Ideological Origins Research Articles

The Making of Japanese Settler Colonialism: Malthusianism and Trans-Pacifi c Migration, 1868–1961 by Sidney Xu Lu

Reviewed by: The Making of Japanese Settler Colonialism: Malthusianism and Trans-Pacifi c Migration, 1868–1961 by Sidney Xu Lu Martin Dusinberre (bio) The Making of Japanese Settler Colonialism: Malthusianism and Trans-Pacific Migration, 1868–1961. By Sidney Xu Lu. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2019. xvi, 310 pages. $99.99, cloth; $32.99, paper; $26.00, E-book. Open Access. Some 70 pages into The Ideological Origins of the British Empire, the historian David Armitage turns his attention to the career of Richard Hakluyt the younger (1553–1616) and offers a close reading of "A particuler discourse concerninge the greate necessitie and manifolde comodyties that are likely to growe to this Realme of Englande by the Westerne discoveries lately attempted" (1584). Better known as the "Discourse of Western Planting," the text appealed to Elizabeth I for the crown to finance Sir Walter Raleigh's planned permanent English settlement in Roanoke (today's North Carolina). As such, the "Discourse" was a failure—as, indeed, Roanoke Colony would be. But Armitage nevertheless devotes several pages to Hakluyt's ideas: the apparent need to counter overpopulation at home with colonization abroad; the export of people to achieve such colonization; and the new outlet for English markets that would thereby be created.1 I recalled Armitage's treatment of Hakluyt's "Discourse" as I was reading Sidney Xu Lu's extraordinary first book, The Making of Japanese Settler Colonialism. Any serious analysis of ideological origins, Armitage implicitly argues, must encompass the ideas that failed as much as those later considered to be "successes"; by logical extension, the same must be as true for the sites where colonization did not take root as those where it did. For many decades, scholarship on Japanese imperialism avoided this logic, with many works focusing exclusively on the Northeast Asian sites of modern Japan's colonies. And, for obvious reasons, these formal colonies still remain central to the story of empire. But Lu's book, read alongside Eiichiro Azuma's In Search of Our Frontiers,2 makes the powerful case for a new sensibility in our understanding of Japanese imperialism: that its sites—like Roanoke for England—were as much failed projects in Texas (Lu) or Mexico (Azuma) as the "successes" of Taiwan, Korea, Karafuto, and Manchuria; and that Japanese imperialism was a product of "ideological [End Page 477] interaction between Japanese migration campaigns on both sides of the Pacific" (p. 265). Indeed, for my money, the transpacific focus of Lu's analysis over the period of almost a century (1868–1961) adds up to a new way of conceptualizing the ideological origins of the Japanese empire. At the heart of Lu's thesis lies what he calls Malthusian expansionism: "a set of ideas that demanded extra land abroad to accommodate the claimed surplus people in the domestic society on the one hand and emphasized the necessity of the overall population growth of the nation on the other hand" (p. 3). In other words, overpopulation was as much a claim as a reality; and, unlike Thomas Malthus's original emphasis on the need to check growth in An Essay on the Principle of Population (1789), Japanese intellectuals celebrated increased population at home, both as the mark of a strong nation and also as a justification for further overseas expansion. True, Malthusianism was not the only ideological show in town, nor the only means by which to articulate a language of expansionism in post-1868 Japan. But with examples from Hokkaido, California, Texas, Brazil, and Manchuria, plus passing analyses of Hawai'i and Korea, Lu constructs a convincing case for historians to consider Malthusian expansionism as central to practices of Japanese settler colonialism across the Asia-Pacific world—about which more later. But first to the methodological elephant in the room. The tendency to size up Japanese imperialism according to European normative models has a long and problematic pedigree in postwar Japanese- and English-language scholarship. So when, in order to explain the expansive history of modern Japan, Lu offers a conceptual framework—Malthusianism—whose "intellectual roots can be traced back to the formative years of modern nationstates in Europe" (p. 26—and, we might add with a nod to...

