Igbo Society Research Articles

Narratological Exploration of Igbo Folkloric Discourse: A Critical Analysis of Linguistic and Cultural Encoding in Selected Igbo Tales

That society is dynamic entails that no society is static; as days progress, new things come to replace old ones. With the coming of the Europeans in parts of African society, traditionalism gave way to modernism. To an extent, the society being dynamic seems detrimental to the Igbo tradition as modern civilization tends to make the Igbo tradition and culture extinct. With our people developing more penchant for the Western tradition, things keep falling apart in the contemporary Igbo society as the Igbo tradition and culture seem highly neglected. This paper therefore delves into the intricate cultural complexities of the Igbo people of southern Nigeria with the aim of exploring the linguistic feature of folklore as it heralds understanding and preserving of the Igbo tales. With a lucid and comprehensive exploration of the Igbo folklore, the realistic facts of the Igbo identity are X-rayed. With the folkloric language parsed, the importance of folklore, with specific reference to folktale, is vivified. The researchers believe that as most aspects of folklore are basically performed, then Schechner’s Performance Theory is considered an apt theoretical framework for the analysis of the research.

Reclaiming African Identity: Analyzing Issues of Postcolonial-ism in Chinua Achebe’s “Things Fall Apart"

Chinua Achebe's "Things Fall Apart" stands as a seminal work in postcolonial literature, exploring the intricate dynamics between colonizers and the colonized in the context of European colonization's impact on African societies. This abstract delves into the novel's portrayal of postcolonial themes, focusing on the disruption of traditional Igbo culture, power dynamics between Europeans and indigenous peoples, and the psychological and emotional repercussions of colonization. Achebe was motivated to write the novel as a response to European portrayals of Africans in literature, particularly influenced by Joyce Cary's shallow depiction of Africa in "Mr. Johnson." Achebe's use of language, particularly his appropriation of English to convey African experiences, challenges Eurocentric narratives and offers a counter-narrative that centres African perspectives. Through meticulous depiction of pre-colonial Igbo society, Achebe reclaims African history and cultural identity, countering colonial misrepresentations and emphasizing the resilience and dignity of indigenous cultures. Additionally, the abstract discusses Achebe's critique of colonial ideologies, particularly Christianity, which undermines native traditions and fractures communal bonds within Igbo society. By contrasting "Things Fall Apart" with Joseph Conrad's "Heart of Darkness," Achebe challenges demeaning depictions of Africans in Western literature and asserts the importance of authentic representation in postcolonial discourse. Overall, "Things Fall Apart" remains a powerful testament to the enduring legacy of colonialism and the ongoing struggle for cultural autonomy and identity in the postcolonial world. By using a postcolonial framework, the study aims to shed light on the socio-political implications of Achebe's work and highlight the importance of diverse narratives and marginalized voices.

IGBO DIASPORA SUSCEPTIBILITY TO WESTERN CULTURAL VALUES

Migration had always been integral to Igbo history during the Pre-Colonial, Colonial and Post-Colonial eras. However, the aftermath of the Nigerian Civil War had maximally influenced the rate of International migratory behaviour among the Igbo orchestrated by the desire for greener pastures. The susceptible nature of the Igbo diaspora to Westernization has enormous economic, social, and cultural implications for Igbo society, such that Western civilization has taken precedence over Igbo values and culture. The high level of assimilation into Westernization has led to cultural marginalization, a situation that often presents a real dilemma to Igbo in the Diaspora. In this regard, curiosity comes to mind and raises some apparent paradoxes on why the Igbo, who so much cherished their culture at home, now neglect the same culture abroad. The objective of this paper is to examine the challenges that the Igbo Diaspora faces in the face of two conflicting cultures (Igbo culture and Western culture), especially in raising their children born in the Diaspora in traditional Igbo cultural values despite the ubiquity of the Western socialization process. The methodology adopted by the paper is a historical approach and qualitative approach comprising oral sources and semi-structured interviews gotten from the experiences of Igbo Diasporas who usually come home for one function or the other. The paper found that Western practices are fast gripping into the lives of many Igbo Diasporas. Based on this, the paper concludes by urging that the Igbo Diaspora should evolve a viable option and measures to retain their traditional culture while still living in the Western culture.

