications. It is difficult to summarize a volume as varied as this one. Suffice it to say that it offers a thorough examination of the status quaestionis and that I anticipate that it will receive a variety of responses, expansions, collaborations, and the like. The editors are to be commended for gathering together such a solid collection of thought-provoking work. Florida State University Laurel Fulkerson Il soldato e l'atleta: Guerra e sport nella Grecia antica. By Paola Angeli Bernardini. Bologna: Il Mulino. 2016. Pp. 270, 11 figs. Over a hundred years ago, E. N. Gardiner introduced Greek Athletic Sports and Festivals with reflections on the practical character of Greek athletics as a preparation for war: “Every citizen was a soldier, physical fitness was a necessity to him, and his athletic exercises were admirably calculated to produce this fitness.”1 The links between sport and war have been the subject of a number of more recent works in English as well.2 1 E. N. Gardiner, Greek Athletic Sports and Festivals (London 1910) 1. 2 N. B. Reed, More than Just a Game: The Military Nature of Greek Athletic Contests (Chicago 1998); N. B. Crowther, “Athlete as Warrior in the Ancient Greek Games: Some Reflections,” Nikephoros BOOK REVIEWS/COMPTES RENDUS 413 Now Paola Angeli Bernardini, well known for her work on sport, myth, and early Greek poetry, has applied her deep learning and sensitivity to literary texts to what she regards as something new (7–8): a systematic investigation of the relations between the soldier and the athlete down to the end of the Peloponnesian War. It is during the archaic period that these links are strongest, as is shown by Sparta’s domination of the Olympics while it was embroiled in its wars with the Messenians. Certainly Angeli Bernardini covers a lot of ground, laid out in an introduction and five chapters: “A Possible Comparison”; “The Competition’s...

Riti di Guerra: Religione e politica nell’Europa della Grande Guerra by Sante Lesti

Reviewed by: Riti di Guerra: Religione e politica nell’Europa della Grande Guerra by Sante Lesti Roy Domenico Riti di Guerra: Religione e politica nell’Europa della Grande Guerra. By Sante Lesti. (Bologna: Società editrice il Mulino. 2015. Pp. 260. €24,00 paperback. ISBN 978-88-15-25804-5.) Sante Lesti’s Riti di guerra. Religione e politica nell’Europa della Grande Guerra deals with efforts mainly in France and Italy during World War I to rally Catholics to the cause of war and perhaps to show that they were just as patriotic as everybody else. This involved a number of projects in both countries, and Lesti focuses on attempts to dedicate to the Sacred Heart either the “nation” (as in the French case) or the army (as in Italy). Later some undertook the task of dedicating the “Allies.” That who or what should be consecrated depended on each nation’s historical situation, a conundrum that adds to the value of Lesti’s provocative and well-researched book. Both prewar Italy and France had famously disastrous histories of Church-state relations. In France, the Revolution, starting in 1789, and the Third Republic, particularly the Dreyfus affair and its fallout, pushed the Church over the political cliff. Italy’s Risorgimento and subsequent anticlerical governments shocked religious authority there and even dispossessed the pope. In both countries World War I presented opportunities for some reconciliation. In France, Cardinal Léon Adolphe Amette, archbishop of Paris, led the way in pledging the nation to the Sacred Heart. In Italy, the Franciscan Agostino Gemelli and the Piedmontese bishop Angelo Bartolomasi joined Armida Barelli, the leader of Catholic Action’s Women’s Union. Their aim differed from the French by focusing on the army before they broadened their spectrum to include all of the Allied nations. Some raised questions as to why all this was necessary. France had precedents of such endeavors; indeed, not too many years before, Pope Leo XIII had consecrated all humanity to the Sacred Heart. The French republican government, moreover, had reservations. By sanctioning the Church’s plans, it welcomed the chance to bring Catholics on board, although up to a point. Part of the ceremony included prayers for forgiveness and, considering the anticlerical measures over the past century or so, there was much to forgive. But the state would not see it that way. Apprehension dogged the republicans that the consecration would end up as a religious slap in the face and play into the hands of the monarchists. After all, in the 1790s the Vendée rebels had embraced the Sacred Heart as their emblem against the revolution. Consequently, Lesti recounts Paris’ pressure to purge or censor parts of the ceremony and the episcopal reactions to those pressures, often but not always resistant. He adds here some insights into the distinction between the Christian and the national religions. In Italy, resistance to the consecration of the Army came from Pope Benedict XV, anxious not to appear too partisan in the war. The Italians’ task was made easier, however, in that neither the state nor the [End Page 856] nation participated but the soldiers themselves. “We Catholics,” Gemelli wrote in May 1915, shortly after Italy’s declaration, “until yesterday worked to prevent the war. Today we must give our life, our activity, all of our heart, our genius to those who hold in their hands the fatherland’s destiny.” Along the way, Lesti introduces us to Benito Mussolini in the trenches, who had little use for the acts, and Angelo Roncalli, the young Lombard priest and future Pope John XXIII who did and took a quite active role in it all. On January 5, 1917, the Italian Army was consecrated to the Sacred Heart. Roy Domenico University of Scranton Copyright © 2016 The Catholic University of America Press

