Ideological Content Research Articles

Koliko se "novi Hladni rat" razlikuje od starog?

The antagonisms between Russia and the "collective West" require comparation of the newly emerging international situation with that of the Cold War. The basic methodological approach in this article is, therefore, historical-comparative. Therefore, in the first part of the Paper, the phrase "new Cold War" is defined and the change in its use during the previous decades is followed, with an attempt to determine the transformation of international relations from the era of the old, classic "Cold War" to the present day. This phrase was first used during the eighties of the last century to describe the second, the final phase (1979-1985) of the original Cold War between the two superpowers of that era, which ended with a new detente, Soviet Perestroika and the Reagan-Gorbachev negotiations. Later it was used to describe the heightened contemporary political, military, social, informational and ideological tensions between the US (and its allies) on the one hand, and Russia and China on the other. Then, in the second part of the Paper, the basic characteristics of the old "Cold War" are described (the dominance of the military-strategic approach in superpower relations, proxy wars, fear of a nuclear escalation, the division of the world into spheres of interest, the primacy of ideology in the conflict between two superpowers, classic geopolitical background of ideological competition). The "New Cold War" is characterized by regional and not global competition, the disproportion in economic power of Russia in relation to the West, the absence of a deeper ideological dimension of the conflict, the dominance of the geopolitical, territorial dimensions of the competition, the existence of third powers that are uniting with Russia against the West, the integration of the conflicting parties in single world capitalist system... In the final part of the Paper, it is concluded that the differences between the old and "New Cold War" confrontations lie, first and foremost, in the structural transformation of contemporary international relations in the direction of multipolarism through a new distribution of world power that yesterday's dominant, hegemonic world power wants to prevent or at least to slow down, and we can all see the decline of the power of the West and the rise of the power of the recovered and new centers of global power in the emerging multipolar world. The US wants to use the "New Cold War" confrontation to protect its previously acquired positions, weaken its rivals and prevent them from strengthening their position and influence in contemporary international situations. These circumstances, however, do not favor the success of such action - for the simple reason that the world has changed dramatically compared to that of more than three decades ago, when the first Cold War ended. The power of the West, both economic, political-ideological and military, is constantly declining, while the power in other centers is permanently strengthening in most of these parameters. In addition, these power centers are interconnected, so it is impossible to implement the isolation measures of the old Cold War period towards them. And finally, there are the internal problems of Western societies themselves: increased social problems, lowest ever levels of trust in their own elites, increased inequality, turning of democratic elections into an empty form with predetermined outcomes, mass immigration that the West is unable to assimilate and convert to "their cultural code"... All this, unless there is a nuclear escalation, indicates that the outcome of the new Cold War will be completely different from the outcome of the first one.

성 일원론[性一元論]의 재건 - 陳確 인성론의 사상적 함의 및 본보기의 의미

陳確(1604~1677)은 명말 청초의 중요한 실학자이고 그의 사상은 인성론 방면의 성취가 가장 두드러졌다. 진확은 맹자의 性善論을 견지하는 전제하에 송대의 유학자가 인성을 천명의 성[天命之性]과 기질의 성[氣質之性]으로 나누는 성 이원론의 방식에 반대하였으며, 氣ㆍ情ㆍ才는 모두 성의 내용이고 惡은 후천적 습관에서 비롯되며 ‘확충하여 재질을 다함[擴充盡才]’을 통해 선의 필연을 실현할 수 있다고 생각하였으니 논증에 있어서 비교적 엄밀한 논리적 구조와 체계를 갖추고 있었다. 진확이 재건한 일원적 인성론은 위에서부터 陽明과 蕺山을 이어받고 아래로는 顏元과 戴震의 길을 터주었으며, ‘천리를 지키고 인욕을 없앰[存理滅欲]’이라는 도덕적 엄격 주의를 비판하였을 뿐만 아니라 ‘감정을 표현하고 욕망을 성취한다. [達情遂欲]’ 라는 시대적 발전 조류도 구현하여 명청 즈음의 학술 사조에서 아주 중요한 본보기의 의미를 가지고 있다.