A Study of Colonial Confrontation in The Things Fall Apart

This research paper critically examines the portrayal of colonial confrontation in Chinua Achebe’s "Things Fall Apart," highlighting the themes of suppression and oppression. It argues that Achebe adeptly reconstructs the historical and political context of the Igbo people's recent past, illustrating their suppression and oppression by European colonizers. Furthermore, the paper explores how Achebe portrays Igbo community life and demonstrates how the arrival of white missionaries and colonial administrators gradually undermined traditional Igbo values. This erosion occurred initially through religious conversions and later through the imposition of colonial political structures, ultimately leading to the dismantling of traditional Igbo society. Thus, the novel addresses various forms of suppression—social, political, religious, cultural, economic, and educational—imposed on the Igbo tribe by the British colonial administration.

Self-Realisation in the Awakening by Kate Chopin

Racism took a different turn in the 16th century, impacting this generation's society. Through racist beliefs and thoughts, people divided society into divisions. This study was based on racism and white people's historical oppression of black people. In this study, we examined two novels that help to analyze racism in society, and the impact of these novels on culture was also addressed. The study described slavery in the 19th century and the colonial times of Nigerian tribes. Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn offered an American perspective on racism vs. the African setting of Things Fall Apart. During the 19th century, Nigerian people faced colonization that impacted the culture and behaviour of indigenous people. In this study, different aspects of racism and the effects of racism on black people were examined. This study also showed that the British invasion forced marginalization in every element of Igbo society, ranging from traditional values to religious and gender roles; this study aims to discuss the differences in the perspective of racism by analyzing Things Fall Apart and The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn. These two pieces of literature helped to develop better concepts and aspects of racism in the social setting and highlighted the racism between white and black people.

The Role of the Igbo Language Translators in Promoting Literacy, Moral Values, and Christianity: A Comprehensive Study in Igbo Society

This research investigates the significant contributions of the Igbo language translators to promoting literacy, moral values, and Christianity within the Igbo community. It explores how the language serves as a conduit for transmitting cultural heritage, ethical principles, and religious teachings, shaping individuals' moral fabric and spiritual growth. The study examines the role of translators in bridging linguistic and cultural gaps, facilitating access to literacy materials and religious texts, and promoting effective communication within the community. Historical and contemporary perspectives on using the Igbo language in educational settings and religious institutions are analyzed to uncover challenges and opportunities associated with promoting literacy and Christian teachings. The impact of globalization, technology, and socio-economic factors on language use and cultural and religious knowledge transmission is also investigated. Through empirical analysis and qualitative research methods, the study provides insights into the dynamic relationship between language, literacy, morality, and Christianity in Igbo society, with implications for educational practices, community development, and cultural preservation.

Film Representation of Igbo Cultural Widowhood Practices in Anambra State. An Audience Analysis of a Nollywood Movie: Glory of a Widow

This study examines the representation of Igbo cultural widowhood practices in Anambra State through the lens of the Nollywood film "Glory of a Widow". Employing structural functionalist theory and feminist film theory, this qualitative research utilized focus group discussions to gather data from audiences. Findings reveal that Igbo cultural practices surrounding widowhood continue to be prevalent in contemporary society, perpetuating gender inequality and discrimination. The study identifies the need for amendments of existing laws and policies to protect the rights of widows. The film's portrayal of these practices sparks crucial conversations about cultural preservation, gender justice, and the role of the media in shaping societal attitudes. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of the complex intersections between culture, gender, and media representation in Igbo society, highlighting the potential for film to inspire social change and promote gender equality.

