Ideological Control Research Articles

ВОСПОМИНАНИЯ ХАЙРИ ГИМАДИ

The article is based on the study of the biography of Khairi Gimadi (Gimadutdinov Khairutdin Gimadievich), the famous Tatar historian, Candidate of Sciences in History, Senior Researcher of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in the specialty of “History of Tataria”. He worked as Senior Researcher at The Institute of Language, Literature and History of the Kazan Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences (IYALI KFAN USSR), and later as Head of the History Sector. Kh. Gimadi’s scientific activity took place under a tightening ideological control over the activities of the national intelligentsia in the context of the famous August (1944) Resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. Contemporary researchers often refer to his works, especially when describing the events associated with the mentioned Resolution. But specialized works on the study of the biography of Kh. Gimadi still do not exist. The article presents the results of the scientific research related to the study of the biography of the Tatar historian, the most valuable of which were the memoirs of Kh. Gimadi, stored in the personal archive of his children. The sources contain the information about the parents, the native village of Khairutdin Gimadievich; the rural life is also described. The most part of the story is devoted to the period of famine in the Volga region and to the children homelessness in the 1920s. The materials of the article will be useful for regional and Russian historians studying the development of Russian science and the Soviet everyday life.

THE HUNGARIAN REVOLUTION OF 1956 IN THE KGB DOCUMENTS: THE CASE OF TWO ARCHIVES

The article deals with the general analysis of documents on the history of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, which are in the Sectoral State Archive of the Security Service of Ukraine and the State Archive of Transcarpathian Oblast. It is the first attempt to show the documents about the deportation of Hungarian citizens to the Soviet Union and to present the reactions of the local Transcarpathian Hungarian nation to the events of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, and it also highlights the actions of the authorities that were aimed at the purposeful total ideological control and thus influenced the formation of the general public’s opinion about the surrounding events. The main aim of the study is to show the deportations of the Hungarian revolutionists to the Soviet Union in 1956 through archival documents and to introduce the political leaflet distributor groups in Transcarpathia, which were formed during the Hungarian war of independence in 1956. There are archival documents containing different data about the behavior of the Hungarian population in Transcarpathia related to the Hungarian events. The documents also provide information about the punishments that concerned the Hungarian groups engaged in politics. These documents reveal that the political general headquarters in Uzhhorod had been operating for a long time after Hungary was invaded by the command of Moscow. It is possible to argue that the process of exploring the sources relating to the retaliation after the revolution of 1956 has not been finished yet, there are still hundreds of archival documents, mainly in Ukraine and in the former Soviet Union Archives, which still need to be explored. However, besides getting to know the real facts of the history of the Revolution in 1956, it is important to perceive that, despite the oppression, there were people in Transcarpathia too, who dared to be brave, to believe, and protest. And there were ones who paid with their lives for justice. Because of participating in the revolution, many people were arrested, sentenced, imprisoned, deported, and executed. Their truth and role should be clarified.

Analysis of “Crazy Aesthetics" of Painting in Ming Dynasty

After the long-term ethnic confrontation and the havoc that occurred during the Southern Song, Liao, Jin, Xia, Mongolian, and Yuan Dynasties, the rulers of the early Ming Dynasty once devoted themselves to the revival of the long-decayed Royal Academy of Painting and intended to reproduce the grand occasion of the former academy-style painting, to enjoy being the royal family. For a period of time, the painting in the early Ming Dynasty was shrouded in the retro style of academy style painting. From the perspective of region and time, the academy-style painting system represented by Liu, Li, Ma, and Xia in the Southern Song Dynasty was undoubtedly the most easily accepted and learned painting style from the psychological and cognitive levels of painters in the early Ming Dynasty. However, from the mid-Ming Dynasty, the painting style of the Zhejiang school gradually became wild, and its painters often regarded themselves as "immortal drunk", and their brush and ink language were indulgent and unruly, like a golden snake dancing wildly. Pursue the ink splash effect mixed with ink and wash, and even show the sense of power and speed of sweeping and swaying freely like a performance in front of people. And its form also began to be rude and frugal, resulting in the slander of "mad monster" and "crazy evil school". The "madness" of the painters during this period was not an accidental case, but an artistic phenomenon that was precisely opposed to the Wumen literati painting school that began to occupy the mainstream of the painting circle in the middle of the Ming Dynasty. The artistic pursuit and the aesthetic tendency of the orthodox social mainstream thinking. Under the unprecedented strengthening of centralization during the Ming Dynasty and the ideological control of the eight-legged scholars, the art world was full of "madness". This phenomenon makes people think about the two-way interaction between the times and art, and whether mainstream art can reflect mainstream consciousness. form? Between "cult" and "orthodox", who can better express the demands of an era? I hope to have a preliminary discussion here.