Black Migrants and Border Regulation in the Early United States

This article frames the dozens of state-level laws regulating the mobility of free Black people during the antebellum era as part of the history of American immigration law. While historians have shown the importance of antebellum antecedents to postbellum federal immigration law, they have primarily focused on the handful of laws regulating European migrants. But it was free Black migrants, both African American and foreign born, who faced closed or regulated borders from Florida to Oregon. Whether to protect slavery, to eliminate Black labor competition, or simply for racism’s sake, lawmakers across the country and in Congress legislated against Black mobility and criminalized these “illegal immigrants” from the 1780s to the 1860s. Enforcement of the laws may have been uneven, but their effects were profound. In their ideological origins and effects on migrants, border regulations targeting Black people formed an important opening chapter in the history of American immigration law.

ИДЕЙНО-ХУДОЖЕСТВЕННОЕ СВОЕОБРАЗИЕ РАССКАЗОВ АЛИМА ТЕППЕЕВА

The article is devoted to the study of the ideological and artistic features of A. Teppeev's short prose in the aspect of identifying the main problem-thematic trends in its development. The paper notes the influence of the aesthetic experience of the classics of Russian literature on the formation of the creative worldview of national writers of the second half of the twentieth century. The main objects of artistic and philosophical understanding (the spiritual world and the search for heroes, moral values) in the stories of A. Teppeev of the period of the 1960s-1980s are determined. The role of the artistic symbol in the structure of the narrative is considered, the content-aesthetic dominants, the ethno-cultural specificity of the works are revealed. Against the background of the motivational and thematic diversity (the motives of doom – "The Bridge of the Humpback Geuz", "Kara", the inevitability of fate – "Bitter Earth drink", "Target", the collisions of love – "Unconquered Peaks", "Whitefly"), the key task of the writer is determined-the artistic understanding of the spiritual and moral potential of a person in the context of historical time (Civil War, Great Patriotic War, modernity). As a result of the work carried out, a conclusion is made about the ideological and artistic originality of the stories of A. Teppeev, expressed in deep psychologism, in the actualization of the spiritual and moral principle (the image of the evolution/degradation of the characters who find themselves in dramatic circumstances, in situations of moral choice between good and evil, honor and dishonor, loyalty and betrayal), in the creative originality of the solution of moral and ethical, philosophical problems of human existence.

ЛІБЕРАЛІЗМ ЯК ІДЕЙНО-ПОЛІТИЧНА ОСНОВА ДЕМОКРАТІЇ

This article focuses on the essence, political content and forms of democracy. The principles and values of liberalism as ideological and political origins of democracy are revealed. There are analysed ideological sources and basic approaches to understanding democracy as a political value and the reasons for its actualisation in contemporary conditions. There are generalised principles and norms for creating and implementing rules for an all-encompassing and unlimited political dialogue in society and between states as a central idea of the value dimension of democracy.

The image of Constantinople in poems on the pages of the Russian press during the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878

The article examines the role of poetic journalism in the construction of the image of Constantinople in the Russian press during the Russian-Turkish war of 1877–1878. The authors examine the ideological, political and cultural origins of the «Constantinople myth», reveal the characteristic features of the symbolic opposition «Istanbul – Constantinople». The article compares the image of Constantinople in poems, journalistic and memoir sources.

Ideological Origins of the Black Lives Matter Movement

The article is devoted to the consideration of the ideology of the African American movement Black Lives Matters, which has a great impact on the modern public life in the United States. The paper analyzes the main points of the program of this movement, created under the influence of the ideas of socialism and black nationalism and aimed at a radical transformation of the American community. In order to explore the ideological continuity between African American social movements, the article compares the Black Lives Matters movement with the Black Civil Rights movement in the United States of the 1950s and 1960s, as well as the radical Black Power movement, the most influential representative of which was the Black Panther Party organization, which peaked in popularity in the late 1960s - early 1970s. Particular attention is paid to the consideration of the foundations of the Black Panthers’ ideology of revolutionary nationalism, as well as its impact on the fundamental principles of the Black Lives Matter movement.

