Identification Of Allergens Research Articles

Proteomics research in forest trees: A 2012-2022 update.

This review is a compilation of proteomic studies on forest tree species published in the last decade (2012-2022), mostly focused on the most investigated species, including Eucalyptus, Pinus, and Quercus. Improvements in equipment, platforms, and methods in addition to the increasing availability of genomic data have favored the biological knowledge of these species at the molecular, organismal, and community levels. Integration of proteomics with physiological, biochemical and other large-scale omics in the direction of the Systems Biology, will provide a comprehensive understanding of different biological processes, from growth and development to responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. As main issue we envisage that proteomics in long-living plants will thrive light on the plant responses and resilience to global climate change, contributing to climate mitigation strategies and molecular breeding programs. Proteomics not only will provide a molecular knowledge of the mechanisms of resilience to either biotic or abiotic stresses, but also will allow the identification on key gene products and its interaction. Proteomics research has also a translational character being applied to the characterization of the variability and biodiversity, as well as to wood and non-wood derived products, traceability, allergen and bioactive peptides identification, among others. Even thought, the full potential of proteomics is far from being fully exploited in forest tree research, with PTMs and interactomics being reserved to plant model systems. The most outstanding achievements in forest tree proteomics in the last decade as well as prospects are discussed.

Identification and analysis of allergens in edible mushroom (Agaricus bisporus)

Mushrooms are considered as one of the healthiest food due to presence of high quality and quantity of fiber, protein, and vitamins. Hence, mushrooms are highly consumed and have a great demand in the food and pharmaceutical industry. However, the consumption of mushroom leads to allergic reactions in certain individuals. Food allergy is mainly a Type-1 hypersensitive reaction that is mediated by immunoglobulin IgE, where allergens, dominantly proteins are the main causative agents of allergy. Currently, there is very limited information available regarding allergy caused by consumption of mushroom. In this study, we have performed a detailed in silico analysis to identify allergens in edible mushroom, especially in Agaricus bisporus species. We have consulted Allergen Online and AllFam database to identify putative allergens from the proteome of A. bisporus. Identified putative allergens were annotated with the help of Gene Ontology (GO), PFAM, and InterPro databases. These putative allergens were classified into different protein families. We have also modeled the structure of heat shock protein hsp70 protein (A0A172B3E0), which is identified as an allergen protein in A. bisporus, to get structural insights and ultimately understand its role as an allergen.

Cockroach allergy: Understanding complex immune responses to develop novel therapies.

Cockroach allergy is associated with the development of asthma. The identification of cockroach allergens, which began in the 1990s, is an ongoing process that has led to the current listing of 20 official allergen groups in the WHO/IUIS Allergen Nomenclature database. The function and structure of some of these allergens has been determined and define their natural delivery into the environment and their allergenicity. Analysis of antigenic determinants by X-ray crystallography and rational design of site-directed mutagenesis led to the identification of IgE binding sites for the design of molecules with reduced IgE reactivity and T cell modulatory capacity. New developments in recent years include component analyses of B and T cell reactivity and a recent cockroach immunotherapy trial, CRITICAL, that will contribute to understand the immune response to cockroach and to define future directions for cockroach allergy diagnosis and immunotherapy.

IMPLEMENTATION AND RESULTS OF SURVEY HELD IN THE AWARENESS OF PUBLIC ON ALLERGIC CONTACT DERMATITIS

Allergic Contact Dermatitis due to cosmetic products is a common dermatologic complaint that considerably affects the quality of life. Most cases are caused by skin hygiene and moisturizing products followed by cosmetic hair and nail products. Fragrances are the most cause of allergy to cosmetics, followed by hair dyes and preservative [1]. Patch Testing remains the gold standard for identification of causative allergens [5]. Careful determination of allergen avoidance can result in dramatic clinical improvement.