Sex Education and Translation of Books for Children and Young Adults – Ideologies, Characteristics, Controversies

This article discusses sex education books for children and young adults published in Poland between 1945 and 2018. After defining the ideological profile of 111 examined publications as either conservative, moderately conservative, neutral, moderately liberal or liberal, the authors compare the whole set of translated books (translations) with the whole set of books by Polish authors (non-translations), taking into account the date of publication and the age of the intended reader. The analysis shows that translations differ from texts written originally in Polish, because they promote other values. Polish books, especially those published before 1989, are usually neutral or moderately conservative, while translations mostly propagate moderately liberal or liberal ideologies. There is also a close correlation between those ideological categories and the age of the reader: books for the youngest audience are ideologically charged to only a small degree, and the ideological content increases with the age of the reader. This seems to be related to the larger number of translations in the older age groups. Translations, which usually reflect a liberal ideology, fill a gap in Polish culture by complementing or replacing the conservative sex education available in Polish schools, and by encouraging Polish authors to write sex education books expressing similar views.

Performing Accents of Stage Speech Expression in the Ukrainian Opera (from the Work Experience of Ivan Patorzhynsky)

The author considered the relationship between words, music and stage action in Ukrainian classical opera. The stage language of the artist is characterized as the most powerful means of influencing the listener, thanks to which the ideological content and inner world of the character (singer-actor) is conveyed to the audience. The process of the singer-actor's work on creating a complete vocal and stage image with the use of spoken dialogues is analyzed. The peculiarities of the implementation of musical and theatrical works by means of stage broadcasting in an opera on national themes, taking into account the mentality of the Ukrainian people (peculiarities of life, culture, customs, rites of various social strata of the population, etc.) have been revealed. The specific methods of emotional and meaningful accents of the expressiveness of stage speech in Ukrainian opera are determined, using the example of Ivan Patorzhynskyi's performance. An organic combination of character-comedic features and pathos was revealed in Ivan Patorzhynskyi's creation of a complex and multifaceted image of Karas in S. Gulak-Artemovsky's opera "Zaporozhets za Danube" (Zaporozhian Beyond the Danube). The personal intonation and emotional techniques of the outstanding artist in the embodiment of the bright and unique image of Vyborny Makogonenko in M. Lysenko's opera "Natalka Poltavka" were clarified. The resolute, heroic intonations of Ivan Patorzhynskyi in the image of Taras as a brave, wise commander and his deep drama and tragic experiences as a father in the scene of the murder of his traitorous son in M. Lysenko's opera "Taras Bulba" are outlined. The professional approach and thorough search work of the master in creating socio-psychological portraits of the characters embodied by the actor in the specified operas are proven. Further scientific research is predicted to identify new synthesized means of expression in the combination of music, speech and stage action in today's realities.

POLITICAL IDEOLOGY OF SIBERIAN DEMOCRATIC REGIONALISM (OBLASTNICHESTVO) IN THE INTERPRETATIONS OF MODERN FOREIGN RESEARCHERS

Aim. To identify and show interpretive assessments of the political ideology of Siberian democratic regionalism in the latest foreign studies.Methodology.The current study is based on historiographical methodology. The main instrument of the study is political and textual analysis of foreign researches by British, American, European and non-Western authors.Results.The author establishes the contours of the modern Anglo-American, European and non-Western narrative in understanding the ideology of Siberian regionalism (regionalism).Research implications.The work has both scientific and academic and practical significance. In terms of research, this study sheds light on the interpretation of the essence and content of the political ideology of Siberian democratic regionalism. We believe these results can be useful for a wide range of researchers involved in the problems of Russian political thought. From the practical point of view, this work can be used in the development of state programs and strategies of counteracting the cultivation of secession-oriented ideas by the unfriendly West. The results of the work done may be implemented in the regional and national policy of modern Russia in order to preserve the internal political stability and territorial integrity of the country.