От школы Пюттера до де Бональда: генезис консервативной политико-правовой мысли

The article attempts to trace the genesis of conservative thought with the help of historical and legal analysis. If earlier researchers spoke in the context of the forerunners of conservative political and legal thought only about the Anglo-Irish parliamentarian Edmund Burke and the Sardinian Joseph de Maistre, sometimes mentioning the historical school of law, the researcher, on the contrary, insists on the need to study the original ideas of such conservative lawyers of the XVIII century as Justus Mezer, Gustaf von Hugo and Johann Putter. According to the author, these scientists pushed, including Burke and de Maistre, to the idea of the supremacy of national law and the political and cultural traditions of a particular nation in a particular state. It is noted that the conservative doctrine was born and developed synchronously in Germany, France and England, and as a result, it absorbed certain features: rationalism, a religious picture of the world, a tendency to hierarchy and reliance on traditions, as well as some impulsiveness in the form of a reactionary response to events happening in the country. Following the law professors, the author analyzes the ideological origins of the doctrines, reconstructs conservative ideas and forms the political and legal values of conservatism into a coherent system of attributes. For the purpose of a detailed study of the phenomenon of conservatism and its forerunners, the article identifies three bases, within which eight types of conservatism are revealed: static; dynamic; utopian; realistic; utopian, but with some reservations embodied in reality; realistic, supplemented with elements of utopia; liberal conservatism; true conservatism. The derived system of types of conservatism can be used in further research.

On Role of General V.E. Borisov in the Stavka of the Supreme Commander in 1915–1917

This article examines the role of General V.E. Borisov in the decision-making process at the Headquarters of the Supreme Commander of the Russian Army in 1915–1917. General Borisov was a friend of General M.V. Alekseyev, and their contemporaries often characterized him as an unofficial advisor to Alekseyev, especially in military matters. When in August 1915 general Alekseyev was appointed as the Chief of Staff of the Supreme Commander and arrived at the Stavka in Mogilev, Borisov followed him, even though he did not have any official status at the time. Comparing the handwriting in Borisov's personal documents with the unsigned documents from the documents of Stavka, preserved at the Russian State Archive for Military History (RGVIA), this article concludes that Borisov in fact took part in the creation of several major notes on Russia's relations with the Allies in the Entente that laid the foundation for the Stavka’s strategic military decisions. In some cases he was the sole author of the documents, sometimes he wrote it together with Alekseyev. Borisov paid particular attention to Serbia and the Balkans, so this article analyses in detail the project of the allied offensive from Galicia and Salonika, developed by Borisov in November 1915. Confirmation of Borisov's participation in Stavka’s strategic activities improves our understanding of Stavka’s functioning and allows us to determine the ideological origins of the strategic decisions of the Russian high command, since, unlike General Alekseyev, Borisov left a vast theoretical legacy.

The Social Origins of Ideological Origins: Notes on the Historical Legacy of Bernard Bailyn

The Social Origins of Ideological Origins: Notes on the Historical Legacy of Bernard Bailyn

The Dimensions of Nationalism: A Case Study of the U.S. in the Eighteenth Century

This article seeks a new understanding of nationalism theory by comparing the historical evolution of American and Chinese nationalism, analyzing the cosmopolitan origins of the two nations in different historical contexts. Although modern American and Chinese nation were born in different time and space, their nationalism has a similarly ideological origin which can be traced back to universal ideal based on regionally cultural community. Different with American nationalism that cut off the cosmopolitan traditions of Atlantic Republic of Letters, using localism of evangelical ideology as a national binder, modern Chinese nationalism was born in the collapse of traditional Tian-xia state, under the pressure from European nation-states theory based on national model from Atlantic world in the late of nineteenth century.

О некоторых идейных источниках теории максимизации богатства Ричарда Познера: Адам Смит и Иеремия Бентам

