Identity Style Research Articles

Explaining Individual Differences in Executive Functions Performance in Multilinguals: The Impact of Code-Switching and Alternating Between Multicultural Identity Styles.

This study sheds new light on the relative impact of switching between languages and switching between cultures on Executive Functions (EFs) in bilinguals. Several studies have suggested that bilingualism has a measurable impact on executive functioning, presumably due to bilinguals’ constant practice in dealing with two languages, or two cultures. Yet, the evidence on the relative contribution of culture and bilingualism to EFs is not well understood, because disentangling language, culture and immigration status is very difficult. The novelty of our approach was to keep the language pair and immigration status constant, whilst the cultural identity of participants was systematically varied, and measured at the individual level (not just at group level). Two groups of Turkish–English bilinguals, all adult immigrants to the United Kingdom, took part in the study, but one group (n = 29) originated from mainland Turkey and the other (n = 28) from Cyprus. We found that the bilinguals experienced smaller Conflict Effects on a Flanker task measuring inhibition, by comparison with monolingual British participants (n = 30). The key variable explaining EF performance variance at the individual level turned out to be bilinguals’ Multicultural Identity Style. In particular those who indicated that they attempted to alternate between different British and Turkish (Cypriot) identity styles were found to have shorter RTs on incongruent trials of the Flanker task. The two multicultural identity variables, Alternating and Hybrid Identity Styles, together explained 32% in RTs over and above Education, Working Memory and Nonverbal reasoning (overall explained variance 49%). Thus, the data provide strong evidence for the impact of culture on EFs. We suggest that, as a result of their daily practice in recognizing cultural cues which highlight the need to switch to a different cultural frame, multicultural bilinguals develop a heightened context-sensitivity, and this gives them an advantage over monolinguals in a Flankers task. Our approach, which draws on models from cross-cultural psychology, bilingualism and executive functioning, illustrates the importance of theory building in which sociolinguistic and cultural variables are integrated into models of EFs.

The role of identity styles and social support from peers on emotional engagement in the English as a foreign language learning

This present study was designed to investigate influences of identity styles and social support from peers on emotional EFL classroom engagement in a large sample of Saudi early adolescents (N=406) ranged in age from 12 to 15. This emotional engagement construct is based on the identity styles literature and draws upon concepts of social support received from peers as one of the most important sources of validation from others during adolescence period, and as a mediating variable of the associations between students’ identity styles and emotional engagement. The study shows gender differences within the sample. In general, the findings of the study demonstrate the role of social support received from peers in enhancing identity styles and influencing emotional EFL classroom engagement.

Investigating of the Relationship among Identity Styles and Attachment Styles in Online Addictions

Investigating of the Relationship among Identity Styles and Attachment Styles in Online Addictions

The Black Woman’s Math Problem: Exploring the Resilience of Black Women Who Lead in the United States Federal Government

This autoethnography explores a fictional character known as “Sarah” who represents the Black woman’s leadership experience in the U.S. federal government. Sarah is professional, loyal, and passionate in her pursuit of authentic leadership. Yet, she continues to struggle to find acceptance in her authentic identity and leadership style amongst her peers. Sarah has learned to create a balance of personal harmony and professional success and seeks to pass this wisdom on to the next generation. This paper contributes to the field of qualitative inquiry by providing poetic musings and insight into the work culture, race, and gender barriers that often impact Black women. Black women’s voices were silenced during slavery, and they continue to seek a platform from which they can speak, be heard, and be equally included in modern conversations. Sarah’s story seeks to provide voice, wisdom, and a unique forum to share four women’s leadership journeys, in a palatable manner, to all audiences.

Developmental Trajectories of Women's Identity Development

A substantial amount of identity development scholarship has drawn on the work of Erik Erikson to argue that women resolve stages of identity and intimacy simultaneously, whereas men follow the trajectory originally proposed by Erikson, first resolving the identity stage, then the intimacy stage. Some research has shown that for some women, the identity and intimacy stages appear to be fused; however, other research has shown that many women do follow the traditional Eriksonian progression. We propose a model of identity development for women that maps a trajectory for women who follow Erikson's traditional stages and a relational‐identity trajectory characterized by simultaneous resolution of the identity and intimacy stages. Our model synthesizes work by Josselson (1987), Dyk and Adams's (1990) recognition of sex‐role identification, Kerpelman and Pittman's (2018) infusion of attachment theory and identity, and Berzonsky's (1990) identity styles. Future research directions are also presented.

