Identification Of Active Components Research Articles

Exploring the potential mechanisms of Rehmannia glutinosa in treating sepsis based on network pharmacology

The present study utilized network pharmacology to identify therapeutic targets and mechanisms of Rehmannia glutinosa in sepsis treatment. RNA-sequencing was conducted on peripheral blood samples collected from 23 sepsis patients and 10 healthy individuals. Subsequently, the RNA sequence data were analyzed for differential expression. Identification of active components and their putative targets was achieved through the HERB and SwissTarget Prediction databases, respectively. Functional enrichment analysis was performed using GO and KEGG pathways. Additionally, protein-protein interaction networks were constructed and survival analysis of key targets was conducted. Single-cell RNA sequencing provided cellular localization data, while molecular docking explored interactions with central targets. Results indicated significant involvement of identified targets in inflammation and Th17 cell differentiation. Survival analysis linked several targets with mortality rates, while molecular docking highlighted potential interactions between active components and specific targets, such as rehmaionoside a with ADAM17 and rehmapicrogenin with CD81. Molecular dynamics simulations confirmed the stability of these interactions, suggesting Rehmannia glutinosa’s role in modulating immune functions in sepsis.

Growth inhibition of P. aeruginosa by methanol extract of Bridelia stipularis and identification of active components using in silico studies

BackgroundAntimicrobial resistance among pathogens is an emerging problem, gaining significant importance recently. Pharmaceutical scientists are constantly exploring innovative and effective antibacterial agents. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is a bacterium primarily responsible for pneumonia and infections in the liver, kidneys, and other body parts. It is a Gram-negative bacterium that can be controlled by antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin. However, this pathogen sometimes exhibits resistance to these antibacterial agents.MethodsRecognizing the well-known potential of plants as sources of medicinal compounds, our study focused on the ethyl acetate, acetone and methanol extract of the leaves of Bridelia stipularis and its impact on the growth of P. aeruginosa using well diffusion method. To gain insight into the composition of the extract, we conducted GC–MS analysis. After identifying the components present in the extract, we assessed the drug-likeness, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) and conducted docking studies of the molecules with the selected structural receptors of P. aeruginosa to find out the active component present in the extract.ResultsRemarkably, only methanol extract of Bridelia stipularis demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against this pathogen. In silico investigations revealed that two compounds, namely ethyl iso-allocholate and toluene sulfonylhydrazone derivative, exhibited high inhibition potencies. All structural receptors of the pathogen taken for this study were well inhibited by ethyl iso-allocholate while the receptors such as laconizing lipase and penicillin-binding protein of the bacterium were bound well with the 4-phenyl-3-penten-2-one p-toluene sulfonylhydrazone.ConclusionsObservations of this study clearly establish that the two phytochemicals present in the methanolic extract, i.e., ethyl iso-allocholate and toluene sulfonylhydrazone derivative of Bridelia stipularis leaves are highly active against the growth of the opportunistic pathogen P. aeruginosa.Graphical abstract

Isolation and identification of active components from Grifola frondosa and its anti-EV71 virus effect.

It is reported that anti-enterovirus 71 (EV71) drugs have some side effects on human health. Notably, fungi plays a crucial role in promoting human health and anti-virus. Grifola frondosa is a type of large medicinal and edible fungi, rich in active substances. The present study aimed to investigate the anti-EV71 effect of G. frondosa and the potential active substances. In the present study, the water extract of G. frondosa was subjected to ethanol precipitation to obtain the water-extracted supernatant of G. frondosa (GFWS) and water-extracted precipitation of G. frondosa. Their inhibitory effects on EV71 virus were studied based on a cell model. The results showed that GFWS had stronger security and anti-EV71 effects. In addition, the chemical constituents of GFWS were identified by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, which were selected for further separation and purification. Three compounds, N-butylaniline, succinic acid and l-tryptophan, were isolated from GFWS by NMR spectroscopy. It is noteworthy that N-butylaniline and l-tryptophan were isolated and identified from the G. frondosa fruiting bodies for the first time. Our study found that l-tryptophan has anti-EV71 virus activity, which reduced EV71-induced apoptosis and significantly inhibited the replication process after virus adsorption. Furthermore, it could also bind to capsid protein VP1 to prevent the virus from attaching to the cells. l-tryptophan was an inhibitor of the EV71 virus, which could be used in infant nutrition and possibly provide a new drug to treat hand, foot and mouth disease. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Deciphering the chemical constituents and antimicrobial activity of Prangos pabularia Lindl. using LC-MS/MS in combination with experimental evaluation and computational studies

