Identification Of Active Compounds Research Articles

A tetramethylpyrazine-loaded hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel modulates macrophage polarization for promoting wound recovery in diabetic mice

The failure of wound healing often causes lower limb disability and amputation of diabetic patients. Current strategies for diabetic wound management often fail to achieve the expected outcomes, and emerging alternatives are urgently needed. Recent advances in the identification of active compounds from traditional herbal medicines provide promising therapeutics for tissue repair and regeneration. In this study, the pro-healing effects of tetramethylpyrazine (TMP, a natural alkaloid found in Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort) for diabetic wounds were for the first time demonstrated. The cutaneous healing was mainly achieved by TMP-mediated macrophage polarization from pro-inflammatory to pro-healing phenotype. In addition, the topical administration of TMP was facilitated by the hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogel for promoting the full-thickness wounds in the experimental diabetic mice. Consequently, TMP-loaded HA hydrogel (TMP-HA) profoundly accelerated the wound closure in comparison with TMP-loaded INTRASITE Gel (it is a commercial hydrogel), which was evident with the inflammation mitigation, the angiogenesis enhancement, and the collagen deposition. Our work reveals the macrophage-modulatory function of TMP for diabetic wound healing and demonstrates great potential of TMP-HA for clinical application.

Ovicidal Effect on Haemonchus contortus of Extract Partitions Shrubby Plants of the Tropical Dry Forest and Potentially Active Compounds Identification by UHPLC-Q/Orbitrap/MS/MS

The in vitro anthelmintic effect of the extracts on Haemonchus contortus (H. contortus) of three forage species in the tropical dry forest is known; however, there is no information about the effects of the extract partitions, nor their chemical composition. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the in vitro ovicidal activity of H. contortus in extract partitions of the species Gliricidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala, and Pithecellobium dulce, and to identify the compounds present in the extract partitions with the highest activity by employing ultra HPLC Quadrupole orbitrap mass spectrometry. Four extract partitions, hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and hydroethanolic from the three forage species were assessed in an inhibition of egg hatching (IEH) assay. The extract partitions with the highest anthelmintic activity (AA) were subjected to analysis, from which the tentative identification of the compounds was established. The extract partitions, including dichloromethane from Gliricidia sepium, ethyl acetate from Leucaena leucocephala, and hydroethanolic from Pithecellobium dulce showed a greater anthelmintic effect, with IC50 values of 0.39, 0.86, and 0.27 mg/mL for the IEH, respectively. Metabolites with in vitro AA potential included flavonoids, fatty acid esters, hydroxycinnamic acids, organic oxygenated compounds of the benzene class and substituted derivatives, phenolic glycosides, and phenols.

Review on Pharmaco-therapeutic potential of wetland herb Enhydra fluctuans Lour (Hilamochika)

Enhydra fluctuans Lour, commonly known as the Indian Marshweed or Raktakarabi, holds an important place in Ayurveda, the traditional Indian system of medicine. This medicinal herb has gained attention for its pharmacological properties and therapeutic potential. Traditional Ayurvedic remedies for a variety of health issues, including fever, inflammation, wound healing, digestive disorders, and respiratory ailments, use Enhydra fluctuans L. Recent scientific studies have validated its traditional uses, revealing the presence of bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, and essential oils that contribute to its medicinal properties. Moreover, Enhydra fluctuans L. exhibits a wide range of pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, and anti-cancer effects. This article aims to give a substantial overview of Enhydra fluctuans L., highlighting its botanical characteristics, historical usage, phytochemical composition, and pharmacological activities. The mechanisms underlying the therapeutic actions of Enhydra fluctuans L. involve its ability to modulate various molecular targets and signaling pathways, contributing to the regulation of immune responses, lowering oxidative stress, inhibiting inflammatory mediators, and promoting tissue regeneration. Enhydra fluctuans L. has also demonstrated promising anti-cancer potential through apoptosis induction, cell cycle arrest, and inhibition of angiogenesis and metastasis. This review critically assesses the preclinical and clinical studies on Enhydra fluctuans L., emphasizing its safety profile and potential adverse effects. Furthermore, it explores the prospects and challenges in developing Enhydra fluctuans L. as a mainstream therapeutic agent, including the need for standardized extraction techniques, identification of active compounds, formulation optimization, and rigorous clinical trials.