Gender, Age and Context in the Use of Sex-Related Verbal Taboos in Traditional Igbo Society

The study investigated how gender and age disparities, and situation/ context shape the use of sex-related verbal taboos. It adopted the qualitative orientation which involved semi-structured interviews with a total of 20 participants drawn from four purposively chosen communities or Igbo areas namely, Edda/Afikpo, Owerri, Uzuakoli and Awka. It was framed around the taboo theory of gender differences. The study identified some terms relating to sex and other parts of the body which constitute verbal taboo, and highlighted how gender and age disparities, as well as contexts shape the use of the verbal taboos. It also observed more female restrictive use of the taboo terms/expressions than male which speaks to the culture of patriarchy. Varied contexts or situations of use of the taboo terms were identified including ‘closed’ and ‘open’ contexts. It was concluded that gender and age disparities as a feature of verbal taboos depend on the culture and their underlying beliefs and values.

From Tradition to Tech: An Ontological Journey in Igbo-African Culture

This philosophical exploration examines the emergence of technology in the Igbo-African context. Drawing on philosophical literature and Igbo cultural practices, the paper explores how technology has been understood and used in Igbo society. It considers the role of culture, ethics, and values in shaping the development of technology and highlights the importance of a holistic approach to technology that takes into account the social and cultural context in which it is used. The paper argues that a deeper understanding of the Igbo worldview and philosophy can provide insights into the ethical and social implications of technology and offer a more balanced approach to technology development and implementation. Ultimately, the paper suggests that an engagement with African philosophical traditions can enrich global discussions about technology and contribute to a more diverse and inclusive technological landscape.

UNDERSTANDING THE SOCIAL CONTEXT OF THE NAME ‘BIAFRA’ IN CONTEMPORARY IGBO SOCIAL CONSCIOUSNESS IN NIGERIA

Name is a social construct that gives identity to people in society. The name ‘Biafra’ has an interpretation and social context that is embedded with meanings among the Igbo of South-East, Nigeria. The name ‘Biafra’ expresses idea, social interpretation and value among Igbo people in their social interaction. This study explains the historical antecedents of the name ‘Biafra’, the contemporary use of Biafra by the Igbo for identity construction, social cohesion, and contextual symbol of the name ‘Biafra’ in Nigeria. Using qualitative method of data collection, key informant interviews, in-depth interviews (IDI) and focus group discussion (FGD), twenty-six interviews were conducted with Biafra activists/representatives, Biafra war veterans and youth leaders in two selected communities namely, Aba and Onitsha in Abia and Anambra states, respectively. Data collected were analyzed using ethnographic content analysis. The findings of this study show that the name ‘Biafra’ holds social and cultural symbols that are presented as Biafuru (come and see) and Bia-fara (come and take) which is a symbol of olile-anya (hope) and nzoputa (emancipation). All these create Biafra symbolism for agitation, social identity, recognition, freedom and ofu-obi (social cohesion) that are associated with the Igbo society in Nigeria.

Women and Masquerade Traditions in Africa: Insight from the Ikeji Masquerade Cult of the Post-Colonial Igbo Society, Nigeria

Women and Masquerade Traditions in Africa: Insight from the Ikeji Masquerade Cult of the Post-Colonial Igbo Society, Nigeria

Beyond Carvings and Rituals: Unveiling the Ikenga's Role in Modern Igbo Society

Purpose of the Study: This study examines the contemporary significance of the Ikenga, a crucial cultural symbol among the Igbo people of Nigeria, commonly associated with strength, determination, and entrepreneurial drive. Methodology: The study used a qualitative research design and employed semi-structured interviews, participant observation, and document analysis to collect data from various participants in Igbo society. These participants included entrepreneurs, community leaders, cultural historians, and spiritual leaders. Main Findings: The research reveals that Ikenga continues to serve as a significant cultural icon, supporting entrepreneurship and symbolizing communal achievements and personal aspirations in contemporary times. Despite the challenges of globalization, Ikenga adapts to maintain its relevance, underpinning socio-economic practices and embodying the enduring Igbo values of resilience and determination. Applications of this Study: The findings provide valuable insights for policymakers, cultural practitioners, and scholars, highlighting the importance of integrating cultural heritage into development strategies. This study encourages a multidisciplinary approach to understanding the dynamic interplay between traditional symbols and modern societal roles, offering a model for preserving cultural identity in rapidly changing environments. Novelty/Originality of this Study: This research contributes to the ethnographic literature by offering a contemporary analysis of Ikenga's relevance in Igbo society, beyond its traditional and symbolic interpretations. It underscores the symbol's adaptability and enduring significance, enriching the discourse on the preservation of cultural heritage in the face of globalization and modern challenges.