The new millennium in Europe: future prospects and problems. An interview to Göran Therborn

Goran Therborn is professor emeritus of sociolog y at the University of Cambridge, a Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences (UK), Dr. h.c. at UNED (Madrid) and at three Nordic universities. He has worked on all the populated continents of the world, and before Cambridge he was co-Director of the Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study in the Social Sciences. His publications have appeared in at least 24 languages, including Italian, and comprise more than thirty books and many articles. His recent major publications include: Cities and Power, a guest-edited special issue of the International Journal of Urban Sciences (19:1, March 2015); The Killing Fields of Inequality (Polity, 2013); Le societa d’Europa nel nuovo millennio,il Mulino (2011); The World. A Beginner’s Guide (Polity, 2011); From Marxism to Post-Marxism? (Verso, 2008); Between Sex and Power. Family in the World, 1900-2000 (Routledge, 2004). Currently he is writing a conclusion of his urban studies, Cities of Power (Verso, forthcoming). He now lives in Sweden.

Addendum to the Preface of the March issue 2015

SIE, in the meantime, published in English three volumes—jointly at Oxford University Press, Oxford, and Il Mulino, Bologna—entitled Italian Economic Papers, Volume I (1992), Volume II (1993), Volume III (1998) of important articles originally published in Italian. They include Sraffa’s famous critique of the Marshallian theory of the firm, originally published in 1925 in Annali di Economia, and works by, among others, Barone, Pareto, and Pantaleoni, published in Giornale degli Economisti.

EPOL: towards the fourth decade

‘‘Economia politica. Journal of Analytical and Institutional Economics’’ (EPOL) was founded in 1984 and since 2006 has been published entirely in English. Its international openness was established from the outset and has grown over the years both in term of authors and editorial boards. In 2015, its 32nd year of publication, the journal enters a fully international stage through Springer, a publisher with a worldwide presence, while still preserving its cultural links with il Mulino—whose logo as co-publisher will appear on the journal’s cover—and keeping the Italian expression Economia politica in the title.

Ipermodernità: an Introduction

The imagery inspired by technology is not necessarily a postmodern one; nevertheless, the technological turn, which organizes and reconfigures our experience of reality and of art, is a fundamental condition in the cultural logic of postmodern (or better, postmodernity). This complex interconnection of different and controversial issue is the topic of the discussion about Raffaele Donnarumma's essay Ipermodernita. Dove va la narrativa contemporanea (Bologna, il Mulino 2014).

IS THE EUROPEAN UNION GOING DEEP ON DEMOCRACY AND RELIGIOUS FREEDOM?