Teachers' organisational citizenship behaviour: do students' behaviour patterns and teachers' ideology on student control matter

Teachers' extra-role voluntary behaviours have been found essential for the effective functioning of schools. The present study pioneers in examining the relationship between Student Behaviour Patterns (SBP) and teachers' Organisational Citizenship Behaviour (OCB), and investigates teachers' Pupil Control Ideology (PCI) as a moderator. The structural equation modelling examined the study model. Data were collected using self-report questionnaires from 572 teachers in secondary schools in Sri Lanka. The results revealed that teachers' propensity to perform OCBs was not affected by students' behaviours, implying that teaching is a vocation devoted to serving the humanity despite challenging circumstances. The results also revealed that custodial teachers seemed to be affected by students' behaviours, though PCI had no moderating effect. As many teachers in Sri Lanka advocate more authoritarian style of discipline, the present study may offer suggestions in the arenas of classroom management, school leadership and teacher education on ways to embrace humanistic perspectives on student control.

Drawing Distinctions: Assyrians and Others in the Art of the Neo-Assyrian Empire

Between the ninth and seventh centuries BCE, the Neo-Assyrian Empire became the largest the world had yet seen. In the process of imperial conquest, the Assyrian state incorporated previously foreign territories and people into their world. Landscapes, materials, and the labor of conquered bodies became a part of the Assyrian royal palaces of northern Iraq, both as elements of their construction and as themes emphasized within the extensive visual programs of the palace reliefs. Within and through visual depiction of enemy bodies and foreign landscapes, in the process of being (often violently) reshaped by Assyrian hands, Neo-Assyrian kings brought the farthest reaches of their world into the center of imperial power. This article considers how specific strategies of representation in palace art allowed the Assyrian palace to serve as a microcosm of the empire and a map of its borders. Palace art emphasized the remade, reworked, or recreated, defining “Assyrianness” as that which remakes and has been remade. As a central act of remaking, I examine representations of captive or submissive foreigners, whose presence in the reliefs commemorates their humiliation while compounding and enhancing it in the very ways that these figures are depicted: cringing, deficient, and physiologically incorrect. I pay particular attention to examples from the late King Ashurbanipal’s reign, in which foreign leaders are singled out through representation with distinctive facial features. I argue that this act of (literally) drawing distinctions was an inherently imperial process, one that both expressed and enabled an ideology of expansion and control.

The time–space tactics of Chinese Buddhist and Taoist believers under state–religion tension

This study explores the experience of elderly rural Buddhist and Taoist believers in communist China where the ruling party has maintained decades-long regulatory control over religion. Based on ethnographic observation and oral histories, the analysis begins with how the actors made sense of and coped in their relationship with the state during the fieldwork period (May–June 2020) when state regulations restricted public religious practice because of COVID-19. The analysis then looks back on how practitioners experienced tightening state ideological control from the early 2010s to before COVID-19; further back at the religious revival during the opening and reform (1980s–2010s); and finally, the Cultural Revolution period (1960s–70s) when strict atheistic measures were imposed. Their narratives reveal the practical logic (habitus) which practitioners used to mediate their resistance against and compromise with the authoritarian state. Specifically, four logical modes that involve actors’ different time–space tactics were identified, namely state–religion disengagement, state–religion enhancement, religious (dis)enlightenment, and karma. The implications of these ostensibly conflicting modes of thinking in mediating the actors’ resistance–compliance interface in contemporary China are discussed.