Objective: to identify some aspects of the historical genesis of the ideas of wealth maximization theory by Richard AllenPosner - one of the main representatives of the Chicago school of economic analysis of law.Methods: post-classical approach to the cognition of social phenomena, which allows analyzing them in their historical development and functioning as the complex of objective and subjective factors; portrait method; comparative legal and formal logical analysis.Results: the wealth maximization theory by R. Posner is one of the most well-known ethical and legal theories in the English- speaking world. It has many followers, and it is often applied as the basis of functioning by acting Western politicians and representatives of political parties. There are also opponents who stand in different positions. The article provides arguments to confirm that R. Posner’s theory is based on the ideas of A. Smith and J. Bentham. In particular, it is A. Smith’s idea that the engine of human development is the desire to improve human living conditions, which is the desire to increase private and public wealth. Also important are the ideas of the “invisible hand of the market” and of self-interest, which is inextricably linked with empathy. From the creative heritage of J. Bentham, Posner singled out the idea of pleasure as a criterion for justifying actions, although he criticized it. Posner replaced pleasure with utility, aimed at maximizing wealth. Posner also recognizes that Bentham’s idea, which has become one of the key ones in the economic analysis of law, is that punishment is a way to impose costs for criminal activity. The authors conclude that the ideas of these thinkers are the basis of the wealth maximization theory by R. Posner, which, in turn, is an authoritative normative legal theory within the Chicago school of economic analysis of law.Scientific novelty: for the first time in the Russian science, this article examines the general theoretical foundations of the welfare maximization theory created by the most famous American lawyer, thinker and economist R. Posner and reveals its ideological origins. Understanding of these origins makes it possible both to criticize this theory and to study the possibilities of using its ideas in the Russian perspective.Practical significance: the ideas that served as the basis for Posner’s wealth maximization theory can be used both for further criticism of this theory and for the development of the Russian legal science and philosophy of law. These ideas can also be used in political practice, law-making, and judicial law-enforcement.

ACCESSION OF KAZAN KHANATE TO RUSSIA IN THE ASSESSMENTS OF AMERICAN HISTORIANS OF THE MIDDLE 20th CENTURY

The article analyzes the views of American historians of the middle 20th century on the problem of accession of Kazan Khanate to Russia. Studies on the history of Russian foreign policy have become relevant in the West with the beginning of the «cold war», the purpose of these studies was the need to identify the historical origins of «expansionist» foreign policy of the USSR and Russia. Searching the roots of “Russian expansionism”, Western science of the middle 20th century came to the conclusion about the non-European character of the Russian statehood, about Byzantine and Mongolian origins of the Russian state ideology, which substantiated its claim to world domination. Harvard University historians specializing in the history of Russia and the countries of Eastern Europe, in their works developed the concept of dual nature of the Russian state foreign policy ideology in the middle 16th century. On the one hand, this ideology was based on the Mongolian political tradition inherited from the Golden Horde. On the other hand, Russian ideology was influenced by the Byzantine political tradition. In the works of E. Keenan and Ya. Pelenski’s accession of Kazan Khanate to Russia was presented as the first embodiment in practice of Moscow rulers’ claims to dominate in the political space of Eastern Europe. At the same time, Kazan’s accession was a powerful impetus for the formation of the Russian state ideology, which was based on historical, dynastic, national and religious justifications for the claims to Kazan Khanate. Raised in the works of American historians, questions about Russian political culture and ideology of the 16th century, their reflection in the sources and interpretation of ideas by modern researchers maintain their scientific relevance today.

A Marriage of Convenience: Responsive Populists and Responsible Experts

This thematic issue, “Varieties of Technocratic Populism around the World,” investigates ideological origins of technocratic populism and situates it among other types of populism. It is composed of 11 articles that bring together 18 scholars from around the world with a wide variety of perspectives. Technocratic populism is an output-oriented populism that directly links voters to leaders via expertise. It emerges as a response to a crisis of governance, reproaches mainstream parties for it and offers solutions that challenge traditional left–right divisions in politics. New leaders combine populism with technocracy: They offer expertise, often harnessed in business, but also a direct, personalized link to ‘ordinary’ citizens. Above all, they politicize expertise to gain legitimacy. Technocratic populism primarily responds to frustrations of the electorate with poor governance, not to nativist grievances or to the plight of the most vulnerable citizens. In a new social contract, it is expected that voters renounce politics and political parties and that they turn into spectators who observe how technocratic elites adopt solutions that benefit the ‘ordinary people.’ Technocratic populism is a growing challenge to pluralistic forms of representative democracy and calls for further scholarly attention.