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size AcknowledgementsI am grateful for travel and research funding from ReligioWest, a research project funded by the European Research Council and based at the European University Institute, Florence, Italy. I received helpful comments and criticism on earlier version of this essay from participants at workshops at Georgetown University in September 2013 and at the European Parliament in February 2014. I would like to thank Prof Silvio Ferrari and Jean Bernard Bolvin for their suggestions.Additional informationNotes on contributorsPasquale Annicchino is a Research Fellow at the Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European University Institute, Italy. He serves as book review editor for Religion and Human Rights: An International Journal and is a member of the editorial board of Quaderni di Diritto e Politica Ecclesiastica published by Il Mulino.

Cattolici e fascisti: La Santa Sede e la politica italiana all’alba del Regime (1919–1925) by Alberto Guasco (review)

Reviewed by: Cattolici e fascisti: La Santa Sede e la politica italiana all’alba del Regime (1919–1925) by Alberto Guasco Roy Domenico Cattolici e fascisti: La Santa Sede e la politica italiana all’alba del Regime (1919–1925). By Alberto Guasco. (Bologna: Società editrice il Mulino. 2013. Pp. 575. €40,00 paperback. ISBN 978-88-15-24520-5.) This new book of Alberto Guasco, a professor of politics at the University of Turin and a researcher at the John XXIII Foundation for Religious Sciences in Bologna, joins the growing body of work that has taken advantage of recent access to the records of Pius XI’s pontificate. The reader may wonder why the book ends in 1925 rather than 1929, when the Lateran Pacts concluded a long era of difficult Italo-Vatican relations. The author answers that, as 1929 and the 1930s have received extensive treatment, an examination of the early 1920s brings back into view other important but neglected factors such as World War I. The year 1925, moreover, marks the resolution of the murder of the Socialist deputy Giacomo Matteotti, the end of Benito Mussolini’s vacillations, and the establishment of his Fascist dictatorship. By 1925, therefore, the Church and others understood much better the true nature of the Fascist beast. Guasco paints the picture of a Church under both Benedict XV and Pius XI that was unsure of itself in its approach to Mussolini’s blackshirts. After the Bolshevik conquest of power in Russia and in the politically charged atmosphere of postwar Europe, Rome desperately searched for a political alternative to the ever-bolder left. Toward that end Benedict was open to the creation of a Catholic Party, the Popolari under don Luigi Sturzo, whereas the next pontiff was more skeptical. Pius, in contrast, preferred a less political solution in Italian Catholic Action. Furthermore, Guasco concludes that, for both Benedict and Pius, the Popolari failed to measure up to expectations as counterweights to the liberals and subsequently the [End Page 626] Fascists. Fragmented and quarrelsome, some advocating an alliance with the socialists and others favoring deals with the Fascists, the Catholic Party might have self-destructed even without the help of Mussolini and Pius. But what of the Fascists themselves? Toward them the Church also was split. Some, like Francesco Borgongini Duca, who became the first nuncio to Italy in 1929, told the duce that “the enemies of the Church are the enemies of Fascism and those who fight the Church cannot be the true friends of Fascism.” On the other hand, Guasco illustrates how blackshirt violence gnawed at Rome’s estimation. Gabriele D’Annunzio’s 1919 “conquest” of Fiume alarmed many clerics; violent clashes between Mussolini’s men and leftists then added to the unease. But the Fascists also targeted Catholic activists, culminating in the vicious and murderous attack on the Popolare priest, Giovanni Minzoni, in August 1923. But by that time the Fascists were in power and had expressed their willingness to resolve the differences—the so-called “Roman Question”—between the state and the Church. The party of don Sturzo and don Minzoni was doomed. Guasco’s Cattolici e fascisti is a solid work based on admirable archival research and with reference to recent studies by Lucia Ceci, Giovanni Sale, and others. Of special importance and merit, the book concludes with 150 documents, many archival and most in print for the first time, with Guasco’s comments and references. Roy Domenico University of Scranton Copyright © 2014 The Catholic University of America Press