Simultaneous Identification and Species Differentiation of Major Allergen Tropomyosin in Crustacean and Shellfish by Infrared Spectroscopic Chemometrics

To solve the lack of rapid and accurate methods for allergen identification and traceability, an infrared spectroscopic chemometric analytical model (IR-CAM) was established by combining infrared spectroscopy with principal component and cluster analysis. By comparing the second derivative infrared (SD-IR) spectra of 5 proteins and 14 crustaceans and shellfish tropomyosin (TM), 8 shared peaks and unique fingerprint peaks in the amide III region were found for crabs, shrimps, and shellfish. Based on the unique fingerprint peaks coexisting with shared peaks, allergen TM in crustaceans and shellfish could be identified within 10 min (cf. ELISA ∼ 4 h). Concurrently, the species differentiation of TM at the Class/Family level was achieved based on IR-CAM. Validation by fermented aquatic products TM (n = 60) demonstrated that the developed IR-CAM could simultaneously identify and differentiate TM in crustaceans and shellfish accurately. It could be applied for allergen detection and traceability of aquatic products on an antibody-free basis.

The exon-skipping oligonucleotide, KitStop, depletes tissue-resident mast cells in vivo to ameliorate anaphylaxis.

Anaphylaxis represents the most extreme and life-threatening form of allergic disease and is considered a medical emergency requiring immediate intervention. Additionally, some people with mastocytosis experience recurrent episodes of anaphylaxis during normal daily activities without exposure to known triggers. While acute therapy consists primarily of epinephrine and supportive care, chronic therapy relies mostly on desensitization and immunotherapy against the offending allergen, which is a time-consuming and sometimes unsuccessful process. These treatments also necessitate identification of the triggering allergen which is not always possible, and thus highlighting a need for alternative treatments for mast cell-mediated diseases. The exon-skipping oligonucleotide KitStop was administered to mice intradermally, intraperitoneally, or systemically at a dose of 12.5 mg/kg. Local mast cell numbers were enumerated via peritoneal lavage or skin histology, and passive systemic anaphylaxis was induced to evaluate KitStop's global systemic effect. A complete blood count and biochemistry panel were performed to assess the risk of acute toxicity following KitStop administration. Here, we report the use of an exon-skipping oligonucleotide, which we have previously termed KitStop, to safely reduce the severity and duration of the anaphylactic response via mast cell depopulation in tissues. KitStop administration results in the integration of a premature stop codon within the mRNA transcript of the KIT receptor-a receptor tyrosine kinase found primarily on mast cells and whose gain-of-function mutation can lead to systemic mastocytosis. Following either local or systemic KitStop treatment, mice had significantly reduced mast cell numbers in the skin and peritoneum. In addition, KitStop-treated mice experienced a significantly diminished anaphylactic response using a model of passive systemic anaphylaxis when compared with control mice. KitStop treatment results in a significant reduction in systemic mast cell responses, thus offering the potential to serve as a powerful additional treatment modality for patients that suffer from anaphylaxis.

Analysis of common allergens affecting patients with allergic rhinitis.

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is an atopic disorder that affects the quality of life of the patients. AR symptoms include sneezing, nasal congestion, and mucus discharge. It is often associated with several other eye-, ear-, and nose-related symptoms along with fatigue and mood changes. The allergic reaction is triggered by an allergen. An understanding of the allergens that affect a patient is important for allergen avoidance, and ultimately, the treatment of AR. This study aimed to identify the common allergens affecting patients with AR. A total of 52 patients with AR were identified for this study. AR was diagnosed based on the presenting symptoms and measurement of IgE levels and absolute eosinophil counts. Skin prick tests (SPT) were performed to identify the allergen sensitivity of the patients. Patient history, family history, and a detailed account of the symptoms were recorded. Finally, correlation between family history and allergy severity was statistically evaluated. All patients presented symptoms of rhinitis with sinusitis and 61.5% of these were mild or moderate allergic. Few of the patients had ocular or otic symptoms. The duration of allergy was variable in these patients. A high proportion of patients were allergic to house dust mites (92.3%). The proportion of patients allergic to pollen, Parthenium, cockroach, cotton dust, and Aspergillus were 84.6%, 76.9%, 75%, 65.4%, and 61.5%, respectively. Around 71.2% of patients reported a family history of allergy. SPT severity was not associated with family history (p=0.266). This study successfully identifies the common allergens affecting patients with AR from Chennai, India. It highlights the importance of SPT for the identification of allergens in deciding the treatment regimen for AR.