The Ecclesiastical Factor and the Rise of Neo- Traditionalism in Igboland: Unintended Consequences and Socio-Cultural Implications

This study examines the complex relationship between ecclesiastical influences and the resurgence of neo-traditionalism in Igboland, Nigeria, focusing on unintended consequences and socio-cultural implications. Employing a multidisciplinary approach, it integrates historical analysis, theological inquiry, and socio-cultural examination. Through a comprehensive literature review, gaps in scholarly discourse are identified, and framed within theoretical frameworks such as inculturation and materialism. Historical analysis traces missionary patterns, while theological inquiry explores Christianity's tensions with indigenous cultures. Socio-cultural examination, using qualitative methods, provides insights into contemporary Igbo society. Findings reveal that ecclesiastical actions, including missionary patterns, extreme inculturation, materialism, social security gaps, and clergy conduct, inadvertently contribute to preserving and revitalizing indigenous cultural and religious practices. This unintended consequence fuels neo-traditionalism as cultural resistance, challenging Christian dominance and highlighting broader discussions on cultural preservation and identity. The study underscores the importance of dialogue and collaboration between religious institutions and indigenous communities to promote cultural preservation and societal transformation. Acknowledging these unintended impacts fosters a more inclusive relationship, enriching our understanding of religion, culture, and identity in contemporary Igbo society and beyond.

The Cultural Erosion: Post-Colonial Discourse in Achebe's Things Fall Apart

The purpose of this research is to examine the erosion of cultural identity of Igbo society as a result of British colonization. It also looks at the colonial hegemony enforced by institutions of the church, judiciary, medical system, and education in Igbo society. The peaceful Igbo village descends into chaos as the protagonist's son disobeys his father and mocks the idea of brotherhood by converting himself into Christianity. The impact of colonialism and the supremacy of European culture destroys the social harmony of Igbo society. As a result, despite the struggle and sacrifice of true lover of original culture, the rich cultural legacy continues to collapse. A post-colonial social narrative raises questions to the aboriginal Igbo culture that was originally shaped by a variety of cultural ethos. The community experiences a significant transformation while the true followers original culture struggle with the shifting dynamics of relationships. The traditional lifestyle of the Igbo people is disrupted and challenged by European civilization. As they resist the changes imposed by the colonizers, the indigenous people's identity changes.

Post-Colonial Discourse in Achebe's Things Fall Apart

This study aims at revealing Igbo society and the decline of its cultural identity as a result of British colonialism and the hegemony imposed through judicial, medical, educational, and church-missionary institutions. When the protagonist's son betrays his father and the brothers ridicule the concept of brotherhood by becoming Christians, the peaceful Igbo community gets turned into anarchy. The harmony of the Igbo community was destroyed by the effects of colonialism and the supremacy of European culture. Consequently, the rich cultural heritage collapses and crumbles despite constant resistance and sacrifice of a sincere lover of native culture. Post-colonial social narrative, a narration of society, postulates the issues of presentation, expression and evocation of a community which is preliminarily structured by a number of cultural ethos, now it has been contaminated by colonial power. The community experiences a significant transformation while the true followers original culture struggle with the shifting dynamics of relationships. European civilization interferes and challenges the traditional way of life of the Igbo people. Identity of the indigenous people gets reshaped as they fight against the changes imposed by the colonists.

Retorts in Igbo discourse

This article studies the social factors influencing the use of retorts in Igbo discourse and how these factors determine the psychological impact of retorts. By adopting a cross-sectional survey design and anchoring on the concept of politeness system, the study observes that in face-to-face conversations involving retorts in Igbo, age, gender and relationships are key social factors, and that female interlocutors are most predisposed to using retorts. Retorts are also used mostly by older to younger members of Igbo society, among peers and people sharing close relationships. Younger people retorting to elderly members are frowned on. Furthermore, though the younger individuals may feel angry about certain retorts, they habitually do not react hostilely, which indicates how tolerant Igbo discussants are when retorts come from their older interlocutors and, sometimes, from their peers. The study contributes to Igbo studies as it offers insights into the dynamics of retorts in Igbo interactions. The study recommends more domestication of research on retorts in specific speech communities, especially in Africa.