Lezioni di storia ecclesiastica. Il medioevo by Ernesti Buonaiuti (review)

Reviewed by: Lezioni di storia ecclesiastica. Il medioevo by Ernesti Buonaiuti Stephen Bevans S.V.D. Lezioni di storia ecclesiastica. Il medioevo. By Ernesti Buonaiuti. Edited by Francesco Mores. [Collana di Studi della Fondazione Michele Pellegrino.] (Bologna: Società editrice il Mulino. 2012. Pp. 309. €23,50 paperback. ISBN 978-88-15-24125-2.) Francesco Mores of the Scuola Normale Superiore of Pisa has edited in this book the dispense or class notes of a course on medieval church history offered in the 1905-06 academic year at the Pontifical Roman Seminary. The course's professor was the twenty-five-year-old Ernesto Buonaiuti, a priest of the Diocese of Rome. The course's content is interesting, detailed, grounded in primary sources, but not particularly extraordinary. Judged from our contemporary perspective, it reveals the usual Western focus of church history, ignore the roles of women in the period, and betray a prejudice against and a superficial knowledge of Islam. They form the basis for a slightly revised version that Buonaiuti published in 1914. As such, these dispense do not deserve to be published. Their significance, however, comes not from their content, but from the identity of the author and from the circumstances surrounding their recent discovery. [End Page 572] In 1906 Buonaiuti was attacked in La Civiltà Cattolica because of an article he had written on Maurice Blondel. He was subsequently dismissed from his position at the Roman Seminary and was one of the most prominent Italians who, after 1907, were called "modernists." In the wake of the modernist crisis he was both laicized and excommunicated. He died in 1946. Francesco Mores, in doing research in 2008 on an introductory chapter to writings by the young Angelo Roncalli, the future Pope John XXIII, discovered a reference to Roncalli's order in 1906 of a copy of Buonaiuti's dispense, most likely to assist him in his lectures in church history at the Bergamo seminary. Roncalli and Buonaiuti had been fellow students at the Roman Seminary—at least for a short time—and had even been roommates. Mores could not locate the work among Roncalli's papers, but he eventually discovered it as one of two works donated by Geremia Pacchiani to the public library in Bergamo, in a collection now located in the room dedicated to John XXIII. Pacchiani was Roncalli's successor as professor of church history when Roncalli became the seminary's spiritual director in 1919. Written on the frontispiece of one of the two sets of dispense was "Don Angelo Roncalli a don Pacchiani" (p. 35). Mores suggests that Roncalli's use of the work for his own lectures and conveyance of it to his successor can be interpreted as a sign of Roncalli's intellectual openness—he continued to use what he considered an intellectually valuable source, even when Buonaiuti had been dismissed from his position. Any positive connection between Roncalli and Buonaiuti, Mores reports, was definitely played down during the process leading toward the beatification of John XXIII, when Roncalli's connections to modernism were continually being probed. Witnesses during the process denied that Roncalli had ever attended any of Buonaiuti's lectures. According to these individuals, if Buonaiuti had given Roncalli books to read, the future pope stopped reading them when he found something objectionable. If he did go on walks with Buonaiuti, it was only at the order of the superiors or to try to persuade Buonaiuti to be less excessive in his thinking. After reading John's dossier in 1977, Pope Paul VI wrote in the margin: "Sta bene: cresce la stima per papa Giovanni e la pietà per Buonaiuti" (Fine. Esteem for Pope John is growing as well as compassion for Buonaiuti, p. 59.) The importance of this book lies more in its fifty-six-page introduction than in the work it introduces. The introduction is a fascinating story of a surprising discovery that perhaps adds one more detail to what we know about John XXIII, pope and saint. [End Page 573] Stephen Bevans S.V.D. Catholic Theological Union Copyright © 2013 The Catholic University of America Press