Identification of Potential Allergens of Atractylodes japonica and Addition of Panels for Allergic Diseases

Identification of Potential Allergens of Atractylodes japonica and Addition of Panels for Allergic Diseases

Cross-reactive monoclonal antibodies against fish parvalbumins as a tool for studying antigenic similarity of different parvalbumins and analysis of fish extracts

Fish parvalbumins are heat-stable calcium-binding proteins that are highly cross-reactive in causing allergy symptoms in fish-sensitized patients. The reactivities of parvalbumin-specific monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies with parvalbumins of different fish species allowed their application for development of various immunoassays for allergen identification in fish samples. In this study, monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were generated against two parvalbumins – natural Atlantic cod parvalbumin and recombinant common carp β-parvalbumin expressed in E. coli. Large collections of recombinant parvalbumins and natural allergen extracts of different fish species and other animals were used to identify the specificities of these MAbs using ELISA, Western blot, and dot blot. MAbs demonstrated different patterns of cross-reactivities with recombinant parvalbumins. Their binding affinities were affected by the addition and removal of Ca2+ ions. Moreover, all MAbs showed a broad reactivity with the target antigens in natural fish, chicken, and pork extracts. The ability of two MAbs (clones 7B2 and 3F6) to identify and isolate native parvalbumins from allergen extracts was confirmed by Western blot. Epitope mapping using recombinant fragments of Atlantic cod parvalbumin (Gad m 1) and common carp parvalbumin (Cyp c 1) revealed that 4 out of 5 MAbs recognize parvalbumin regions that contain calcium binding sites. In conclusion, the generated broadly reactive well-characterized MAbs against fish β-parvalbumins could be applied for investigation of parvalbumins of fish and other animals and their detection in allergen extracts.

Allergy identification for neurosurgical patients: updates for management.

Allergic reactions in neurosurgical procedures are uncommon, but they are detrimental to a patient's prognosis and recovery. By synthesizing data collected from other surgical fields, possible triggers and alternatives have been identified. Current treatment guidelines involve stabilizing the patient in emergency situations, symptom management, and identification of causative allergens. Preoperative allergy screening is uncommon due to the low prevalence of perioperative hypersensitivity reactions. However, preoperative questionnaire screening can identify when preoperative allergy screening, premedication, or use of a material alternative is necessary. Greater emphasis on material alternatives, increased preoperative screening, and more data can improve the prognosis of neurosurgical patients at risk of perioperative allergic complications.

Food allergen control at meat processing enterprise: scientific rationale and preliminary hazard analysis

From a public health point of view, the control of food allergens in enterprises is one of the main methods of food safety management required by national and international standards. The implementation results of measures for allergen control and identification of noncompliance are presented using the developed checklist, which includes 41 questions. The survey was conducted at meat processing plant in the Moscow region, which is certified for compliance with the requirements of ISO 22000:2018 “Food safety management systems — Requirements for any organization in the food chain” and FSSC22000 certification scheme. Compliance with the criteria included in the checklist was assessed by the method of interviewing employees at the enterprise and direct onsite observation. The highest level of noncompliance according to 7 groups of criteria established in the checklist was identified in the following sections; “Cleaning”, “Transport and storage” and “Hazard awareness”. Factors complicating the implementation of allergen control activities include available methods to assess cleaning effectiveness when removing specific allergens, experience in separating allergen-containing and allergen-free products and raw materials during transport and storage, and staff training in allergen control. At the same time, the PCR method was used to study 15 samples of meat products manufactured at the selected enterprise for the presence of legumes (soybeans), gluten, mustard, and peanuts. In six samples, undeclared allergens were detected in quantities hazardous to the health of the consumer. The results obtained indicated the need to develop and implement measures aimed at minimizing the risk of allergen transfer to the meat products during their production. Based on the results of the research, a procedure for allergen control has been developed, including additional measures for the control of food allergens.