Investigating of the Relationship among Identity Styles and Attachment Styles in Online Addictions

Objective: The purpose of this study was to study the predictive role of attachment styles and identity stylesin technological addictions between students of Islamic Azad University, Borujerd Branch, Iran.Methods: The present study is a cross-sectional and descriptive-correlational study conducted by surveymethod. 200 students were selected by random sampling were studied.Results: among the three Internet addicts surveyed, mobile virtual internet networks had the highest averageand standard deviation (23.25 ± 62.31). Findings also show that among the identity styles and attachmentstyles, the informational style (7.42 ± 7.38) and the avoidance style (0.66 ± 1.22) have a mean and standarddeviation higher than the other style They were.Conclusions: The results confirmed the predictive role of attachment and identity styles in Internet addiction.

Investigating of the Relationship among Identity Styles and Attachment Styles in Online Addictions

Investigating of the Relationship among Identity Styles and Attachment Styles in Online Addictions

Testing the construct validity and empirical distinctiveness of the Multicultural Identity Styles Scale (MISS) and the Bicultural Identity Integration Scale (BIIS-2).

The Bicultural Identity Integration Scale (BIIS-2) and the Multicultural Identity Styles Scale (MISS) were designed to assess different aspects of bicultural identity. The BIIS-2 captures characteristics of a bicultural identity in the domains of affect (harmony vs. conflict) and cognition (blendedness vs. compartmentalization). The MISS measures 2 distinct strategies (hybrid and alternating identity styles) used to achieve and maintain a bicultural identity. The aims of the present study were to investigate the factor structures of MISS and BIIS-2 scores using confirmatory factor analysis and to examine potential construct overlap between the 2 measures using exploratory structural equation modeling. Measures were administered twice (11 days apart) to a sample of 836 Hispanic young adults in the United States. Confirmatory factor analytic results supported the 2-factor structure of the MISS. The BIIS-2 items patterned onto 4 factors: harmony, conflict, blendedness, and compartmentalization. Configural, metric, and scalar equivalence of the factor structures of both measures were established across time. The exploratory structural equation modeling indicated no salient cross-loadings between the MISS and the BIIS-2 subscales, and this independence was consistent across time. Interfactor correlations indicated a strong, positive relationship between the hybrid identity style and BII-blendedness subscales. Scores on the alternating identity style subscale were positively related to the BII-conflict, BII-compartmentalization, and BII-blendedness subscales. Overall, findings provide evidence for the construct validity of the MISS and its empirical distinctiveness from the BIIS-2 and suggest a 4-factor structure for the BIIS-2. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Identity Styles among Omani School Children of 11th & 12th grades and Predicted Psychological Factors

The present study aimed to explore identity styles among the 11th and 12th school students in Oman, and to predict them using achievement goal orientations and according to gender and class variables. Two questionnaires, one in identity styles, (informative, normative, avoidance, commitment), done by Berzonsky and translated by AlBadareen and Ghaith (2013), and the other in goal orientations by Rabea’a Rashwan (2006), were administered. The achievement goal orientation consists of four orientations, which are mastery, performance, diffuse and avoidance. The study’s sample targeted 331boys and girls of grades 11 and 12 from four Governorates: Muscat, Al-Batina North, Al-Batina South, and A’Sharqia North. The results showed that children were high in normative and commitment styles and middle in informative and avoidance goals. In addition, the results exhibited that informative goal orientation can be predicted from three independent variables (performance orientation/gender (females) mastery orientation/diffuse avoidance orientation), whereas the normative style can be predicted from one independent variable (mastery/diffuse), while commitment style can be predicted from two independent variables (mastery, diffuse and mastery avoidance). Based on these results several recommendations and research proposals, that reflect the scientific and applied worth of the present study, were presented.