Differing Routes to Stem Cell Research: Germany and Italy ed. by Renato G. Mazzolini, Hans-Jörg Rheinberger (review)

Reviewed by: Differing Routes to Stem Cell Research: Germany and Italy ed. by Renato G. Mazzolini, Hans-Jörg Rheinberger Ilana Löwy Renato G. Mazzolini and Hans-Jörg Rheinberger, eds. Differing Routes to Stem Cell Research: Germany and Italy. Bologna: Il Mulino, 2012. 271 pp. Ill. €22.00 (978-88-15-23878-8). A collection of essays on the regulation of research on human embryonic stem cells (hESC) with the sober title of Differing Routes to Stem Cell Research: Germany and Italy may give the impression that it is addressed mainly to science policy experts. This impression is inaccurate. The book is an interesting contribution to the history of biomedical innovation in the second half of the twentieth century. Debates on embryonic stem cells mobilize strong emotions and can provide important insights on the status of “civic epistemology” (a term coined by political scientist Sheila Jasanoff) in a given society, that is, the way that society deals with complex decisions about new technologies. At the same time, as Hans Joerg Rheinberger explains, the dedifferentiation of somatic cells produced a new and potentially highly fruitful pathway for learning how cellular mechanisms work and opened new possibilities of experimentation on living human material. It remains to be seen, Rheinberger adds, however, if they will also open the way to better prevention and treatment of human disease. Differing Routes to Stem Cell Research starts with two stimulating essays on the history of stem cells research. Adriane Dröcher analyzes the etymology of the term stem cell and its uses in the past 150 years, first in an anatomical and then in a physiological context. Her carefully researched essay shows how the notion of stem cell migrated from general biology to embryology, then to oncology, and finally to hopes of regenerative medicine. Christana Brandt examines the history of the notions of “reversibility” and “reprogramming” of cells, focusing on the period from the 1950s to the 1970s. These notions were already present in investigation of haemopoietic cells. They then became central to studies of in vitro fertilization, in animals and then in humans, to efforts to produce mouse embryo chimeras, and to experimental studies of cancer. One should remember, Brandt adds, that the history of stem cells was never straightforward nor linear. There are important [End Page 294] differences between animal and human stem cells, and between studies of carcinogenesis and of pluripotent stem cells originated from human embryos. Only the latter became the focus of intense ethical debates. Both Italy and Germany put important restrictions on research on hESC. The legislation in other Western countries is more permissive. In his introduction to Differing Routes to Stem Cell Research, Renato Mazzoli proposes that the developments in Italy and Germany share many similarities because in both countries an aspiration to deal with a problematic past produced defensive strategies. Mazzoli may be right on a very general level, but specific case studies partly contradict his claim. Debates on the use of embryonic stem cells in Germany and Italy were, we learn in this book, quite different. Authors of the three essays on the German case provide a detailed analysis of regulation of stem cells in Germany and attempt to explain the forces that shaped German political debate on this topic. They present a globally positive vision of this debate, seen as an example of a successful participation of civil society in discussion on new technologies. They also argue that the limits imposed on the use of hESC in Germany did not seem to hamper German biomedical research. Authors of the three essays dedicated to the Italian case display a less optimistic view. They criticize the quality of the debate on stem cells in Italy, point to important divisions among Italian scientists on this topic (by contrast, German scientists seem to hold a relatively uniform position), and insist on obstacles to free discussion created by the intervention of the Catholic Church. Unlike their German colleagues, Italian contributors to Differing Routes to Stem Cell Research believe that controversy regarding the use of hESC in Italy favored a regression in the public debate on science and technology. For example, one of the posters published by supporters of “non...