Lecturers and Students of Kyiv Higher Institute of People’s Education in the Early 1920s in the Context of the System of Soviet Ideological Control

Since the establishment of the Bolshevik regime, intellectuals as holders of knowledge, ideology and historical experience, were under systematic and constant pressure. Special attention was paid to political control over higher education institutions, particularly in Kyiv. This control concerned reorganization of Ukrainian universities (Russian universities were not reorganised). That is why particular attention should be paid to higher education changes during the early totalitarism period. Kyiv University served as a basis for establishment of Kyiv Higher Institute of People’s Education and other educational institutions. Besides, there was political and ideological purge of teachers and students at the same time. The forms of control over lecturers were detailed questionnaires and reports. Such famous scientists as Hryhoriy Pavlutskiy, Klyment Kvitka, and others were among those lectures. Students were controlled through commissions on political level checks (political registration). Those commissions were the ones that carried out a purge in 1921–1923s. All those actions changed the political and ideological situation in Kyiv Higher Institute of People’s Education.The subject matter of this article is to show forms and methods of control over the lecturers and students in Kyiv Higher Institute of People’s Education. The main sources used in the article are the documents of the fund P-346 (R-346) of the State Archives of Kyiv.

Who is pulling the strings in the platform economy? Accounting for the dark and unexpected sides of algorithmic control

This paper aims to address the dark side perspective on digital control and surveillance by emphasizing the affective grip of ideological control, namely the process that silently ensures the subjugation of digital labour, and which keeps the ‘unexpectedness’ of algorithmic practices at bay: that is, the propensity of users to contest digital prescriptions. In particular, the theoretical contribution of this paper is to combine Labour Process with psychoanalytically-informed, post-structuralist theory, in order to connect to, and further our understanding of, how and why digital workers assent to, or oppose, the interpellations of algorithmic ideology at work. To illustrate the operation of affective control in the Platform Economy, the emblematic example of ride-hailing platforms, such as Uber, and their algorithmic management, is revisited. Thus, the empirical section describes the way drivers are glued to the algorithm (e.g. for one more fare, or for the next surge pricing) in a way that prevents them, although not always, from considering genuine resistance to management. Finally, the paper discusses the central place of ideological fantasy and cynical enjoyment in the Platform Economy, as well as the ethical implications of the study.

Encyclopedias as tools of modernization: Stalinist versions of agrarian knowledge

The article considers directions of the agrarian modernization as presented in the four editions of the Soviet agricultural encyclopedia from the mid-1920s to the mid-1950s. On the basis of some historical examples and theoretical concepts, the author explains the scientific, ideological and political significance of encyclopedias in the formation of social knowledge and ideology; shows how during the Stalinist period, the Soviet agricultural encyclopedias passed through several successive great leaps in the representation of agrarian knowledge under the accelerated Soviet modernization; stresses the manipulative way of managing agrarian knowledge and human capital in agriculture - on behalf of the leader and ruling party. The article describes the transition from the first Soviet encyclopedia of the 1920s, which focused on the modernization of peasant Russia, to the encyclopedia of the early 1930s, which denied the importance of the peasantry and praised the projects of large-scale industrial-agricultural production; many authors of the first peasant encyclopedia were repressed. The encyclopedia of the late 1930s reflects the fight against the authors of the previous encyclopedia of the great leap and the purges in the name of the ideology of the planning-management approach in the further modernization of Soviet agriculture. The encyclopedia of the late 1940s - early 1950s reflects the victory of the technocratic-bureaucratic worldview and personnel approach to the agrarian sphere, which prevailed in the agriculture of the USSR until the very end of the Soviet era. The author focuses on the influence of the subjective factor (political leaders, editors-in-chief and anonymous authors) on the ideology, topics and style of encyclopedic articles. In conclusion, the author notes that the strong ideological control and volatile political situation distorted knowledge in the Soviet agrarian encyclopedias, which negatively affected the quality of rural human capital and largely predetermined the stagnation of rural development in the late USSR.