PRACTICES OF INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION IN THE CONTEXT OF FORMATION OF SOVIET IDENTITY IN THE LATE SOVIET PERIOD (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE TATAR ASSR)

The article deals with forms, methods and ideological content of the work on international education and the dissemination of knowledge in national and international policies of USSR in the late 1970s-1980s. The main findings are based on studying Soviet, Russian and foreign literature, containing a variety of methodological approaches, as well as on studying normative documents and a wide range of archival documents. Based on the analysis of ideas and international upbringing practices we came to a conclusion that the large-scale project of international education in the USSR included the distribution of knowledge on foreign and inner policy of the state, instilling belief in the humanistic nature of these policies and involving people in international activities, through the inclusion of international practices in labor activity. However, the duality of objectives of international education was shown: on the one hand, they proclaimed the equality of all peoples of the USSR and the full support of peace initiatives, on the other hand, they declared the need for creation a unified community of the Soviet people under the leadership of the Russian people, as well as the formation of readiness to defend Homeland and the struggle against imperialism. This duality caused controversy in the minds of citizens, and led to the need to move away from the field of official propaganda. The negative impact on the implementation of international upbringing practice was that even in the late 1980s public organizations for distribution of knowledge were unable to give an independent coverage of national and international problems and to neutralize the ideological component in their work.

Ideological Topography in World Politics: A Guide to the End of the Unipolar-Homogeneous Moment

AbstractThe immediate post–Cold War era was defined by the material and ideological dominance of the United States. Thirty years on, challenges to both types of dominance proliferate. What explains the systemic change currently underway? The conventional wisdom of a shift to bipolarity or multipolarity ignores the possibility of changes within unipolarity. Recent instability is better explained by the decreased dominance of liberal-democratic ideology and the re-emergence of ideological competition. Building on Raymond Aron's analysis of homogeneous and heterogeneous international systems, we propose a typology exploring the intersections of systemic distributions of power and ideological topographies. Homogeneous topographies operate on a principle of collusion, reducing uncertainty while promoting restraint, transnational society, and gatekeeping against challenger ideologies. Heterogeneous topographies follow a crisscrossing logic, raising the stakes of relations, contributing to breakdowns in norms of nonintervention, enabling subversion by splitting loyalties, and encouraging repression and the fragmentation of transnational society. Applying this framework, we reappraise the 1990s as a unipolar-homogeneous moment. The emergence of heterogeneity in the mid-2000s, with the rise of authoritarianism and transnational illiberalism, put greater pressure on US unipolarity. This work has implications for debates about US foreign policy, the stability of unipolar systems, and the consequences of systemic change.

Social Significance of the RSFSR Criminal Code of 1922: historical, legal and humanitarian aspects

The article examines experience and practices of the formation of the Soviet criminal legislation of the post-revolutionary period of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century and their significance for the development of domestic system of law. Attention is focused on the analysis of the norms of the General Part of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR of 1922, for the first time in the national history of state and law, which meaningfully fix social and humanistic patterns that were not previously characteristic of the criminal law normative sphere. The complexity of generating ideas and foundations of Soviet criminal law in conditions of uncertainty, multiplied by many problems of a political, socio-economic, legal, cultural, and other nature, determined the dominance of the ideological content of the introduced restrictions and penalties. On the other hand, the peculiarities of punishment system formation of the period under review should include the innovative social and humanistic orientation, which later became the basis for democratization and humanization of criminal, penitentiary, and criminal procedural law in Russia.

Creative Heritage of A.S. Pushkin in the Literary Courses of Chinese Schools and Universities.

The article is devoted to the creative heritage of A.S. Pushkin in the practice of teaching literature in China. In modern Pushkin studies, the teaching of the poet's works in the literary courses of schools and universities has not been given enough attention, and the study of the practice of teaching his poetic, prosaic and dramatic works in China is being carried out for the first time. Based on the information collected in the article, it was revealed that Pushkin's teaching in Chinese educational institutions took place in several stages. This allows us to trace the evolution of the study of topics, issues, and the ideological content of the poet's works included in the curriculum. At the turn of the 20th-21st centuries. Chinese primary and middle school students are accessible to Pushkin's poetic works, while they are often asked to compare similar images in Chinese poetry and Pushkin, and there covers all genres and all the main topics of the poet's work in teaching practice in Chinese universities. The article also reveals an interesting trend in Pushkin's teaching – the actualization of those facets of his heritage that help to comprehend modern times.

Open Form in American Poetry: Essays by Burton Hatlen. Ed. Bruce Holsapple. U of Maine P, 2021. 309 pp. plus seven color plates. ISBN 978-0-89101-131-6. $28.00.