Identification of allergens in coconut milk and oil with patients sensitized to coconut milk in Sri Lanka

BackgroundDespite the low prevalence of IgE sensitivity to fresh or boiled coconut milk and coconut oil, those may contain allergens of which the clinical significance remains undetermined. This study aimed to identify and compare allergens in fresh coconut milk (FCM), boiled coconut milk (BCM), unrefined wet-processed coconut oil (WPCO), and dry-processed coconut oil (DPCO) using sera from patients with allergy to coconut milk.MethodsThe study included 18 patients with immediate hypersensitivity to coconut milk, including five who developed anaphylaxis. Sensitization was assessed by skin prick test and ImmunoCAPs using commercially available coconut extracts. Immunoblotting was performed to identify and compare allergen profiles.ResultsTotal sIgE levels and overall IgE reactivity of patients with anaphylaxis were higher compared to patients with allergy. Twelve allergens ranging from 5 to 128 kDa including six novel allergens with 5, 12, 47, 87, 110, and 128 kDa were visualized in immunoblots with FCM. Similarly, nine allergens of 5, 12, 17, 32, 35, 47, 87, 110, and 128 kDa were detected in BCM. One allergen (110 kDa) was discerned in all four extracts. Higher IgE prevalence was detected with three allergens of 55, 87, and 110 kDa.ConclusionsAllergens of BCM and unrefined coconut oil (WPCO and DPCO) were determined for the first time. Novel allergens of 87 and 110 kDa and the 55 kDa allergen have the highest potential to be used in Component Resolved Diagnostics. Further, these findings demonstrate that, patients who have an allergy to coconut milk could also react to boiled coconut milk and unrefined coconut oil.

IS PEA OUR HIDDEN ALLERGEN? AN AMERICAN PEDIATRIC CASE SERIES

<h3>Introduction</h3> With the growing scope of the health-food industry, efforts are made to incorporate protein into food to attract consumers. Recently, plant-based diets consisting of legumes are becoming a diet trend, thus a focus as a source of protein. Those allergenic legumes (Soybeans,Lupins,Peanuts) are part of the mandatory labeling in the EU and the US, allowing consumers to easily identify and avoid them. Dun-pea proteins are found in minced steak, breadcrumbs that coat meats, pharmaceutics, and specialized food for athletes⁸. Allergies to green and dun-pea have been emerging and reported in several case reports. The two main allergens found are Pis-s 1 and Pis-s 2, members of the Vicilin and Covicilin families. However, in contrast to other allergens, pea-protein is not included on food labels as a potential food allergen in the EU, Canada, and the US, thus, making it a masked potential cause of allergic reactions. There is currently no data on dun-pea allergy in the US and little data regarding green-pea allergy. Thus, with the progressive increase in pea/pea proteins inclusion in foods, we report 6 children who presented to the Hospital-based Allergy clinic with allergic reactions to foods containing green peas or pea protein. <h3>Cases</h3> (Table 1) <h3>Discussion</h3> The prevalence of pea allergies is unknown; however, the sensitization rate was higher than soya beans, lupins, peanuts. Hence, identification of pea allergens should gain more attention by allergists, especially as they can be non-obvious ingredients in foods. Also, several publications reported the coexistence of legumes and pea allergies due to cross-reactive IgEs against peas.