Towards non-target proactive food safety: identification of active compounds in convenience tomato products by ten-dimensional hyphenation with integrated simulated gastrointestinal digestion

Current strategies for non-target food screening focus mainly on known hazardous chemicals (adulterants, residues, contaminants, packaging migrants, etc.) instead of bioactive constituents in general and exclude the biological effect detection. To widen the perspective, a more proactive non-target effect-directed strategy is introduced to complement food safety in order to detect not only known but also unknown bioactive compounds. The developed 10-dimensional hyphenation included on-surface digestion (1D), planar chromatographic separation (2D), visualization using white light (3D), UV light (4D), fluorescence light (5D), effect-directed assay analysis (6D), heart-cut zone elution to an orthogonal reversed phase column chromatography including online desalting (7D) with subsequent diode array detection (8D), high-resolution mass spectrometry (9D), and fragmentation (10D). Metabolism, i.e., intestinal digestion of each sample, was simulated and integrated on the same adsorbent surface to study any changes in the compound profiles. As proof of principle, nine convenience tomato products and a freshly prepared tomato soup were screened via five different planar assays in a non-targeted mode. Non-digested and digested samples were compared side by side. In their effect-directed profiles, 14 bioactive compounds from classes of lipids, plant hormones, spices, and pesticides were identified. In particular, bioactive compounds coming from the lipid class were increased by gastrointestinal digestion, while spices and pesticides remained unaffected. With regard to food safety, the determination of the two dinitrophenol herbicides dinoterb and dinoseb in highly processed tomato products should be given special attention. The hyphenation covered a broad analyte spectrum and showed robust and reliable results.Graphical

Identification of Active Compounds from Averrhoa bilimbi L. (Belimbing Wuluh) Flower using LC-MS and Antidiabetic Activity Test using in vitro and in silico Approaches

Averrhoa bilimbi L., (Belimbing wuluh), is traditionally used for various antidiabetic, anti-larvicidal, antioxidant, hypoallergenic, antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory treatments. This study evaluated 3 extracts (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol) isolated from starfruit flowers for antidiabetic effects using in vitro and in silico methods. Ethyl acetate extract showed the highest activity, followed by n-hexane and n-butanol extracts in inhibiting α-glucosidase. Each extract has an IC50 value of 89.84, 52.88, and 114.86 µg/mL. The active compounds contained in the ethyl acetate extract were determined using LC-MS, and the compounds with the highest retention time were identified as tautomycetin (8.585) and lithocholic acid (8.993). Tautomycetin and lithocholic acid showed promising results in the in silico test. The computational predictions showed that tautomycetin (−6.2 kcal/mol) and lithocholic acid (−10.0 kcal/mol) have better binding affinity values than miglitol (−5.4 kcal/mol). This is the first time the antidiabetic test of starfruit flower extract has been carried out. HIGHLIGHTS Averrhoa bilimbi L well-known as belimbing wuluh. is a highly nutritious plant and an endemic and tropical species mainly used as a traditional medicine to treat several diseases. Its fruit is food with economic value in Indonesia Extracts of ethyl acetate from the flower showed the highest antidiabetic activity with IC50 52.88 μg/mL In the phytochemical determination from Averrhoa bilimbi L flower using Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometer (LC-MS), several compounds were suspected of having antidiabetic activity, namely the compound lithocholic acid, and tautomycetin Lithocholic acid and tautomycetin have been tested for their bioactivity as antidiabetic with in vitro and in vivo methods GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Old Meets New: Mass Spectrometry-Based Untargeted Metabolomics Reveals Unusual Larvicidal Nitropropanoyl Glycosides from the Leaves of Heteropterys umbellata.

The Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquito is the vector of several arboviruses in tropical and subtropical areas of the globe, and synthetic pesticides remain the most widely used combat strategy. This study describes the investigation of secondary metabolites with larvicidal activity from the Malpighiaceae taxon using a metabolomic and bioactivity-based approach. The workflow initially consisted of a larvicidal screening of 394 extracts from the leaves of 197 Malpighiaceae samples, which were extracted using solvents of different polarity, leading to the selection of Heteropterys umbellata for the identification of active compounds. By employing untargeted mass spectrometry-based metabolomics and multivariate analyses (PCA and PLS-DA), it was possible to determine that the metabolic profiles of different plant organs and collection sites differed significantly. A bioguided approach led to the isolation of isochlorogenic acid A (1) and the nitropropanoyl glucosides karakin (2) and 1,2,3,6-tetrakis-O-[3-nitropropanoyl]-beta-glucopyranose (3). These nitro compounds exhibited larvicidal activity, possibly potentialized by synergistic effects of their isomers in chromatographic fractions. Additionally, targeted quantification of the isolated compounds in different extracts corroborated the untargeted results from the statistical analyses. These results support a metabolomic-guided approach in combination with classical phytochemical techniques to search for natural larvicidal compounds for arboviral vector control.

Senna Siamea Hexane Extract: Potent Antifungal Activity Against Candida albicans, Candida Krusei and Identification of Its Chemicals Content

Background: Senna siamea contains several chemical: flavonoid, steroids, terpenoids, alkaloid, and tanin which is as an antifungal againts of Candida sp because interfere function of the fungal cell membrane and inhibit syntesis of chitin. Candida albicans and Candida krusei could causing oral candidiasis, vulvovaginal infections, life threatening candidiasis, such as candidemia and internal organ infections. S. siamea is a medicinal plant which empirically used as antifungal. S. siamea leaves has been reported to exhibit activity against Candida sp but limited to ethanol extract. Thus, the evaluation of other extract- and identification of active compound(s) against C. albicans and C. krusei is needed to be explore. Methods: First, the microscopic morphology of S. siamea leaves were observed using Scanning Electron Microscope. The leaves were then extracted sequentially by hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol solvent using the ultrasonic assisted extraction method, followed by its in vitro antifungal activity evaluation. The most active extract was further evaluated for its chemical(s) content by LC MS. Results: Scanning Electron Microscope identified the presence of oxalate in the leaves of S. siamea. Evaluation of the antifungal activity showed that the hexane extract had highest antifungal compared to others. Conclusions: S. siamea hexane extract leaf is prospective to be developed as an antifungal. Further in vivo research are needed.

Traditional Herbal Remedies in the Management of Metabolic Disorders in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review of Ethnobotanical Studies and Pharmacological Activities.

MetS are common throughout the world, including Ethiopia. These have traditionally been treated using medicinal plants, particularly in rural areas where they are freely accessible. This systematic review tried to investigate the treatment of MetS with Ethiopian medicinal herbs and made recommendations for more validation research. A careful analysis of the literature was also conducted on the therapeutic effects of these and other Ethiopian medicinal plants with hepatoprotective and antihypertensive activities. The relevant keywords "Ethnomedicinal + hypertension," "Ethnopharmacological + hypertension," "Ethnomedicinal + hepatitis, jaundices, and liver disease," "Ethnopharmacological + hepatic disorder," and "Ethnomedicinal + weight loss" were used to search for relevant articles in the major electronic scientific databases, including PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. The search strategy included all articles with descriptions that were accessible until April 30, 2022. The study's subjects, methods, or year of publication were no restrictions in the search. The outcomes were compiled using descriptive statistics. Fifty-four (54) studies were examined in the review that satisfied the inclusion and exclusion criteria for the treatment of MetS in Ethiopia. The most often used ethnobotanical plant species for the treatment of hypertension and hepatic disorders were Moringa stenopetala and Croton macrostachyus. Both hepatic and hypertensive disorders were treated more frequently with leaves (52% and 39%, respectively) than with roots (20% and 13%, respectively). Some intriguing studies came from an ethnobotanical investigation into medicinal herbs' hepatoprotective and antihypertensive properties. The most often investigated medicinal plant for its antihypertensive effects is Moringa stenopetala. The study revealed that Ethiopians often use anti-MetS herbal remedies. We advocate the experimental validation of the commonly used medicinal plants with the identification of active compounds and the development of effective alternative drugs for the treatment of MetS.