<i>Open Form in American Poetry: Essays</i> by Burton Hatlen. Ed. Bruce Holsapple. U of Maine P, 2021. 309 pp. plus seven color plates. ISBN 978-0-89101-131-6. $28.00.

Transformation of Right-Wing Populism in Italy in 2018−2022: From Sovereignism to Patriotism

The transformation of the discourse of right-wing populist parties in Italy from 2018 to 2022 is considered. Based on analysis of the discourse of the programs and electoral rhetoric of the parties the Brothers of Italy, the League, and Forward Italy, the author concludes that Italian right-wing populism is becoming more moderate, replacing the concepts of sovereignism with “patriotism and conservatism” and rejecting Euroscepticism. Although nationalism is still characteristic of the right-wing parties in Italy, it is changing: a legalist approach to migrants is gradually replacing the ethnocultural and socioeconomic approaches. Populism remains the basic strategy of the right-wing parties, but the role of the main “enemy” of the Italian people is shifting from the European bureaucracy to the domestic mainstream Center–Left (i.e., the Democratic Party). The authoritarianism of the right-wing populists has undergone the least change in terms of ideological content between 2018 and 2022, but its importance has increased with the growing public demand for political stability and the increasing personalization of politics. This article contributes to the study of the phenomenon of right-wing populism.

Великая Отечественная война в рассказах И. М. Сосина: образное воплощение и художественные особенности

The paper aims to determine the artistic features of the short stories about the Great Patriotic War by the Yakut writer I. M. Sosin. The study analyses the themes and issues raised in the short stories, identifies the artistic features of the works. The writer’s short prose on the theme of war has not previously been the object of special analysis. At the same time, the theme of the Great Patriotic War occupies the main place in the writer’s creative work. This fact accounts for the scientific novelty of the paper. As a result, based on the analysis, the following has been found: the theme of the Great Patriotic War is explored through the lens of the writer’s own recollections and those of participants in the events of the war years (veterans and residents of the home front, children of war); the autobiographical nature, the author’s involvement in the events described, the essay character make the short stories especially sincere and realistic; the author employs various expressive means (similes, epithets, metaphors etc.) to describe the characters’ actions and express the author’s idea; the use of proverbs, toponyms deepens the ideological content of the works.

On some theoretical aspects of the activities of local self-government bodies in ensuring the safety of the population

The article examines the theoretical aspects of the activities of local self-government bodies, which characterize the features and conditions for the practical implementation of forms, functions, methods, and other means and methods by which the processes of ensuring the safety of the population are managed. Priority tasks and measures to ensure security related to the activities of local executive bodies were analyzed.&#x0D; It was noted that the performance of functions related to ensuring the safety of the population by local executive bodies is influenced by the forms of their activity, which are fixed in normative legal acts. This is due to the diverse content of the executive branch's activities. The forms of activity of the executive power bodies, according to their purpose, have an organizational, authoritative, official legal consolidation in the relevant normative legal acts, which establish the competence of a specific executive power body. The national legislation of Ukraine, which regulates social relations in the sphere of public security by executive power bodies at the national and local levels, is analyzed.&#x0D; The conclusions suggest a number of approaches aimed at improving the activities of local self-government bodies to ensure public safety. In particular, an important element of the activity of local executive bodies in the sphere of ensuring public safety is its normative legal regulation, the purpose of which should cover a wide «safe space» of relations to which the powers of executive bodies extend. In addition, linguistic and legal approaches in explaining the meaning of terms that characterize the activities of local executive bodies in the field of public safety have a positive effect on the practical implementation of measures aimed at ensuring public safety. It is noted that the administrative-jurisdictional activity of the executive authorities has a fairly broad entrenchment in the administrative legislation of Ukraine, but it remains «soviet» in content, which is an obstacle to legal influence on the regulation of relations in the security sphere, which by its political, social, economic, ideological content has a different content.

Animation as a means of forming value attitudes in the USSR in 1950–90s

The object of the research is Soviet animation of the period of 1950–1990. The author examines the stages of animation development, as well as the transformation of the main artistic methods and images used by Soviet animators. The relationship between the features of the development of animation and cultural and historical processes in the USSR is revealed. The influence of the ideological foundations broadcast from above on the industry is shown. In the course of the study, the main tasks of Soviet animation were identified, which can be traced in the cartoons of the period under review. Content analysis is used as a research method. The main films of each decade of the Soviet era were selected and analysed, and a secondary analysis of research on animation was carried out. The idea of the article is, firstly, to show how ideology changed in the Soviet era, and secondly, how these ideological attitudes were broadcast through cartoons. In the article, Soviet animation is analysed as a means of ideological influence of the authorities on society and the formation of a Soviet citizen. The author’s contribution consists in an attempt to systematise a number of animated films in accordance with their intended ideological content.