한국 대학 교복 변천에 대한 연구: 서울대학교를 중심으로

This study examined the historical transition of the school uniform of Seoul National University (SNU) with regard to who created the uniform, why they created it, why it changed, and how it was abolished. It also aimed to reveal the connection between the academic uniform and the uniforms of the military training organizations established at the university. To recreate the history of the school uniform of SNU, we used archival and autobiographical sources as a primary source. In doing so, it become apparent that the history of the SNU uniform is connected with Korean modern history. After the Korean liberation from Japan, and during the United States Army Military Government in Korea (USAMGIK), Seoul National University was established as the most prestigious national university. With a polarizing of public opinion around the extreme Left and Right, SNU enacted a school uniform system to cultivate effective leaders of the anti-communist solidarity. As South Korea shifted to a wartime posture, the uniforms at the University became an identical style to a middle school uniform. In the post-war period, SNU created a new school uniform for males in 1955 and for female in 1957. As a result of a military coup in the early 1960s, regulations on school uniforms became stricter. By the mid-1960s, the uniform was redesigned into a blazer style reflecting the uplifting atmosphere in the university due to the economic development. However, by the end of 1960s, the state power tried to transform the university into a military camp. School uniforms were mandated for male students, and a School Drill Uniform appeared too. When Park Chung-Hee’s regime ended, the school uniform of SNU, the symbol of the militaristic control and the source of pride, was abolished.

Adaptation of Identity Styles Scale-5 to Turkish: Validity and reliability study

Individuals use different solution strategies in order to dea with issues related to identity. Berzonsky explains the concept of identity with different cognitive strategies which people use to deal with identity conflicts and identity styles that formed by these cognitive strategies. By using different cognitive strategies, Berzonsky proposed three different identity styles based on social-cognitive identity model. They are informational oriented, norm oriented and diffuse-avoidant oriented identity styles. The purpose of the present study is to adapt Identity Style Inventory-5 into Turkish. The research group consisted of 206. university students. To collect data Personal Information Form, Identity Style Inventory-5, Identity Style Inventory-3, and Utrecht-Management of Identity Commitments Scale were used. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis results showed that Identity Style Inventory-5 has three factor-structures that cause different identity formation. Correlations between identity styles and identity dimensions supported criterion validity. Cronbach’ coefficients and parallel form reliability were conducted to determine reliability. Results indicated that Identity Style Inventory-5 is reliable measurement tool. As a result, it can be said the Turkish version of Identity Style Inventory-5 is reliable and valid measurement tool to determine identity styles.
 ​Extended English summary is in the end of Full Text PDF (TURKISH) file.
 
 Özet
 Bireyler; kimlik konularını ele almada farklı çözüm yolları kullanırlar. Berzonsky kimlik kavramını, bireylerin kimlik çatışmalarıyla baş etmede kullandıkları farklı bilişsel stratejiler ve bu stratejilere bağlı olarak şekillenen kimlik stilleri ile açıklamaktadır. Berzonsky sosyal-bilişsel kimlik modeline dayanarak üç farklı kimlik stili önermiştir. Bunlar bilgi yönelimli, norm yönelimli ve kaçınma yönelimli kimlik stilleridir. Bu çalışmanın amacı Kimlik Stilleri Ölçeği-5’in Türkçeye uyarlanmasıdır. Araştırma grubu 206 üniversite öğrencisinden oluşmaktadır. Veri toplamak amacıyla Kişisel Bilgi Formu, Kimlik Stilleri Ölçeği-5, Kimlik Stilleri Ölçeği-3 ve Utrecht Kimlik Bağlanma Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Açımlayıcı ve doğrulayıcı factor analizleri Kimlik Stilleri Ölçeği-5’in kimlik gelişiminde farklı kimlik biçimlenmesine neden olan üç faktörlü bir yapıya sahip olduğunu göstermiştir. Kimlik stilleri ile kimlik boyutları arasındaki korelasyonlar ölçüt geçerliliği desteklemiştir. Güvenirliliği belirlemek amacıyla iç tutarlılık katsayılarına ve paralel form güvenirliliğine bakılmıştır. Sonuçlar Kimlik Stilleri Ölçeği-5’in güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olduğunu göstermiştir. Sonuç olarak Kimlik Stilleri Ölçeği-5’in Türkçe versiyonunun kimlik stillerini belirlemek amacıyla güvenilir ve geçerli bir ölçme aracı olduğu söylenebilir.