Philosophical and Ideological Origins of Libertinage in the Visual Art of the Modern Era

The article analyses ideological origins of libertine as a philosophical and aesthetic guideline, which was formed in the Age of Enlightenment and consistently embodied in the artistic practice of modernist artists. The purpose of the article isto carry out an art revision of the philosophical and aesthetic discourse of libertinage, using the parameters of the release of bodily, which are represented in the work of M. Henaff Marquis de Sade: The Invention of The Libertine Body.Based on the analysis, the conceptual positions of libertine in the visual arts are generalized. These include the following: body-machine, body-dissection, body-plane, rejection of the sensual “lyrical” “sentimental” body, which is devoid of eroticism and sexuality, the body as a group body. These positions-concepts are the theoretical basis for “visual libertinage”. Accordingly, the principle of “visual libertine” becomes a powerful factor in the image and expression of the body, naked body, nude, eroticism by modernist artists. The method of diachrony of libertinage allows usto present visual libertinage as a prolonged guideline, fully implemented by the modernist artists.

Історичні та політичні передумови виникнення та трансформації ідеології українських націоналістів у ХХ ст.

Історичні та політичні передумови виникнення та трансформації ідеології українських націоналістів у ХХ ст.

Speech Imperialization? Situating American Parrhesia in an Isegoria World

This article explores the ideological origins of the American free-speech tradition. It analyzes the two principal categorizations of free speech in classical antiquity: isegoria, the right to voice one’s opinion, and parrhesia, the license to say what one pleases often through provocative discourse, thus grounding modern free-speech epistemology and jurisprudential philosophy in a sociohistorical context. Part 1 reviews the First Amendment corpus juris. A progression of incrementally absolute judicial holdings promotes parrhesia, highlighting democratic utility over individual self-actualization; thus, Americans no longer view freedom of speech as an end ipso facto. While Athenian democracy recognized the need for provocative speech, certain institutional and social constraints, such as dokimasia, established standards of truth and accountability. Part 2 frames the historical developments of isegoria and parrhesia for modern analysis. The author begins by discussing isegoria’s principal aims, namely, promoting individual self-actualization and effective democratic governance. The European free-speech tradition, which views the individual as the locus of power, favors the former. The American tradition, which ‘depersonizes’ civil liberties such that the collective becomes the locus of control, favors the latter. Part 3 identifies the colonial developments in Anglo-American history that account for present-day U.S. free-speech permissiveness. It shows that the American preference for parrhesia-based absolutism was born from British imperialism and censorship. Part 4 suggests a need to reexamine free speech-understandings in the context of new-media proliferation and digital content regulation. The dominance of U.S.-based social media companies injects the American speech tradition into cultures with disparate free-speech philosophies and practices.

BUHE-BARILDAAN: BURYAT TRADITIONAL WRESTLING WITH CULTURAL CODES

Objective: Buryats living in Southern Siberia are one of the first peoples that Ancient Turks interacted with their cultural and genetic codes. Buryats have always had a traditional wrestling called Buhe-Barildaan. For a foreigner, understanding Buryat traditional wrestling will undoubtedly shed light on other aspects of Buryats 'and even Turkish-Mongolian peoples' social life. For this reason, the study aims to explain Buryat 'Buhe-Barildaan' traditional wrestling with archetypal cultural codes, formation and transformations. Method: Along with the literature review, descriptive research and comparison method, among the models included in the qualitative approach, was used. The research is limited to the folkloric wrestling of Buryats, who are Turkish-Mongolian people’s living in Southern Siberia. Findings: Buryat 'Buhe-Barildaan' wrestling distinguished two types as 'forest' and 'steppe'. First of all, type has become widespread among the Oyrat, the Bulaga and Ehiri Buryats of Turkish origin, and the Onon Mongols. The 'steppe type', which is now practiced almost everywhere, was only seen in peoples dealing with animal husbandry. In the competitions of the Steppe type, one of the three areas touching the ground would bring defeat. Conclusion: Non-Russian native authors, to explain the importance of Buryat wrestling, to suggest continuity between social signs, they have been seen using various propositional myths to construct social meaning and national identity. Buryat wrestling culture, it is based on the economic life unique to the development and continuity of the people and the traditional sources of the geographical environment that feed this life. Buhe-barildaan wrestling is one of the most important elements of the sports culture that helps to preserve the national identity and connection between generations. The functional and ideological origins of the Buryat Buhe-barildaan wrestling, historically, it is associated, first of all, with the choice of a mass who, besides having to face external power, is the leader of the military forces. In addition, Buhe-barildaan wrestling, which has two types, namely steppe and forest types, was seen to coincide with the wrestling of the peoples living in those geographies, especially Turks, in the context of typology and homogeneity. Article visualizations:

Political Psychology of Fascism: Attempt of Critical Analysis of the Wilhelm Reich’s Concept

In the context of the global aggravation of the information struggle, the escalation of tension caused by the difference in worldview and ideological attitudes of the leading geopolitical players of the current world order, the current trend towards rewriting the history of the Second World War and re-evaluating the role of separate political regimes and ideologies cause concern. In the year of the 75th anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War particularly relevant becomes the identification of the ideological origins of modern concepts of political understanding, historical interpretation and memory policy of several countries of the Collective West related to attempts to revise the results of the war and the decisions of the Nuremberg Tribunal, equalize responsibility for its beginning between the aggressors and the victims of aggression. The author shows that one of the underlying reasons for such attempts, in addition to the current foreign policy dictated by expediency purposes of application reputational damage to the Russian Federation as a successor state of the USSR, is in the US tradition of broad psychological interpretation of the phenomenon of fascism rooted in the famous work of German-American psychologist Wilhelm Reich’s “Mass Psychology and Fascism” which, after publication in 1933 became the starting point for the study of totalitarianism of the twentieth century from the psychological positions in the Western, first of all, Anglo-Saxon literature.

Постмодернизм vs целостность: социально-политический дискурс

The purpose of the article is to examine the ideological origins and political consequences of postmodernism in the contemporary world. The article uses such methods of scientific research as the comparative method, the retrospective method, and the hermeneutical method. The author of the article claims that in the context of the collapse of the project «Modern» and the idea of a mechanistic man, postmodernism becomes the ideology of Western civilization. At first, postmodernism identified itself only in the narrow world of philosophical circles, but even then it declared itself as a worldview of radical completion of the era of wholeness, «Big projects», «metanarratives» and universality. Prominent representatives of this ideology were the philosopher Gilles Deleuze and the psychoanalyst Felix Guattari, who proclaimed «rhizome» as a new social ideal, in which, as in a mushroom, there are no roots, centers and supports. In the same way, a contemporary man, according to their worldview, should not take root anywhere or in anything: neither in value, nor in culture, nor in spatial terms. A person in society becomes an unrooted nomad who is not able to cognize the world or transform it. As a result, the world is rapidly divided into a nomadic paradise of nomadic Hedonists and a nomadic hell for most of the world's population. According to a European representative of the elite, Jacques Attali, this situation is becoming an irrevocable socio-political reality.

ЛЕКСИКО-СЕМАНТИЧНІ ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ІДІОСТИЛЮ ДЕНА БРАУНА (НА МАТЕРІАЛІ НОМІНАТИВНОГО ПРОСТОРУ СФЕРИ МИСТЕЦТВА)

The article is a study of linguo-stylistic devices characteristic of the description of notions related to the field of art in Dan Brown’s idiostyle. In our research we systematized a number of theoretical views on the idiostyle as a whole system and its individual aspects related to the concepts of "linguistic personality", represented in verbal and non-verbal forms. In the paper the idiostyle is defined as a holistic system of visual aids that structures and represents individual knowledge about the world as well as reflects the national specificity of the world perception. In examining the linguistic grounds of the study of the author’s idiostyle, it is found out that idiostyle is a special component of the stylistic system of the language of a literary text, which consists of a set of linguistic and expressive means that perform an aesthetic function and distinguish the writer’s language. The paper points out that the nominative field in Dan Brown’s idiostyle represented in Robert Langdon book series is a complex structurally meaningful, multidimensional verbalized formation that is also rated as a verbal embodiment of the author’s creative potential. Despite being based on the standard lexicon of the linguistic society, Dan Brown’s thesaurus still has its differences. First of all, it is significantly influenced by the linguistic preferences and habits of the author, as well as genre-thematic and ideological originality. In addition, a number of extralingual factors prove to be an important component of the writer’s nominative field, namely: the presence of a technological component and informativeness of works, geographical environment, mystery, anthropocentrism, communication with the reader and inocultural environment. All these factors affect the choice and use of thematic lexical units and certain stylistic devices with the purpose to intensify the text’s communicative-and-pragmatic effect on the recipient. As a result, the analyzed works consist of the following stylistic elements: toponyms, chromatonyms, anthroponyms, terms, realia, as well as metaphors and similes.