IDEOLOGICAL TRAP IN EDUCATION: Rivalry Discourse on Islamic Literatures in NW and Salafi Schools in Lombok

This study aimed to analyze the ideological contestation between the Nahdlatul Wathan (NW) as a local Islamic group and Salafis as a transnational Islamic group in the Islamic literature, which is utilized as teaching materials in NW and Salafi schools. The rivalry between these two religious groups become a novel phenomenon in Lombok together with the increasing influence of the Salafi group. The success of Salafis in promoting the manhaj salaf, which in many ways contradicts the Aswaja promoted by NW in Islamic practice, has implications for the strengthening of the ideological content in Islamic textbooks in their respective schools. Based on the identification of literature books utilized as teaching materials, as analyzed based on the contestation theory by Antje Wiener and apparatuses of ideology theory by Louis Althusser, this study argues that religious literature used as teaching materials in Islamic schools is an instrument of ideological trapping of religious groups to generate apparatuses of ideology to win the contestation. The teaching materials contain negation of one another, mono-interpretation, and misleading one another. Finally, students only accept particular religious understandings indoctrination without being taught to think critically regarding different religious perspectives. In this context, a state polyce is needed to makesure that the higher order thinking skills of students have been developing, rather than ideological traping of certain Islamic group.

THE AMBIGUITY OF INTERTEXT: SOURCES AND FUNCTIONS OF QUOTATIONS IN PAVLO ZAHREBELNYI’S NOVEL “I, BOHDAN (CONFESSION IN GLORY)”. PART ONE

The paper is the first part of a study on the poetics of intertext in Pavlo Zahrebelnyi’s novel “I, Bohdan”. The work by Zahrebelnyi vividly illustrates the difference between the intention of the author and the intention of the text. The writer’s self-commentaries were inevitably ideologically engaged, while the intention of the text, that is, the textual strategy of the novel, can be reconstructed. Special attention should be paid to the textual points where the senses are generated and tensions or contradictions between different levels of the text emerge — especially those between direct utterance and intertextual subtext. Thus, the definition of the intention of the text is at the same time its deconstruction, in the Derridian sense of the word. The unambiguity of the ideological content of the novel is greatly complicated by the introduction of the direct and hidden quotations and allusions to the writers who lived and worked long after Khmelnytskyi’s time. These authors may be Ukrainian (Skovoroda, Shevchenko, Franko, Kotsiubynskyi, Tychyna, Sosiura), Russian (Pushkin, Akhmatova, Pasternak, Bakhtin), European and American (Mickiewicz, Faulkner, Churchill). The narrator of the novel is Bohdan Khmelnytskyi, a monument in the Kyiv square and at the same time a hetman who’s dying in 1657. The hero exists beyond time and at every point in time. Anachronistic quotations contribute to the creation of the image of the hetman as the embodiment of all the Ukrainian history and culture in the world context. The narrator sometimes enters into a dialogue with the authors of the original texts and may argue with them. Numerous (or even all) literary versions of Khmelnytskyi’s image, in the Polish and Ukrainian paradigms, the late populist and the socialist realist ones, are presented as dubious or simply false. The main objects of controversy are Sienkiewicz (as the author of the novel most hostile to the hetman) and Shevchenko (as the author most critical towards Khmelnytskyi in the Ukrainian tradition). Bohdan as the founder of the new Ukrainian nation is equal to Shevchenko as a historical figure and prophet; the narrator of the novel, although he disagrees with Shevchenko’s opinion, still cites it. The reader, in the end, must decide for himself whom he trusts more and for what reason. Since Shevchenko’s ruthless words are quoted in the first chapter of the novel, the rest should be read in this — extremely ambiguous — ideological perspective.