Domestic violence in african society: A study of chimamanda adichie's purple hibiscus

In the 21st century, one of the major roles of the English language in building a corporate youth image for sustainable development, peace, and security in Nigeria is in the area of creative writing. Many scholars are concerned about domestic violence in African society, particularly in Nigeria, especially in Igbo society, where domestic violence is a serious subject matter. Women are subjected to lots of maltreatment, suppression, and relegation to the background as a result of man's chauvinism. The aim of this study is to examine forms of domestic violence in African society by using the work of Chimamanda Adichie's "Purple Hibiscus." The study adopts a brand of snail sense feminism propounded by Akaihi Adimura Ezeigbo as its theoretical framework, while thematic analysis is employed to analyze Adichie's "Purple Hibiscus," which captures many issues of domestic violence and provides insight into the world of domestic violence in African society. Another perspective advocates that African women can overcome domestic violence through education, maturity, and dialogue.

Flora Nwapa's Efuru and toxic masculinity in Igbo Nigerian society

This work focuses on the concept of toxic masculinity in Igbo society, in relation to the two major male characters in Flora Nwapa's 1966 novel, Efuru, set in Igbo Nigerian society. The methodology applied in the study is the qualitative content analysis, using the theoretical tool of toxic masculinity. Toxic masculinity is viewed here in much the same way as it was viewed in the earlier years of its coinage (1980s). It describes the behaviour of “troubled” or “troubling” men who are labeled as “toxic” and needing therapy because of violence, or lack of engagement in family life, and employment (Harrington, 2020). This analysis reveals how the underachieving, non-committal and harmful behaviours of Adizua and Gilbert, the two leading male characters in Efuru, are indicative of toxic masculinity. Nwapa's Efuru therefore seems, at the time of its writing, a foreshadowing of the issue of toxic masculinity which has now become topical in the present day society of Nigeria. This paper reveals the urgent need for all stakeholders to devise sustainable means of breaking the incidence of toxic masculinity in real society. Literature reveals the paucity of works in the discussion of Nwapa's Efuru and indeed other African literary works from the angle of toxic masculinity. These factors collectively underscore the significance of this study.

Exploring Disability within Igbo Cultural Identity: A Philosophical Inquiry

This article delves into the intricate relationship between disability and cultural identity within the Igbo society of Nigeria. Drawing upon philosophical inquiry, it examines the attitudinal barriers, cultural perceptions, and ethical dimensions surrounding disability. While negative beliefs rooted in cultural mythology perpetuate stigma and marginalization, the Igbo community also demonstrates instances of reverence and acceptance towards disabled individuals. Through an analysis of ethical theories and human rights frameworks, the article advocates for greater inclusivity and recognition of disability rights within Igbo culture. Despite historical challenges, signs of progress towards a more inclusive society are evident, fueled by educational advancements and awareness campaigns. By engaging in ongoing dialogue and critical reflection, the Igbo community can steer towards a future that embraces the diversity of its members and fosters a more just and compassionate society.

Interpersonal symbolic communicative practices in the traditional Igbo society

This study examines interpersonal symbolic communication in the traditional Igbo society, which entails culturally-learned, often nuanced, socially shared system of communication between individuals by the use of instruments as symbols, in which the relation between the symbol and the signified concept is arbitrary. Data for the study were drawn from oral interviews and participant observation as primary sources, while secondary sources were library materials and the internet. Findings indicate that there exists yet another form of non-verbal communication that is symbolic (involves symbols) and is exclusively interpersonal in “the various Igbo culture areas” (Onwuejeogwu 1975). The examples are sub classified based on what they communicate. The study concludes that interpersonal symbolic communicative practices could be used as tools in interesting and complex ways for the description and reproduction of varied sociocultural world of the Igbo.