Dancing Revolution: Bodies, Space and Sound in American Cultural History, by Christopher J. Smith

<i>Dancing Revolution: Bodies, Space and Sound in American Cultural History</i>, by Christopher J. Smith

Сектор языка Татарского научно-исследовательского института языка, литературы и истории: научная деятельность в период сталинизма

This paper presents the scientific work of the Department of Language Studies of the Research Institute of Linguistics, Literature and History (IYALI) during the period of the tightening ideological control over the Soviet intelligentsia activities. The author considers the effect on the work of Kazan linguists of the well-known Resolution "On the status and measures for improving the social and political, ideological activities in the Tatar party organization" (1944). According to the archive materials, the impact of Marr's pseudoscientific theory on the development of linguistics in the Tatar Republic is reflected for the first time. The author notes that Kazan scholars repeatedly had to revise the finished works in the wake of yet another resolutions of the CPSU Central Committee, despite the fact that the ideological tilt could very quickly turn in the opposite direction. The frequent need for changing the results of academic research led to stagnation of research. This problem was also the reason for the lack of published works of the Department of Language Studies, which gave the impression that the research activities of Kazan scholars were lagging behind. In general, the author of the presented article proves that the work of the IYALI linguists corresponded to the general trends in the development of Soviet science and was subordinate to the political guidelines of the Communist Party.

Власть и общественная жизнь в Карелии в годы «оттепели» (середина 1950 – середина 1960-х годов)

The article investigates the relationships between authorities and the society during the “thaw” period, which launched liberalization in public life and radical changes in public consciousness. Regional material from the Republic of Karelia was used to demonstrate the situation in the region’s political and public sphere, and the response of people to the activities of central and local governments. The study highlights that liberalization processes were contradictory and inconsistent, and the life of the society remained under strict ideological control.

English

The manifestation of addiction in modern day American society is novel in its materialization. Marxist concepts of self-estrangement and alienation provides a frame for viewing the way market capitalism and the way labor distribution negatively impact individuals because it supplies humans with false needs and a sense of disillusionment. The utilization of labor as identity and emphasis on profit creates a divide between a person and his self, a disconnect that ultimately causes an overarching culture of dissatisfaction in multiple areas of life. Durkheim&rsquo;s conceptualizations of anomie theorize the classification of addiction as a form of slow suicide due to external social forces, and the functionalist theory of society serves as a frame for the purpose the addict identity as deviant plays an important role in instigating and upholding certain ideologies of capitalist control and individualism.&nbsp; &nbsp; Key words: Marx, Durkheim, addiction, capitalism.

Breaking the Code: Political Control and the Humanities in 1960 s Bulgaria.

Certain tendencies in Bulgarian academia in the 1960s are explored as constituting a decisive moment in the emancipation of scientific authority from the intrusion of communist political power. With the focus on aesthetics, the major tenet is that, in the face of repression, specific theoretical approaches and currents of thought emerged that proved effective in dismantling dogma and boosting scientific authority vis-à-vis ideological control. Although open clashes with the repressive machinery of the communist regime certainly played a role in advancing the autonomy of science while on the other hand networks existed that allowed the clashes to be resolved in favor of science, emphasis here is on the deliberate shaping of an academic ethos and the implementation of modes of thinking, theoretical tools, and stances that were resilient to control and demonstrated their superiority to dogma. In 1960s aesthetics, this process involved battles surrounding the dogmatic conceptualization of reflection by Stalinist philosopher Todor Pavlov. A theorization of art as the production of freedom emerged in the course of these battles-a theorization which might, in fact, be crucial for this production and therefore a necessary condition for an otherwise fragile potentiality.