This study meticulously explores the antimicrobial potential of Prangos pabularia Lindl.’s aerial parts through a comprehensive blend of in vitro and in silico analysis. Extracts with varying polarities underwent LC-MS/MS identification of active components, followed by in vitro and in silico assessments of antimicrobial efficacy against Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, and Candida paropsilosis. The methanolic extract exhibited significant antimicrobial activity with a MIC value of 48 μg/mL against all tested strains. Molecular docking revealed the compound 9-(3-methylbut-2-enoxy)-furo-(3,2-g)-chromen-7-one’s highest binding affinity against the penicillin-binding protein (PBP) bacterial drug target molecule. Other compounds also displayed substantial interactions with key antimicrobial drug target proteins. Further, Molecular dynamics simulations affirmed the stability of protein and ligand conformations. Collectively, these results underscore Prangos pabularia Lindl.’s aerial parts as a promising botanical resource in combating diverse microbial infections. This comprehensive approach not only validates it’s in vitro antimicrobial properties but also provides molecular insights into interaction mechanisms, advancing our comprehension of the plant’s therapeutic potential.

Directional screening and identification of potential cytotoxic components from Achnatherum inebrians by a combination of surface palsmon resonance and chromatography

ObjectiveTo establish a method for directional screening of the cytotoxic components from the medicinal herb of Achnatherum inebrians by a combination of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor and chromatographic isolation technology. MethodsUnder the guidance of bioactive assessment based on binding abilities between objects and the α-Mannosidase (α-Man) target, the active components from different solvents extracts, different polar extraction parts and fractions were screened orderly and directionally using SPR. Components with a high binding ability to α-Man can be precisely oriented in a narrower fractions range and are easy to isolate. Three human cancer cells were used to evaluate the cytotoxic activity of component with the highest affinity to α-Man. ResultsEight compounds were isolated and identificated from A. inebrians for the first time. Deoxyvasicinone possessed the highest affinity to α-Man among them. Moreover, deoxyvasicinone showed good effects on inhibited proliferation of human hepatoma cells HepG2 (IC50 = 5.7 μmol/L), human breast cancer cells MCF7 (IC50 = 7.21 μmol/L) and human lung cancer cells HCC827 (IC50 = 0.75 μmol/L), respectively. In particular, its inhibitory effect on HCC827 was stronger than the positive drug gefitinib (IC50 = 1.65 μmol/L). ConclusionA comprehensive strategy of directional screening potential cytotoxic components from herb based on biomolecular interaction and chromatography was established. Deoxyvasicinone as an effective anti-cancer component was initially isolated from A. inebrians. It is expected that this screening strategy could provide new perspectives for rapid screening and identification of active components from natural plants with the complex matrix.

Screening of acetylcholinesterase inhibitory and antioxidant active compounds from Terminalia chebula fruits by spectrum‐effect relationship and liquid chromatography‒mass spectrometry analysis

Screening and identification of active components from traditional Chinese medicines is rather challenging due to the diversity and complexity of chemical components. Herein, a comprehensive strategy based on a spectrum-effect relationship model and LC-MS analysis was developed to screen active components from Terminalia chebula fruits. The water extract of T. chebula fruits was subjected to macroporous resin column and then eluted successively with water and 30%, 50%, 70%, and 95% ethanol. The 30% ethanol eluate fractions of eighteen batches from T. chebula fruits were used for the spectrum-effect relationship study. The IC50 values for acetylcholinesterase inhibitory and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activities were measured, LC fingerprints were established, and 15 common peaks were specified. The spectrum-effect relationship between common peaks and IC50 values was investigated by principal component analysis, gray relational analysis, partial least square and multiple linear regression. The 30% ethanol eluate fraction was further characterized by LC-MS analysis. The chromatographic peaks (Peaks 1, 2, 3, 5, 12, 14, 15) making great contributions to the efficacy were screened through a spectrum-effect relationship model, and sixteen components were further identified. The results suggested that the proposed strategy is simple and effective for acquiring active components from a complex matrix.