Avventure dell’obbedienza nella Compagnia di Gesù. Teorie e prassi fra XVI e XIX secolo ed. by Fernanda Alfieri and Claudio Ferlan (review)

Reviewed by: Avventure dell’obbedienza nella Compagnia di Gesù. Teorie e prassi fra XVI e XIX secolo ed. by Fernanda Alfieri and Claudio Ferlan Thomas M. McCoog S.J. Avventure dell’obbedienza nella Compagnia di Gesù. Teorie e prassi fra XVI e XIX secolo. Edited by Fernanda Alfieri and Claudio Ferlan. (Bologna: Società editrice il Mulino. 2012. Pp. 267. €22,00 paperback. ISBN 978-88-15-23789-7.) Jesuit apologists and anti-Jesuit polemicists concur that obedience is the trademark of the Society of Jesus. Each cites St. Ignatius of Loyola’s exhortation that Jesuits ought to allow themselves “to be carried and directed by Divine Providence through the agency of the superior as if he were a lifeless body . . . or as it were an old man’s staff....”1 Recently historians such as Michela Catto in La Compagnia divisa: Il dissenso nell’ordine gesuitico tra ‘500 e ‘600 (Brescia,2009) have been peeking behind the rhetoric of spiritual treatises and congregational decrees to ascertain “blind obedience” as practiced. Each article in this collection offers a new, fascinating perspective on a subject that merits more investigation and discussion. The Society of Jesus rests on twin pillars: the Spiritual Exercises and the Constitutions. A sensitivity [End Page 356] to and a discernment of spiritual movements is the goal of the former; the latter invites Jesuits to a blind obedience to the will of the superior. The authors investigate conflicts between a subject and his superior. In an article not in this collection but cited by Sabina Pavone, Antonella Romano suggests that dissidenza (dissidence, dissent) is inappropriate, because it connotes explicitly organized opposition to a central power. Instead, she recommends obbedienza negoziata (negotiated obedience). Besides prescriptions to blind obedience, the constitutional decree is not only highly but supremely important for the superior to have complete knowledge of the inclinations and motions of those who are in his charge . . . [and] thus he may direct them better without placing them beyond the measure of their capacity in dangers or labors greater than they could in our Lord endure with a “spirit of love”. ... (p. 104, no. 92) This should be neither forgotten nor underestimated. Each Jesuit has the right to represent to his superior his hopes and aspirations, fears and anxieties, but the final judgment is the superior’s (p. 117, no. 131). Despite such representation, tension may remain, as individual Jesuits opt for obedience to a power higher than their superior. In the late-seventeenth century, for example, French Jesuit provincials claimed obedience to King Louis XIV took precedence over that to the general. The contributors examine various modalities (variegate modalità) of Jesuit obedience: among others, Tirso González’s desire to go to the Indies2; Brother Juan de Casasola’s refusal to relinquish a reliquary of the True Cross; Paolo Segneri’s advocation of probabilism despite González’s crusade against it; the survival of Jesuits in Russia after Pope Clement XIV’s Dominus ac Redemptor; Anthony Kohlmann, better known in American Catholic history for the legal recognition of the seal of confession, and exorcism. For some unexplained reason, interest in the theory and practice of Jesuit obedience remains a quasi-Italian preserve. Perhaps the English translation of articles on the same theme by Silvia Mostaccio, scheduled to appear in 2014, will encourage Anglophone historians of the Society of Jesus to venture into this field. Meanwhile, the contributions here provide a fascinating introduction. [End Page 357] Thomas M. McCoog S.J. Fordham University Footnotes 1. Ignatius of Loyola, The Constitutions of the Society of Jesus, trans. and ed. George E. Ganss, S.J. (St. Louis, 1970), pp. 248–49, no. 547. 2. For Tirso’s subsequent problematic career see Jean-Pascal Gay’s Jesuit Civil Wars: Theology, Politics and Government under Tirso González (1687–1705) (Burlington, VT, 2012). Copyright © 2013 The Catholic University of America Press