From “Troll Factories” to “Littering the Information Space”: Control Strategies Over the Russian Internet

This article explores aspects, transformations, and dynamics of the ideological control of the internet in Russia. It analyses the strategies of actors across the Russian online space which contribute to this state-driven ideological control. The tightening of legislative regulation over the last 10 years to control social media and digital self-expression in Russia is relatively well studied. However, there is a lack of research on how the control of the internet works at a structural level. Namely, how it isolates “echo chambers” of oppositional discourses while also creating a massive flood of pro-state information and opinions. This article argues that the strategy of the Russian state to control the internet over the last 10 years has changed considerably. From creating troll factories and bots to distort communication in social media, the state is progressively moving towards a strategy of creating a huge state-oriented information flood to “litter” online space. Such a strategy relies on the generation of news resources which attract large volumes of traffic, which leads to such “trash information” dominating the internet.

Дискуссия вокруг производительных сил (Политэкономия социализма: когнитивный тупик 1970-х)

Objective: to check the hypothesis of the existence of a cognitive deadlock in the socialist political economy in the USSRin the 1970s, which led to stagnation in political and economic research.Methods: discursive analysis, dialectics, hermeneutics, qualitative methods.Results: the content and role of the categories “objectification”, “reification”, “dependence”, “freedom” in the political economy of socialism are revealed. The author analyzes the views of Soviet theorists on the economic evaluation of factors of production, including labor (wages), fixed assets (depreciation), land (rent), and demonstrates the contradictions and “blind spots” of the socialist political economy. In particular, the article describes the paradoxical “fallout” of the problem of depreciation of housing stock and intra-block engineering networks from the discussion of fixed assets depreciation, as well as the issue of productive forces in general.In retrospect, the analysis revealed the predominant influence of the cognitive structure limitations compared to the ideological control. The development of economic science in the USSR was constrained by the norms of speech practices, which imposed restrictions on the discussion of fundamental problems, including “alienation” and “freedom”. Compared to these restrictions, the external ideological control of the Communist party was relatively weak, which, in particular, is proved by the publication of works by E. V. Ilyenkov, V. P. Shkredov and other researchers. The cognitive structure of the socialist political economy caused blind spots, when most of the important problems related to the productive forces were not publicly discussed. At the same time, the issues (freedom, dependence, alienation) directly related to Karl Marx legacy were also largely not discussed. Scientific novelty: the influence of the cognitive structure and its limitations on the development of the socialist political economy is demonstrated.Practical significance: a retrospective analysis allows both a deeper understanding of the reasons that led to the economic collapse of the USSR, and seeing the possible cognitive limitations of modern research, which largely inherited the approaches of Soviet scholars.

Classroom Context Influence on Pre-Service Teacher Pupil Control Ideology

The purpose of this experimental study is to examine the extent to which changes in a classroom scenario influence participant reports of pupil control ideology (PCI). Pre-service teacher participants (n = 83) completed a measure of PCI. They were then randomly assigned into hypothetical classroom contexts (low time, low physical resources, and control conditions). An ANOVA procedure was used to examine group differences in PCI. Results of this study indicate that participants in the low time condition exhibited statistically significantly more custodial PCI than participants in the control condition, while participants in the low resources condition exhibited a near significant mean difference from participants in the control condition. Implications for practice are reported.