Identification of active components in Andrographis paniculata targeting on CD81 in esophageal cancer in vitro and in vivo

BackgroundEsophageal cancer (EC) is highly prevalent in Eastern Asia (including China) with high rates of mortality. The metastatic tendency in EC is associated with a poor prognosis. Our previous studies have demonstrated the suppressive effects of Andrographis paniculata water extract (APW) on metastatic esophageal cancer in vitro and in tumor-bearing mice models, as well as illustrated the potential underlying mechanism by transcriptome analysis. HypothesisHigh expressions of several membrane protein tetraspanins were reported to lead to a high risk of metastasis in esophageal cancer in patients. We hypothesized that APW could downregulate the expression of tetraspanin CD81 in esophageal cancer cells and xenografts. MethodsHuman esophageal cancer cells EC109 and KYSE520 were incubated with APW for 24 hours in cell culture, while mice bearing EC109 xenograft tumors were treated with APW for 21 days. The expressions of CD81 in cancer cells and in tumors from mice were evaluated. Molecular docking and microscale thermophoresis analyses were applied to identify the components in APW interacting with CD81. The influence of the identified components on CD81 expression was further evaluated in EC109 cells. ResultsAPW could significantly suppress the expressions of CD81 in both EC109 and KYSE520 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Treatment of APW in xenograft-bearing mice reduces the metastasis in lungs, livers, and lymph nodes. The expression of CD81 in xenograft tumors of APW-treated mice was significantly lower than those of untreated control mice. The binding of andrographolide, bisandrographolide A, and bisandrographolide C with CD81 were elucidated by microscale thermophoresis. The suppressive effects of these compounds on the motility of EC109 cells, as well as CD81 protein and mRNA expressions, were further confirmed. ConclusionThis is the first time to demonstrate that andrographolide, bisandrographolide A, and bisandrographolide C, which are present in APW, bind to CD81 and suppress its function. These compounds are likely to be responsible for the anti-metastatic activities of APW in esophageal cancer.

Extraction and Identification of Active Components from Herbs for their Application for Prevention of Poly Cystic Ovary Syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common gynecological endocrine disorder that causes reproductive and metabolic disturbances. PCOS is more common in females who have obesity and it can also be a genetic disorder in some females. During a study on teen age 17-19 years aged girls in Thailand, the prevalence rate of PCOS syndrome was 5.29 %. While, the studies in Iran had shown the prevalence rate to be 8.3% to 11.4% (Naz et al, 2019). PCOS can be treated by allopathic medicines but they have number of side effects in women like acne and menstrual irregularity. Therefore, in this study an alternative solution has been taken to prevent PCOS by the application of herbs. In this study, 7 samples of herbs were considered. Sample of Cinnamon (dalchini) was collected from a field of Punjab Agriculture University Ludhiana; Curcuma longa (turmeric), Mentha piperita (pippermint) and Allium sativum (garlic) were taken from Gurudwara Bhora Sahib (Jagraon); Ocimum sanctum (tulsi), Azadirachta indica (neem) and Casearia esculanta (saptrangi) were collected from Farm house of CT university campus (Mullanpur). These samples were dried for 48 hours at temperature 38˚C. The process of solvent extraction was used to extract the active components. To identify the extracted constituents from herbs, thin layer chromatography (TLC) was done. Some biochemical tests were performed, to confirm the presence of the identified components. From these 7 samples the active components that were successfully identified were cinnamaldehyde, allicin, estradiol and diterpenoids, alkaloids and flavonoids. These components will be further used for the preparation of herbal medicine against

Antimicrobial activity of Rhus Coriaria L. and Salvia Urmiensis bunge against some food-borne pathogens and identification of active components using molecular networking and docking analyses