The Mediating Effect on Self-Efficacy in The Relationship Between Gender Identity and Leadership Style

According to role congruence theory (Eagly & Karau, 2002), it is not the evaluative content of the stereotype of women but its mismatch with leadership roles that underlies women discrimination with regards to leadership roles. The current study sought to establish whetherleader’s gender identity or the extent to which the leader possesses traits associated with traditional gender stereotypes may explain leadership styles.Using a sample of 163 managers working within bank and personal care services, results show that among both male and female leaders, masculine gender identity was more strongly related to group-focused transformational leadership (charisma, inspirational motivation and idealized influence), transformational intellectual stimulation leadership and to transactional leadership styles. Furthermore, the results show that masculine leadership self-efficacy mediates the relationship between gender identity and leadership styles. Results are discussed in relation to previous research.

“Double Consciousness,” Cultural Identity and Literary Style in the Work of René Ménil

The notion of double consciousness, as a characterization of black subjectivity, is basic to Ménil’s critique of the alienated “mythologies” of Antillean life and its self-exoticizing literature. Double consciousness renders cultural identity deeply problematic. But it has other, more positive, manifestations, closer to a Bakhtinian idea of dialogism. Thus he praises Césaire’s use of irony as a dual voice. Ménil’s valorization of complexity and ambiguity in literature, against the simple naturalism favoured by the Communist Party but which he insists is not a truly Marxist position, is thus linked to his view of the necessary “doubleness” of Antillean consciousness. Conversely, the simplicity of folklore can offer a basis for cultural identity, but not for good literature. Although Ménil emphasizes the importance of Antilleans reclaiming their history, this is less about discovering one’s roots than providing a dynamic grasp of one’s ever-changing place in a social reality governed by the Marxist dialectic. “Double consciousness” precludes the comforts of fixed identities, but it is a dialectical, not a tragic condition.

Supplemental Material for Testing the Construct Validity and Empirical Distinctiveness of the Multicultural Identity Styles Scale (MISS) and the Bicultural Identity Integration Scale (BIIS-2)

Supplemental Material for Testing the Construct Validity and Empirical Distinctiveness of the Multicultural Identity Styles Scale (MISS) and the Bicultural Identity Integration Scale (BIIS-2)

Petrographic and XRD analysis of the ceramic body of late medieval besztercebánya/banská bystrica-type stove tiles

A unique collection of high-quality late Medieval (15-16th century) glazed stove tiles from the northern part of the Carpathian Basin is of great interest to archaeologists and art historians. Tiles of identical style, motifs and sizes were found in twenty-eight different localities. It is yet to be determined whether these products were made in a single workshop, perhaps in Besztercebanya/Banska Bystrica (in present-day Slovakia) or in multiple workshops in the region. In the present study, the ceramic body of ninety-four tile fragments from six sites (Besztercebanya/Banska Bystrica, Fulek/Fiľakovo and Csabrag/Cabraď in Slovakia; Salgo, Eger and Szecseny in Hungary) was investigated using polarizing microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis to determine the raw materials and production techniques used. Based on the petrographic characteristics and phase composition the tiles can be classified into four main groups. Samples from the Hungarian sites and Fulek/Fiľakovo – apart from one tile from Eger – are comprised of similar raw materials. Use of intentionally tempered clay is probable in the largest subgroup, in which large angular rock fragments are dominant. By contrast, stove tiles from Besztercebanya/Banska Bystrica contain variable rock fragments (granitoid, quartzite, limestone). Tiles from Csabrag/Cabraď form an independent group due to the presence of large amount of volcanic rock fragments with strong hydrothermal alterations. Based on the preliminary study of the ceramic body the tiles analysed were likely made in several workshops. Nevertheless, the use of identical motifs indicates a possible connection between the workshops.