Still More Light on Vatican Council II

Still More Light on Vatican Council II Jared Wicks S.J. (bio) Dialogo e rinnovamento. Verbali e testi del segretariato per l’unità dei cristiani nella preparazione del concilio Vaticano II (1960–1962). Edited by Mauro Velati. [Istituto per le scienze religiose, Serie: Fonti e strumenti di ricerca, 5.] (Bologna: Il Mulino. 2011. Pp. 939. €60,00. ISBN 978-8-815-13188-1.) Konzilstagebuch Sebastian Tromp SJ, mit Erlauterungen und Akten aus der Arbeit der Kommission für Glauben und Sitten, II. Vatikanisches Konzil. Edited and annotated by Alexandra von Teuffenbach. Vol. II, pts. 1 and 2 (1962–63). (Nordhausen: Verlag Traugott Bautz. 2011. Pp. 1279. €150,00. ISBN 978-3-883-09625-4.) The Council Notes of Edward Schillibeeckx 1962–1963. Critically Annotated Bilingual Edition. Edited by Karim Schelkens. [Instrumenta Theologica, XXXIV.] (Leuven: Peeters. 2011. Pp. xxx, 77. €28,00. ISBN 978-9-042-92453-6.) Il Concilio Vaticano II. Una storia mai scritta. By Roberto de Mattei (Turin: Lindau. 2011. Pp. 625. €38,00. ISBN 978-8-871-80894-9.) This review article continues three earlier presentations of publications of source-documents and scholarly studies on the Second Vatican Council and its documents.1 Presented here are (1) an ample documentary record of work in the Secretariat for Promoting the Unity of Christians during the Council’s preparation; (2) the second volume (covering October 1962 to September 1963) of the office diary of Sebastian Tromp, secretary of the Council’s Doctrinal Commission; (3) the diary of Edward Schillebeeckx for the Council’s Period I of 1962, with added comments during Period II on the orientation [End Page 476] votes of October 30, 1963; and (4) a one-volume traditionalist and highly critical account of the whole Council, which treats as well background during the pontificate of Pius XII and reports on the negative effects of the Council on the Catholic Church to 1978 under Pope Paul VI.2 The 1960–62 Preparatory Work for the Second Vatican Council by the Secretariat for Promoting the Unity of Christians Mauro Velati has given us a most welcome work of documentation on how the Secretariat for Promoting the Unity of Christians fulfilled its mandate of bringing the ecumenical cause into the 1960–62 preparation for the Second Vatican Council.3 Pope John XXIII instituted the secretariat on Pentecost Sunday, June 5, 1960, by a paragraph of his Motu Proprio, Superni Dei nutu, in which he formally initiated the direct preparation of the Council.4 Following upon the massive collection by the broad-based canvas of 1959–60 of topical proposals from the Council’s future members, the curial congregations, and pontifical universities and faculties, in June 1960 the pope established the ten preparatory commissions of the Council. These were to submit schemas in areas such as theology, bishops and the governance of dioceses, religious life, the liturgy, studies and seminaries, the missions, and the lay apostolate. To the ten commissions, the pope added two “secretariats” —one to prepare a conciliar treatment of the modern means of communication and the other to help Christians not in communion with the Apostolic See to follow the work of the Council and more easily find the way “to attaining that unity for which Jesus Christ prayed earnestly to the Heavenly Father.” As well, [End Page 477] the pope instituted a large Central Preparatory Commission of cardinals and bishops to review schemas produced by the particular commissions and secretariats to evaluate their adequacy for submission to the whole Council. The new volume assembled by Velati documents a principal part of the Unity Secretariat’s first two years of activity, giving (1) the initial draft texts produced by each of the secretariat’s several subcommissions, (2) the minutes of meetings in which the secretariat’s members and consultors evaluated each draft, and (3) the revised texts that the secretariat either circulated among the preparatory commissions or in certain cases to submitted to the Central Preparatory Commission for eventual treatment by the whole Council. Velati’s collection is unique, since we do not have publications documenting, with texts and minutes of meetings, the genesis of the schemas that the ten preparatory commissions or the other secretariat developed for...