Identification and Annotation of Peptide Allergens in Prunus dulcis

Approximately, 10% of the world population is facing the challenge of food allergy in direct or indirect way. In this study, a genome-wide identification and annotation of the novel putative allergen from almond is performed. Initially, the whole proteome of almond (31,000 proteins) was scanned by Allergenonline, a publically available database of already reported allergens from different sources. The detailed analysis suggests that there are 430 putative allergens which reduced to 45 on motif-based screening using AllFam database. These predicted allergens are annotated for their function by using PFAM, GO databases and orthology analysis. To validate our prediction, we have used structural insights of allergen and antibody interactions for one of the predicted putative allergen protein, homologous to Pru ar 3.0101allergen from apricot. The structure of putative allergen was modeled and molecular docking studies were performed against the antibody. The best docked conformation was subjected to molecular simulation studies to confirm the stable binding of these two molecules. This detailed analysis suggests that the identified allergen will show cross reactivity similar to Pru ar 3.0101 allergen from apricot. This is one of the first report of identifying and annotating the homologous of Pru ar 3.0101 allergen in almond.

Identification of allergen encoding sequences in a novel food ingredient from Moringa oleifera leaves

Alternative sources of edible proteins are required to feed the world’s growing population, such as Moringa oleifera leaves, a protein source with a balanced amino acid composition. Since Moringa leaf proteins is a novel food in the EU and UK, an assessment of their potential allergenicity of is required.Proteins from Moringa leaf powder were characterised using traditional proteomic approaches. The proteins identified were evaluated for their allergenic potential using in-silico tools.The main proteins identified belonged to photosynthetic and metabolic pathways. In-silico analysis of the leaf proteome identified moritides as potential allergens by homology with a latex allergen implicated in fruit-latex syndrome. This analysis also identified a nsLTP, a major panallergen in food. The presence of these putative allergens was confirmed by de-novo sequencing. Our study allowed identification of putative allergens, Morintides and nsLTP. Further in-vitro and in-vivo investigations are required to confirm their allergenic potential.

35302 Assessment of the impact of Cates plot on patient comprehension of patch test predictive value

Patch testing is the gold standard to diagnose allergic contact dermatitis. It is a generally safe epicutaneous test performed by application of individual allergens in an attempt to identify an offending ingredient. Patch testing is an impactful diagnostic tool for allergic contact dermatitis; However, the outcome may be inconclusive at times. Various determinant factors that influence patch test result includes: identification of all potential allergens in the home and work environment for testing, technical accuracy of patch application, and avoidance of immunosuppressive topical therapies at the test site as well as systemic therapies during testing.

Innovative Application of SERS in Food Quality and Safety: A Brief Review of Recent Trends.

Innovative application of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) for rapid and nondestructive analyses has been gaining increasing attention for food safety and quality. SERS is based on inelastic scattering enhancement from molecules located near nanostructured metallic surfaces and has many advantages, including ultrasensitive detection and simple protocols. Current SERS-based quality analysis contains composition and structural information that can be used to establish an electronic file of the food samples for subsequent reference and traceability. SERS is a promising technique for the detection of chemical, biological, and harmful metal contaminants, as well as for food poisoning, and allergen identification using label-free or label-based methods, based on metals and semiconductors as substrates. Recognition elements, including immunosensors, aptasensors, or molecularly imprinted polymers, can be linked to SERS tags to specifically identify targeted contaminants and perform authenticity analysis. Herein, we highlight recent studies on SERS-based quality and safety analysis for different foods categories spanning the whole food chain, ‘from farm to table’ and processing, genetically modified food, and novel foods. Moreover, SERS detection is a potential tool that ensures food safety in an easy, rapid, reliable, and nondestructive manner during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Relevance of patch testing in allergic contact dermatitis to cosmetics among patients attending outpatient department at a tertiary care center in North Kerala