CLOCK TOWERS FROM THE OTTOMAN PERIOD IN THE TERRITORY OF TODAY’S MONTENEGRO

Montenegrin clock towers represent the most important traces of cultural heritage of Ottoman period. Considering their functional features, appeal and position in space, these facilities are considered to be significant urban landmarks even nowadays in the urban cores of the cities they are situated in. All their clock mechanisms are still functioning properly. Former territory of Montenegro started being under Ottoman government in 1496, when former vassal Djuradj Crnojevic was dismissed and his brother Stevan was chosen to take his place. Montenegrin territory was included into Skadar sanjak 1 as a special area. (Stanojevic, 1976, 176) Dominating fortified settlements were Pljevlja, Medun, Zabljak, Novi, Risan, Bar and Ulcinj. The most developed urban core was Pljevlja, or Taslidza 2 . Pljevlja was the headquarters of Herzegovina sanjak (1576-1573), having one (and only) remaining mosque, named after Husein pasha Boljanic. This city was included in territory of Montenegro in 1913. (Kujovic, 2006, 3-16) There are such five facilities like this on Montenegrin territory, situated in five cities (Fig.1). Four of them are completely authentic towers (Ulcinj, Bar, Podgorica, Pljevlja), while the clock tower in Herceg-Novi is only partially of Ottoman origin. Its initial purpose wasn’t such, as it was originally built to be one of the towers of the city fortress. There is another one clock tower left in Montenegro. Situated in Kotor, it was built in 1602. It is not a part of Ottoman Empire cultural heritage, because Kotor was mostly governed by Venetian Republic. Ulcinj, Bar and Herceg-Novi are situated on the Adriatic coast and Podgorica is located in the south-continental part of Montenegro. Pljevlja is the northernmost municipality of Montenegro, situated near border with Bosnia and Herzegovina. This clock tower has different features in style comparing to those in Podgorica, Bar and Ulcinj. Even though they are reconstructed, all these clock towers are preserved in their authentic shape. Their significance is inasmuch larger because of the fact that Montenegro is a small country, occupying small area and not having much population (13 812km 2 and 625 266 inhabitants on the 2011 listing of population). (Statistical Office of Montenegro, 2011) Considering this space, number of clock towers is not big; however comparing to other countries in vicinity that were parts of Ottoman Empire (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Albania, Macedonia), it is much larger than in Serbia, which was under Ottoman Empire longer and occupying larger area. Until now, clock towers included in this paper were not thoroughly described nor examined from every aspect. Bajro Agovic, in his book Turbeta i sahat kule u Crnoj Gori , (Agovic, 2015) gives a description but without any significant or checked data about clock towers. However, some of his data direct to real and authentic sources. This book enlists Herceg-Novi clock tower as Ottoman Empire cultural heritage, which is only half true. This fact, considered to be true for a long time, was arguably denied and explained by Zorica Cubrilovic, in her work Istrazivanje kule gradskog sata u Herceg-Novom . (Cubrovic, 2009, 48-66) Hakki Acun, in his thorough monograph followed by photo materials and illustrations of Osmanli Imperatoglu Sat Kuleri (Acun, 2011, 178-181) maps and describes only two clock towers in Montenegro, those situated in Podgorica and Bar. However, the same author states in the introduction of his book that this is the first time that audience can be introduced to Ottoman clock towers, despite the fact that he hadn’t seen such facilities in Iraq, Palestine, Israel or Montenegro. This scientific paper complements mosaic of his researches argumentatively, with two more clock towers plus another one, partially originating from Ottoman Empire, depicted. The oldest and the most lavish clock tower is the one in Pljevlja, being one of the oldest in Ottoman Empire. Towers in Bar, Ulcinj and Podgorica were constructed approximately at the same time and have identical style features. Having in mind the fact that Montenegrin cities with clock towers, weren't always parts of the unique administrative unit, historical context was explained for each city individually. The aim of this work is to give as much details as possible about clock towers in Montenegro originating from Ottoman period, describe them thoroughly and present them from the historical context, time of originating, style features, current condition and the extent of their protection as cultural monument. This paper should contribute to completing data about clock towers on territories of former Ottoman Empire. In this work, there are recordings of clock towers with their dimensions presented, foundations, cross sections and proportional relations as well as archive photo material from original sources. Key words: clock towers, Montenegro, Ottoman period, cultural heritage, landmarks Total number of words: 7836