Morals of Precarity: Artistic Trajectories under the Orbán Regime of Hungary

This article analyses the career path of young cultural producers in Hungary. We show how they navigate in the everyday life of the Orban regime. We define the social and political formation emerging after 2010 as a form of semi-peripheral hegemony that supports certain factors of international capital and strengthens its allied local bourgeoisie. We investigate culture not merely as an ideological underpinning of this regime but also as a commodity that is integrated into its new economic mechanisms. By utilizing primary and secondary quantitative data as well as qualitative methods of interview and policy-analysis, we focus on how the hegemonic process of the Orban regime mingles incorporation and exclusion. We outline Janus-faced cultural politics and a policy that rules the heteronomous pole of cultural production by an “economic rationality”, while more direct forms of “ideological control” are employed on the autonomous pole. By showing how the previous decade was characterized by a precarization of cultural work, we argue that current artistic careers are highly reliant either on incomes from the creative industry or on the sphere of social reproduction. As we conclude, this vulnerability can open a path for a certain authoritarian deepening under the COVID-19 crisis.

Improved Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Noise Direction Finding System

The work is devoted to the development of the acoustic direction of creation of means of detection of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The work of these tools is based on the principles of noise direction finding with the use of such variable characteristics of the acoustic field as: sound intensity, frequency spectrum and spatial spectrum. The architecture of UAV detection devices on the acoustic field corresponds to the algorithms of reproduction in separate paths of the device of ideology of registration and control of dynamics of change of characteristic of an acoustic field which defines the specified change as the fact of detection. The technical implementation of the above detection devices is to create a path of parallel octave, ½ octave and ⅓ octave filters, a path of narrowband filtering and a path of detection by power (intensity). &#x0D; The ideology of construction of detection devices is based on variability and physical manifestations of changes in such characteristics of acoustic noise as: sound intensity in the space - time interval of observation, broadband filtering, narrowband filtering, correlation characteristics.&#x0D; To ensure the detection of acoustic power (or intensity) with subsequent measurement of the level, the counter-inclusion (by switching or using operational amplifiers) of the elements of the cross-shaped group is used. An important and new feature is that one of the linear discrete acoustic antennas with an enlarged base additionally has two more pressure receivers symmetrically relative to the phase center.&#x0D; For broadband filtration, a comb of ⅓ octave band and semi-octave filters is used. In turn, the path of the narrowband spectrum is an octave band filter and a unit for calculating the fast Fourier transform.&#x0D; The path of the correlation direction-finding method implements the determination of changes in the autocorrelation coefficient and the corresponding electrical parameter (say the current through the display circuit) in the processing path in situations of fixing the direction to the target.&#x0D; Therefore, the proposed system for detecting useful noise signals should contain four paths, the physical implementation of detection in which is performed by software implementation of detection algorithms and, threshold processing and indication of results&#x0D; In order to improve and increase the reliability of detection, the direction finder is supplemented by the path of detection on the mutual spectrum and the path of the correlation method of direction finding.&#x0D; The processing of input acoustic information of the type of specific noise-like signal is carried out by using the instrumental laboratory software package Lab View and Math Lab. We will add that the article contains theoretical and practical results of measurements of noise loading and range of action of a noise direction finder. Experimental studies in terms of detection and measurement of the main characteristics of the device were conducted in laboratory and field conditions.&#x0D; At the same time, the present demonstrates the rapid development of the UAV fleet, which determines the urgency of the work and the development of the device as a means of counteracting small aircraft of various recognitions is its goal.

Philosophy and the Implementation of Marxism-Leninism in Lithuania’s Higher Education Institutions from 1944 to 1947

The article examines the introduction of Soviet Marxism (Marxism-Leninism) into the Lithuanian higher education system in 1944–1947. Based on archival sources and existing historiography, this paper explores the development of the higher education system in Lithuania during the first years of the Soviet occupation, including the translation, publication, and dissemination of ideological texts. It is argued that the introduction of Soviet Marxism in Lithuanian higher education institutions in 1944–1945 was carried out in a forced and chaotic manner, the organization of teaching and the preparation of ideological literature was slow, and there was a lack of staff to teach ideological courses. First came the creation of formal institutions (departments, divisions, institutes), and only then a consistent introduction of Marxist-Leninist teachings and the implementation of ideological control.