Purpose: The incidence of dermatitis due to cosmetics is increasing because of the greater product use. Identification of causative allergen(s) in patients with cosmetic dermatitis is important. It can lead to patient awareness in cosmetic product selection and decrease in the incidences of allergic contact dermatitis. Theaim of the study was to assess the clinical profile of allergic contact dermatitisto cosmetics and investigate the role of patch testing in evaluation of allergic contact dermatitis to cosmetics. Patients and method: It was a prospective, interventional study, which included40 patients with a suspected allergic contact dermatitis to cosmetics. Patch testing was performed utilizing the ‘Indian Standard Series and Standard Cosmetic and Fragrance Series’ approved by ‘Contact and Occupational Dermatoses Forum of India’.The reactions were recorded according to International Contact Dermatitis Research Group recommendations. Result: Out of total 40 cases that were recruited in the study with a provisional diagnosis of ACD to various cosmetic ingredients, 67.5% tested positive for one or more allergens. The clinical relevance of patch testing in suspected cases of cosmetic sensitivity was found to be statistically significant (p&lt;0.027). Conclusion: The study found clinical relevance of patch testing in suspected cases of cosmetic sensitivity to be statistically significant (p&lt;0.027).

Identification of allergens and allergen hydrolysates by proteomics and metabolomics: A comparative study of natural and enzymolytic bee pollen

Bee pollen as a plant-derived food is consumed as nutritional/functional supplements by humans. But it might confer foodborne allergenicity in susceptible populations, limiting its extensive application. In this study, five potential allergens including profilin, cystatin, prolamin, expansin, and alcohol dehydrogenase in bee pollen derived from Brassica campestris (BP-Bc), were identified through mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis. Moreover, different types of enzymes (cellulases, pectases, and papains) serve biological roles in pollen wall breaking and expansion, but also promote allergen release and degradation. Proteomic analysis showed that profilin, cystatin, and alcohol dehydrogenase were significantly reduced in BP-Bc following joint treatment with three enzymes. Metabolomic characterization of potential enzymatic hydrolysates of these significantly-decreased allergens was performed, which showed nine major oligopeptides and six amino acids at significantly higher levels in the enzyme-treated BP-Bc. These findings clarified the culprit responsible for bee pollen allergy and the mechanism of enzymatic desensitization for its further development.

Prevalence of Allergic Rhinitis in Patients Diagnosed with Chronic Rhinosinusitis in a Tertiary Care Hospital

Background: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is an inflammatory disorder of the nose and paranasal sinuses lasting for 12 weeks or longer. Aim: To explore the prevalence of allergic rhinitis and common allergens in chronic rhinosinusitis patients. Methods: The study was conducted in Department of ENT at Dr. Akbar Niazi Teaching Hospital Islamabad from April 2021 to March 2022. On the basis of inclusion criterion, one hundred patients of CRS included in this study. All patients met the diagnostic criteria for CRS through, history, nasoendoscopic examination, and radiological findings. Allergic rhinitis was diagnosed on the basis of skin prick test (SPT). All patients who were operated for CRS were excluded from the study. Results: Male and female ratio was almost equal with slight male predominance. The incidence of polypoidal CRS and non-polypoidal CRS was 52 (52%) and 48 (48%) respectively. Almost two third of polypoidal CRS patients suffered from severe disease based on Nasoendoscopic examination and radiological findings (CT-Scan). The commonest presenting symptoms were nasal discharge and nasal blockage effecting around 92% and 91% patients respectively. Skin prick test (SPT) showed 73% patients were suffering from allergic rhinitis with pet dander being the most common allergen. Conclusion: Chronic Rhinosinusitis is a common disease and majority of patients develop CRS secondary to allergic reaction. Early diagnosis of allergic rhinitis with identification of specific allergens and its management can help in prevention of CRS. Keywords: Allergic rhinitis (AR), Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), Sinunasal Polyposis, non-allergic rhinitis, Skin prick test (SPT)