Identity, Intimacy, and Generativity in Adolescence and Young Adulthood: A Test of the Psychosocial Model

ABSTRACTRecently, there has been increasing interest in understanding generativity, defined as concern for future generations as a legacy of the self, in adolescence and young adulthood. In Erikson’s model of psychosocial development, generativity was the seventh task following identity and intimacy. Although studies to date have found links between early generative concern and identity and intimacy, few studies have examined these associations simultaneously. An examination of the unique and shared relevance of identity and intimacy to early generativity would further our understanding of Erikson’s model of psychosocial development. In this study, we report on a cross-sectional study of adolescents (N = 160) and young adults (N = 237) who completed measures of generative concern, identity style, and intimacy (represented as caregiving behaviors with friends). Results indicate that both identity and, to a lesser extent, caregiving were relevant to early generativity, with no differences between samples. These findings further support Erikson’s original theory establishing links between generativity, identity, and intimacy.

The Role of Self-Control and Identity Status as Predictors of Internet Addiction among Israeli-Palestinian College Students in Israel

The rising immersion of the internet within global society has been associated with an increased risk of internet addiction, and prevalence rates are particularly high in Arab countries. Notably, adolescents living in Arab societies may have unique challenges that may elevate the likelihood of exhibiting internet addiction, though this population is understudied. Thus, the current work investigated whether self-control and identity style were related to internet addiction among a sample of Israeli-Palestinian adolescents. Participants (n = 500) completed self-report measures to assess the associations of self-control and four identity styles (achieved, diffused, foreclosed, and moratorium) with internet addiction. Correlational analyses and a multiple regression model were used to examine these associations. The multiple regression model demonstrated that (1) higher levels of self-control predicted lower levels of internet addiction (β = − .20, p < .01); (2) achieved (β = − .24, p < .01) and moratorium (β = − .22, p < .01) statuses predicted lower levels of internet addiction; and (3) foreclosed (β = .18, p < .01) and diffused (β = .16, p < .01) statuses predicted higher levels of internet addiction. These findings are consistent with previous literature in samples from Western cultures regarding the contribution of self-control and identity style in decreasing risky behaviors in general and addictive behaviors specifically. Thus, the current research indicates the importance of these variables in non-Western societies as well.

The Mediating Role of Identity Styles in the Relationship Between Procrastination and Academic Performance in High School Boy Students

The Mediating Role of Identity Styles in the Relationship Between Procrastination and Academic Performance in High School Boy Students

Selected Predictors of the Sense of Intimacy in Relationships of Young Adults.

The main research objective of this study was seeking the predictive role of closeness to parents, attachment, identity style, identity commitment, type of relationship, and having children in intimacy among young women and men. Many studies indicate differences in the level of engagement, communication, and satisfaction in relationships. The study group comprised 227 people, including 114 women (M = 29.99; SD = 4.36), and 113 men (M = 30.00; SD = 4.33). A total of 40% of the subjects were married, and the remaining 60% subjects were in informal relationships; 101 people had children and the other individuals were childless. The following instruments were used: The Miller Social Intimacy Scale, questionnaires to assess closeness and attachment, and the Identity Style Inventory. The significance of the differences and the stepwise regression analysis were performed. The results of the study demonstrated a higher level of intimacy in a relationship with a partner among women than men. The nature of a relationship does not matter to the sense of intimacy. However, closeness to parents during childhood and adolescence, the model of interpersonal relations, and the identity style are predictors of intimacy in a relationship. The study results can be used in creating preventive and educational programs focused on family life and satisfied relationships.