Anti-obesity effect of vegetable juice fermented with lactic acid bacteria isolated from kimchi in C57BL/6J mice and human mesenchymal stem cells.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of fermented vegetable juice (VJ) obtained from a blend of four crops (Brassica oleracea var. capitata, B. oleracea var. italica, Daucus carota L., and Beta vulgaris) on adipogenesis along with the identification of active compounds. Two lactic acid bacteria (LAB) (Companilactobacillus allii WiKim39 and Lactococcus lactis WiKim0124), isolated from kimchi, were used to ferment the VJ and their effectiveness was evaluated in differentiated human mesenchymal stem cells and obese mice. In vitro antibody array analysis was done to understand signaling proteins in adipogenesis. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis showed that differentially expressed proteins are related to biological processes including immunological processes. These were effectively regulated by LAB and fermented VJ. Supplementation of fermented VJ reduced the weight gain, blood biochemical indicators, and liver fat accumulation in mice. Oil Red O staining indicated that the fermentation metabolites of VJ (indole-3-lactic acid, leucic acid, and phenyllactic acid) had an inhibitory effect on lipid accumulation in vitro. Therefore, it can be concluded that LAB-fermented VJ and its metabolites have the potential to counter obesity, and thus can be therapeutically effective.

Identification of Active Compound from Mitragyna speciosa Leave as Antiinflammation Agent: In Silico Study.

The study aims to identify the most responsible compound for the antiinflammation activity from Mitragyna speciosa leaves. Seventeen compounds previously reported to have been isolated from the leave were virtually screened against human 5-lipoxygenase protein and analyzed according to their binding energies. The native ligand used was arachidonic acid, and mitragynine was found to be the strongest binding compound (Pubchem ID: 3034396). In addition, ADMET profiling shows that mitragynine was not violating Lipinski’s rule of five and was not toxic.

Comparison Study of Ionic Gelation and SNEDDs Method in the Preparation of Cocoa Peel Extract Nanoparticles as Antibacterial Against Klebsiella pneumonia

<p>Cocoa peel is the primary waste from chocolate production. It contains flavonoids that can inhibit the growth of <em>Klebsiella pneumonia</em> which causes chronic bronchitis. This study aims to obtain cocoa peel extract nanoparticles for antibacterial caused by <em>K. pneumonia</em>. The isolation of flavonoids was done using the maceration method in 96% ethanol. Phytochemical and Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) analyses have been used to identify the active compounds contained in the extract. Flavonoid levels have been investigated using UV-Visible spectrophotometry. The preparation of nanoparticles from cocoa peel used ionic gelation and Self-Nano Emulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS). The nanoparticle obtained has been analyzed for particle size and polydisperse index. In vitro test was carried out to determine the antibacterial activity of <em>K. pneumonia</em>. Identification of active compounds using a UV-Visible spectrophotometer showed that cocoa peel extract contained flavonoids of 6.33%. Nanoparticle preparations using the SNEDDS method were more optimal than the ionic gelation method, with particle sizes 135.2 nm (4%), 156.1 nm (12%), and 235.3 (20%). Based on the in vitro test, nanoparticles from cocoa peel extract were able to inhibit the growth of <em>K. pneumonia</em></p><p>. <strong><em></em></strong></p>

In silico activity and ADMET profiling of phytochemicals from Ethiopian indigenous aloes using pharmacophore models