There is an ‘I’ in truth: How salient identities shape dynamic perceptions of truth

AbstractThis research examined the hypothesis that people judge as true those claims aligned with the normative content of their salient social identities. In Experiment 1a, participants’ social identities were manipulated by assigning them to ‘inductive‐thinker’ and ‘intuitive‐thinker’ groups. Participants subsequently made truth judgements about aphorisms randomly associated with ‘science’ and ‘popular wisdom’. Those with salient inductive‐thinker social identities judged science‐based claims as more truthful than popular wisdom‐based claims to a greater extent than those with salient intuitive‐thinker social identities. Experiment 1b was a preregistered replication, with additional conditions eliminating an alternative semantic‐priming explanation. In Experiment 2, American Conservatives and Liberals judged as more true claims associated with the ideological content of their social identities. This difference was attenuated through a manipulation that framed participants as more moderate than they had originally indicated. Overall, these experiments suggest an identity‐truth malleability, such that making salient specific social identities can lead to related perceptions of truth normatively aligned with those identities.

The ‘Turkish-Type’ Presidential System: an Imperial Civilisational Restoration?

Abstract This article analyses the ideological background on which the Justice and Development Party’s (akp) policy rested for the adoption of the presidential system in Turkey. It examines the presidential system as an akp claim aiming at the resolution of Turkey’s ‘basic historical contradiction’ through the effort to restore the Ottoman imperial legacy. In the same context, the analysis extends to the ideological content of ‘New Turkey’, which focuses on the adoption of a ‘Turkish-type’ presidential system. At this level the importance of the identification of a powerful state with the centralisation of executive power is emphasised as a natural result of the restoration of the Ottoman imperial legacy. Finally, the article presents specific problematic aspects arising from the social and ideological polarisation accompanying the transition of Turkey to the presidential system.

The issue of plot and ideological content harmony in Spujmay Zaryob's stories

The article is devoted to the study of the stories of the famous Afghan writer Spujmay Zaryob, the disclosure of the plot construction technique and the study of the ideological content of his stories "Our Calligraphy Teacher" and "Song of Independence". When covering the topic, analysis-synthesis, comparative-comparative, historical methods were used. You can learn about the reflection of prose in Afghan literature of the twentieth century from the analysis of the work of Spujmay Zaryab, in particular, two of his articles. The author examines the author’s style of storytelling, the ways in which the events that make up the plot relate to each other in revealing the idea of the story, and the stages of the development of the plot chain. While the author used psychological conflict to reveal the human psyche in stories, he used interpersonal conflicts to show the relationship between society and the individual. In this way, Afghan society revealed the attitudes and lifestyles of ordinary Afghan families. In addition to collisions, in the author’s stories, portraits and figurative expressions are skillfully used, which allowed deeper to reveal the idea of the story. These tales of Spuzhmaya Zaryob are also based on flashbacks and include dreams and fantasy imagery. The article provides a comparative analysis of these two stories, which are not as long as at the time of writing, and highlights the similarities and differences in the ideological content of the stories, as well as in the structure of the plot. Ideologically, one of the stories glorifies humanity, while the other promotes love for the Motherland and its glorification. The analysis reveals the relevance of this ideological content for the plot of the story. From these stories, we can also see that the author made a worthy contribution to Dari literature of the new era, using the modernist style of expression in Dari literature.

From Deutsche Zeitschrift to International Journal of Legal Medicine—100 years of legal medicine through the lens of journal articles

From its launch in 1922 to the end of the Second World War, the Deutsche Zeitschrift für die gesamte gerichtliche Medizin spanned 38 volumes. The 1762 papers contained in those volumes reflect contemporary interests and include many papers from peripheral fields and non-medico-legal disciplines. Publications concerned with issues outside core legal medicine fields in particular allow two distinct tendencies in the development of German institutes of legal medicine to be discerned. Firstly, there is a focus on the psychological and psychiatric aspects of the discipline. Secondly, there is tendency towards a scientific-criminalistic outlook. The fatal consequences of the Nazi seizure of power in 1933 did not spare the sciences. For legal medicine, a discipline with close links to the state, it is unsurprising that fundamental changes to the political system had a significant impact on subject matter. Leaving aside articles notable principally for their ideological content, our analysis of the 38 volumes shows that the papers examined contain new insights into many subjects, some of which are still valid today.