This research aimed to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial activity of methanol extracts of Rhus coriaria L. (sumac) and Salvia urmiensis Bunge against some food-borne pathogens, survey the phytochemical constituents of the extracts, and their activity against some drug targets in pathogens. The antibacterial activity of the extracts was evaluated against six pathogens using agar well diffusion and broth microdilution methods. Both extracts exhibited antibacterial activity and the highest activity was obtained by sumac against Staphylococcus aureus (27.7 ± 0.8 mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of sumac against tested bacteria were in the range of 0.125-0.5 and 0.25-1 mg/mL, respectively. S. urmiensis showed weaker antimicrobial activity with a MIC range of 2-4 mg/mL. A molecular networking analysis of extracts resulted in annotation of 18 and 12 compounds from the methanol extracts of S. urmiensis and sumac respectively, which mainly were related to flavonoids. Molecular docking analysis could effectively characterize some glycosylated flavonoids with a high binding affinity to the studied enzymes. This study confirmed the efficacy of sumac and S. urmiensis extracts as natural antimicrobial agents and introduced a wide range of compounds, which can be used in food preservation to control foodborne pathogens in food.

Identification of active components in Xuefu Zhuyu Decoction based on targets of blood-activating function

As a classic prescription for promoting blood circulation to remove blood stasis, Xuefu Zhuyu Decoction(XFZYD) is widely used in clinical practice and has notable curative effect. Based on the key targets of activating blood circulation, this study identified the active components of XFZYD to reveal the material basis. The components of XFZYD were collected from Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform(TCMSP). The molecular docking models were built for the blood-activating targets obtained from the previous study with the components of XFZYD. The top five active components with measurability for each target were selected as the potential blood-activating components in the prescription. The efficacy of the prescription can embody key pharmacological and high-content components. In this study, anti-platelet aggregation activity was used to characterize the effect of activating blood, and the in vivo experiments were conducted to verify the accuracy of the active components. A total of 210 chemical components of XFZYD were screened out from TCMSP and docked with the key targets with the function of activating blood. Ligustrazine, acteoside, naringin, etc. were selected as the potential active components for activating blood in XFZYD. The anti-platelet aggregation activity of the combination of Chuanxiong Rhizoma, Rehmanniae Radix, Aurantii Fructus, Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, and Carthami Flos was 9.82%±5.11%. Compared with that in the control group, the platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate(ADP) was significantly inhibited in the test group(P<0.01), which verified the accuracy of the active components. This study can guide the research on the material basis of XFZYD and provide insights into the development and utilization of the classical prescription.

Construction of pharmacophore model and its application in identification of effective components of Chinese medicine

The effective material basis of Chinese medicine is the key and difficult point in the quality control and modernization research of Chinese medicine. With the increasing application of pharmacophore-based virtual screening in computer-aided drug design, it is possible to employ this technology in the modernization of Chinese medicine. Based on the systematic research method of the pharmacophore model, the present study systematically reviewed the pharmacophore-based technologies and strategies in the identification of active components in Chinese medicine.

Antimicrobial Activity of Bidens pilosa Leaves Extracts Against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

Resistance against synthetic antimicrobial agents is one of the major global public health challenges that compel scientists to search for alternatives including those of plants origin. Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli are bacteria responsible for a variety of infections and diseases that causes significant morbidity and mortality in humans and animals. E. coli is widely distributed in nature and commonly found in lower gastro intestinal tracts of most warm-blooded animals associated with urinary tract infections and enterocolitis in humans and colibacillosis in poultry. This study was carried out to investigate antimicrobial activity of methanolic leaf extracts of Bidens pilosa against S. aureus and E. coli. Agar well diffusion method was used to assess antimicrobial activity of the leaf extracts at 20%, 50% and 70% concentrations respectively based on measured zone of inhibition. The leaf extracts of Bidens pilosa produced significant zone of inhibition indicating its antimicrobial activity against E. coli and S. aureus. The antimicrobial activity was demonstrated in all concentrations however, the highest zone of inhibition (18.5mm and 32mm) for E. coli and S. aureus respectively was at 70% concentration. The results shows that Bidens pilosa leaf extracts have antimicrobial activity against the tested bacteria and have the potential for further development including identification of active components that can be tested for treatment of E. coli and S. aureus associated conditions.