In silico profiling is used in identification of active compounds and guide rational use of traditional medicines. Previous studies on Ethiopian indigenous aloes focused on documentation of phytochemical compositions and traditional uses. In this study, ADMET and drug-likeness properties of phytochemicals from Ethiopian indigenous aloes were evaluated, and pharmacophore-based profiling was done using Discovery Studio to predict therapeutic targets. The targets were examined using KEGG pathway, gene ontology and network analysis. Using random-walk with restart algorithm, network propagation was performed in CODA network to find diseases associated with the targets. As a result, 82 human targets were predicted and found to be involved in several molecular functions and biological processes. The targets also were linked to various cancers and diseases of immune system, metabolism, neurological system, musculoskeletal system, digestive system, hematologic, infectious, mouth and dental, and congenital disorder of metabolism. 207 KEGG pathways were enriched with the targets, and the main pathways were metabolism of steroid hormone biosynthesis, lipid and atherosclerosis, chemical carcinogenesis, and pathways in cancer. In conclusion, in silico target fishing and network analysis revealed therapeutic activities of the phytochemicals, demonstrating that Ethiopian indigenous aloes exhibit polypharmacology effects on numerous genes and signaling pathways linked to many diseases.

Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Urena lobata L. Leaf Extracts

Pulutan (Urena lobata) is a medicinal plant used to treat fever, infection and swelling traditionally, although the pre-clinical study about the herbs as analgesic and anti-inflammatory are still limited. The objective of this study is to measure analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of U. lobata leaf extract through in vivo study and in silico. This study was performed using male wistar rats divided into eight groups (two control groups and six test groups) (n=5). U. lobata leaf was extracted by water and ethanol, each prepared in dose of 125, 250, 500 mg/kg body weight. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by plethysmometer for 6 hours, meanwhile analgesic activity was examined by analgesymeter for 4 hours. The data was analyzed using one way ANOVA test continued with LSD test (p < 0.05). Following active compound identification using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectra (LC-MS/MS), several compounds were used in an in silico study using docking server. Both aqueous and ethanolic extract of U.lobata at 125 and 250 mg/kg bw inhibited paw edema with an Area Under Curve (AUC) volume about 10 % and 5%, respectively, compared to control group (p<0.05). For analgesic activity, aqueous extract of U. lobata were able to increase the AUC for pain threshold of about 30-100 % compared to control group (p<0.05), whereas the activity of ethanolic extract lower than aqueous extract. Stigmasterol and beta-sitosterol in U. lobata potentially inhibited Cycloxygenase-2 (COX-2) as a pro-inflammatory mediator and pain. Aqueous and ethanolic extract of U. lobata have analgesic activity and anti-inflammation, the mechanism was predicted through inhibitory activity of COX-2.

Heterologous expression and functional characterization of Drosophila suzukii OR69a transcript variants unveiled response to kairomones and to a candidate pheromone

Drosophila suzukii is a main pest of berries on all continents. Population control relies on insecticides and a current research challenge is to develop alternative strategies. Methods based on behavior-modifying semiochemicals are widely used against other horticultural insects, and the functional characterization of chemoreceptors facilitates the identification of active compounds. Following heterologous expression of single olfactory receptors (ORs) in ab3A olfactory sensory neurons of D. melanogaster, we screened three transcript variants from the OR69a-locus (DsuzOR69aA, DsuzOR69aB, DsuzOR69aC), demonstrating binding to two possible kairomones (3-octanol and R-carvone) and to a possible fly-emitted volatile compound [(Z)-4-nonenal], although with different pharmacological qualities. By coupling Gas Chromatography to SSR (GC-SSR), these ligands enhanced ab3A-spiking at nanogram-aliquots in a complementary fashion among the different OR69a-variants, and we identified another possible kairomone, methyl salicylate, as the most active and specific ligand for the sole DsuzOR69aB. In testing headspaces collected from D. suzukii females and from the fly-associated yeast Hanseniaspora uvarum we did not observe activation from female headspaces but activation from yeast headspaces. In situ hybridization analysis on D. suzukii antennae suggests unique expression of OR69a-subunits in specific neurons, and points toward co-expression within the same neurons. The OR69a-subunits of D. suzukii constitute cation channels, which binding suggests kairomone specificity, even if effects coexist for a complementary binding of (Z)-4-nonenal. Methyl salicylate is the most active ligand and is specific to the sole DsuzOR69aB, inspiring future investigation to validate potentials of this compound for D. suzukii control strategies.

Nutraceuticals and the Network of Obesity Modulators

Obesity is considered an increasingly widespread disease in the world population, regardless of age and gender. Genetic but also lifestyle-dependent causes have been identified. Nutrition and physical exercise play an important role, especially in non-genetic obesity. In a three-compartment model, the body is divided into fat mass, fat-free mass and water, and obesity can be considered a condition in which the percentage of total fat mass is in excess. People with a high BMI index or overweight use self-medications, such as food supplements or teas, with the aim to prevent or treat their problem. Unfortunately, there are several obesity modulators that act both on the pathways that promote adipogenesis and those that inhibit lipolysis. Moreover, these pathways involve different tissues and organs, so it is very difficult to identify anti-obesity substances. A network of factors and cells contributes to the accumulation of fat in completely different body districts. The identification of natural anti-obesity agents should consider this network, which we would like to call "obesosome". The nutrigenomic, nutrigenetic and epigenetic contribute to making the identification of active compounds very difficult. This narrative review aims to highlight nutraceuticals that, in vitro or in vivo, showed an anti-obesity activity or were found to be useful in the control of dysfunctions which are secondary to obesity. The results suggest that it is not possible to use a single compound to treat obesity, but that the studies have to be addressed towards the identification of mixtures of nutraceuticals.

Total flavonoid content and analgesic activity of ethyl acetate fraction of Indian jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana lamk) leaves

Indian jujube leaves (Ziziphus mauritiana Lamk) have various potential biological activity. Previous studies have proven that ethanol extracted from Indian jujube (Z. mauritiana Lamk) leaves had analgesic activity. This study aimed to determine the total flavonoid content and analgesic activity of the ethyl acetate fraction of Indian jujube (Z. mauritiana Lamk) leaves ethanol extract. Tested fraction was prepared by maceration using ethanol as solvent followed by fractionation using ethyl acetate. Identification of active compounds was performed using color reaction, and determination of total flavonoids by colorimetric method. Ethyl acetate fraction was further tested for its analgesic activity using the writhing method. Swiss-Webster white male mice were divided into 5 treatment groups consisting of negative control contained sodium-CMC, positive control contained sodium diclofenac, while groups 3-5 were given ethyl acetate fraction of Indian jujube (Z. mauritiana Lamk) leaves with doses of 50, 150, and 200 mg/kg BW. All interventions were administered as a single oral dose. 0.7% (w/v) acetic acid was used as a pain inducer. Analgesic activity was measured by calculating the percentage of writhing protection as a measure of the analgesic effect produced by each intervention. The data were analyzed using one-way Anova to compare analgesic activity between treatment groups. Results showed that ethyl acetate fraction of Indian jujube (Z. mauritiana Lamk) leaves at doses of 50, 150, and 200 mg/kg BW gave an effect that was not significantly different from sodium diclofenac as positive control. The ethyl acetate fraction of Indian jujube (Z. mauritiana Lamk) leaves ethanol extract contained flavonoids, saponin, and tannins with total flavonoid content of 22.41 ± 1.16% w/w. It can be concluded that the ethyl acetate fraction of Indian jujube (Z. mauritiana Lamk) leaves have analgesic activity in mice.

Identification of Active Compounds against Melanoma Growth by Virtual Screening for Non-Classical Human DHFR Inhibitors.

Antifolates such as methotrexate (MTX) have been largely known as anticancer agents because of their role in blocking nucleic acid synthesis and cell proliferation. Their mechanism of action lies in their ability to inhibit enzymes involved in the folic acid cycle, especially human dihydrofolate reductase (hDHFR). However, most of them have a classical structure that has proven ineffective against melanoma, and, therefore, inhibitors with a non-classical lipophilic structure are increasingly becoming an attractive alternative to circumvent this clinical resistance. In this study, we conducted a protocol combining virtual screening (VS) and cell-based assays to identify new potential non-classical hDHFR inhibitors. Among 173 hit compounds identified (average logP = 3.68; average MW = 378.34 Da), two-herein, called C1 and C2-exhibited activity against melanoma cell lines B16 and A375 by MTT and Trypan-Blue assays. C1 showed cell growth arrest (39% and 56%) and C2 showed potent cytotoxic activity (77% and 51%) in a dose-dependent manner. The effects of C2 on A375 cell viability were greater than MTX (98% vs 60%) at equivalent concentrations and times. Our results indicate that the integrated in silico/in vitro approach provided a benchmark to identify novel promising non-classical DHFR inhibitors showing activity against melanoma cells.