Evaluation of Toxicity and Antiangiogenic Activity of Murraya koenigii Leaf Extracts in Zebrafish

Abstract Introduction This study aimed to evaluate the toxicity and the antiangiogenic activity of Murraya koenigii leaf extracts in zebrafish. Materials and Methods Crude aqueous and ethanol extracts of M. koenigii leaves were obtained following a standard solvent-based extraction method. The toxicity of these extracts on zebrafish embryonic development was determined and the LC50 values were calculated. Finally, the antiangiogenic activity of the M. koenigii leaf extracts was evaluated in a transgenic zebrafish (Tg [fli1: GFP]) that express GFP under the control of fli1, a transcription factor involved in vasculogenesis. Results The LC50 value of the aqueous extract of M. koenigii leaves was much larger (2,450 ppm) compared with that of ethanol extract (9.85 ppm), suggesting a lower toxicity of the aqueous extract. The antiangiogenic activity was evident only in aqueous extract, with significant effects in formation of intersegmental vessels and subintestinal veins in treated Tg (fli1: GFP) zebrafish embryos. Conclusion This study demonstrated the biological activity of M. koenigii leaf extracts as angiogenesis suppressor, suggesting its therapeutic potential as an angiogenesis inhibitor. Identification of active components from natural sources with potent antiangiogenic activity could lead to the development of anticancer agents.

Role of polyphenols in plant-mediated synthesis of gold nanoparticles: identification of active components and their functional mechanism

In order to learn the active components and their functional mechanism during the plant-mediated synthesis of gold nanoparticles (GNPs), 16 kinds of plants were randomly selected as research objects, and statistical analysis was used to obtain more universal and systematic results. Polyphenols are proved to have the most prominent effect in both reductive and protective capability among all components. The relationship between polyphenols concentration and the protective and reductive capability was further studied in detail. Pyrogallic acid was used as a substitute for polyphenols to elucidate the functional mechanism. The concentration of polyphenols was found to be a critical factor for the preparation of GNPs, and the synergistic competition between phenolic hydroxyl and carbonyl groups caused by the oxidation of polyphenols could affect the particle size and morphology of GNPs. This work can provide excellent guidance for the controllable synthesis of GNPs via the plant-mediated method.

Antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activities of bee pollen and identification of active components

Bee pollen is a healthy honey bee product with high nutritional value and important bioactive functions. The antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activities of the extracts and different fractions (petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water fractions) of different floral sources of bee pollen were investigated. Four types of bee pollens were screened to select the bee pollen possessing the best activities and to identify its active components. The results demonstrated that the ethyl acetate fraction of camellia bee pollen had better antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activities than its extract and other fractions, and obviously better than the other three bee pollens. The ethyl acetate fraction of camellia bee pollen was analyzed by HPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS. The active compounds in this fraction were identified for the first time as trisubstituted hydroxycinnamic acid spermidines with the substituents of p-coumaroyl, caffeoyl and feruloyl. Our results suggest the camellia bee pollen should be more widely consumed because of its important bioactive functions.

Removal of Cr (Ⅲ) from aqueous solution by using bauxite residue (red mud): Identification of active components and column tests

Bauxite residue is the by-product of the aluminium industry with an annual output of more than 200 million metric tons in China. Its treatment is still a big problem because more than 96% of that is stockpiled on land causing environmental pollution and threatening the human health. This study used bauxite residue to remove Cr (Ⅲ) from aqueous solution and analyzed the removal mechanism. The removal time was dependent on the initial concentrations of Cr (Ⅲ) and different active components acted on different reaction period. Reaction time increased from <5min to >2h with an increase of Cr (Ⅲ) concentration from 5 to 100 and 170mg/L. The existing forms of adsorbed-Cr were iron oxide-bound Cr (40.80%-87.85%), sulfide-bound Cr (4.04%-20.28%) and residue (6.60%-33.72%). All the components started to react as soon as bauxite residue was added. Cr did not precipitate in the presence of high alkalinity bauxite residue due to the slow release of alkalinity maintaining pH<6, thus producing Cr(OH)2+, Cr2(OH)24+ and Cr3(OH)45+ by hydrolysis without precipitation. Fe2O3 and Al-containing components were the main active phases for Cr (Ⅲ) removal, with the reaction time lasting more than 2h and producing Ca6Al4Cr2O15, AlCr2, (Si, Al)2O4, Fe(Cr, Al)2O4, FeCr2Si3O12, MgCr0·1Fe1·9O4 and MgCr0·4Fe1·6O4. Finally, bauxite residue was granulated and used for column tests. Cr (Ⅲ) wastewater (1 and 50mg/L) was treated and the effluent can meet the first level of the Shanghai standard (0.1mg/L) defined by Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard (DB 31/199-2009).