Identification of Active Compounds of Tantrum Leaves (Indigofera tinctoria) as Natural Textile Dyes

The use of natural dyes as textile dyes is increasing due to environmentally friendly standards and does not require the use of synthetic dyes. By banning the use of synthetic dyes containing azo groups, this is the right moment to reintroduce natural dyes that have been abandoned for a long time. This study aims to identify the active compound of tantrum leaves (Indigofera tinctoria) as a natural textile dye by maceration extraction method with variations in maceration time and material treatment on wet and dry tantrum leaves. This experimental research method was carried out using several stages of analysis, namely the phytochemical test, FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy), and UV-Vis (Ultraviolet-Visible Light) spectrophotometer. The results of the phytochemical tests showed that the compounds contained in the Indigofera tinctoria plant were indigo, flavonoids, steroids, and alkaloids. The FTIR test indicated that the dye content in the extract was from the indigo group. The results of the UV-Vis spectrum showed that there was maximum absorption in wet tantrum leaf extract, dry tantrum leaf extract, and alkaline extract at wavelengths of 406.50 nm, 365.50 nm, and 664.50 nm, respectively. Natural dyes in textiles have a positive impact on the environment, the color waste products are biodegradable and can be decomposed.

Identification of active compound and Antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria of Chromolaena odorata leaf extract

Antibacterial from natural ingredients, such as medical plants can be used as an alternative medicine. The aims of this study were to identify active compounds and antibacterial activity from the leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata, especially to against gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative bacteria. The methods of this study were making simplicia powder, extracting the leaves using ethanol, phytochemical screening using the tube method with specific reagents. Fractionated with chloroform and ethyl acetate and analyzed by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) to identify the active compounds. Antibacterial activity used diffusion method. We also determined the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum kill concentration (MKC). The results of the chloroform fraction showed 14-Methyl-Pentadecanoic Acid; 9-Octadecanoad; 2(2-(2, 5-Ditiacyclopentyl)-N-Propyl-3 Isopropanol; Bis (dichloromethyl)-ether. The results on the ethyl acetate fraction were 4-oxopentanoid acid or Levulinic acid; 4, 4- dieutero-hepten-1-ol; 1, 2, 2-trichloro-1, 1-difluoromethane; and 1-ethyl-2-methyl-3-oxoheksanoic acid. In addition, inhibition zone leaf extract 10% w/v against S. epidermidis 18.44 mm; S. mutans 19.32 mm; S. aureus 19.50 mm; P. aeruginosa 12.70 mm; E. coli 0.00 mm; and S. thypi 0.00 mm. MIC of S.aureus, S.mutans, S.epidermidis, and P.aeruginosa were 6250 ppm, 6250 ppm, 1562.5 ppm, and 9375 ppm, respectively. MKC of S.aureus, S.mutans, S.epidermidis, and P.aeruginosa were 6250 ppm, 6250 ppm, 1562.5 ppm, and 12500 ppm, respectively. The conclusions of this study were the leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata contained terpenoid, phenolic and flavonoid. Antibacterial activity of this extract showed strong activity on S. aureus, S. mutans, S. epidermidis, and P. aeruginosa bacteria.

Review of Bioactivity, Isolation, and Identification of Active Compounds from Antrodia cinnamomea.

Antrodia cinnamomea is a precious and popular edible and medicinal mushroom. It has attracted increasing attention due to its various and excellent bioactivities, such as hepatoprotection, hypoglycemic, antioxidant, antitumor, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulation, and gut microbiota regulation properties. To elucidate its bioactivities and develop novel functional foods or medicines, numerous studies have focused on the isolation and identification of the bioactive compounds of A. cinnamomea. In this review, the recent advances in bioactivity, isolation, purification, and identification methods of active compounds from A. cinnamomea were summarized. The present work is beneficial to the further isolation and discovery of new active compounds from A. cinnamomea.