Anthelmintic and antimicrobial activity of Indigofera oblongifolia leaf extracts.

Due to the endless emergence of drug resistant pathogens, there is a constant need for new therapeutic agents for clinical use. The identification of active components in natural products and determining the efficacy of these active components has become the current focus of pharmacological research. The present study aimed to evaluate the anthelmintic and antimicrobial activities of Indigofera oblongifolia leaf extract (ILE) against the earthworm Allolobophora caliginosa, the gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus cereus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus), the gram-negative bacteria (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli) and the yeast Candida albicans. Methanolic extract of I. oblongifolia leaf was obtained and the total phenolics and flavonoids in ILE were determined. The anthelmintic study was carried out to determine the time to paralysis and time to death of worms using three doses (100, 200, and 300 mg/mL) of ILE. Also, Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion susceptibility method was used to determine the antimicrobial activity of ILE. The results showed that ILE induces paralysis and death of A. caliginosa at all concentration tested faster than the reference drug, Albendazole. Additionally, ILE exhibited prominent antimicrobial activity against all gram-positive bacteria tested but almost no significant activity against the gram-negative bacteria, except K. pneumoniae. ILE showed close similarity to the spectrum of chloramphenicol and cefoxitin activities. Furthermore, C. albicans was highly susceptible to the leaf extracts. Our results showed that ILE is an effective anthelmintic and antimicrobial agent.

Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis and Isolation and Identification of active principle components of petroleum ether extract from leaves of Lawsoniainermis L.

Background: Lawsoniainermis L belongs to the Lythraceae family, generally known as Henna, cultivated for its leaves although stem, bark, roots, flowers and seeds. They were used in traditional medicine to treat a variety of ailments as rheumatoid arthritis, headache, ulcers, diarrhea, leprosy, fever, leucorrhoea, diabetes, cardiac disease. They were used for dye making. Aim: The present study focus on preliminary phytochemical analysis and determination of bioactive components from the leaf of Lawsoniainermis L. Methods: Preliminary phytochemical analysis and identification of active components by GC/MS were done. Result: The preliminary phytochemical analysis reveals that the aqueous and petroleum ether extracts from leaf of Lawsonia inermis Lconsists of alkaloids, anthraquinones, flavonoids, phenols, reducing sugars, saponins, steroids, tannins, and terpenoids.GC/MS analysis reveals that petroleum ether extracts consists of phthalic anhydride, 4-methylformanilide, acetamide, N-(2-methylphenyl)-, 3-hydroxycarbofuran, 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione, dodecyl acrylate,3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol, trans-geranylgeraniol, n-hexadecanoic acids, 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acids, (Z,Z,Z)-octadecanoic acids, phytol, acetate, cis-13-eicosenoic acid, cyclohexadecane-1,2-diethyl-, 4,8,12,16-tetramethylheptadecan-4-olide, eicosane, tetratriacontane, supraene, 1,6,10,14-hexadecatetraen-3-ol, 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-, (E,E)-, stigmastan-3,5-diene, triacontane, and vitamin E. Conclusion: This study shows that Lawsoniainermis L. leaves contain bioactive phytochemicals that may serve as a biocompatible and eco-safe agent in formulation of drugs, natural dyes in colouration of textile materials and other purpose.

Identification of active components in Longxue Tongluo Capsules against ischemic brain injury based on component-activity relationship

Ten fractions(A-J) were prepared by separation of Longxue Tongluo Capsules(LTC) by using silica gel column chromatography and orthogonal experimental design,showing similar chemical profiles with different abundances of peaks.These ten samples were assessed with UHPLC-QE OrbitrapHRMS for 97 common peaks.For the pharmacological activity experiment,three kinds of in vitro cell models including lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced BV-2 microglial cells NO release model,oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation(OGD/R)-treated HUVEC vascular endothelial cells injury model,and OGD/R-treated PC-12 nerve cells injury model were employed to evaluated the bioactivity of each fraction.Based on the contribution of each identified component,grey relation analysis and partial least squares(PLS) analysis were performed to establish component-activity relationship of LTC,identify the potential active components.After that,validation of the potential active components in LTC was carried out by using the same models.The results indicated that 4 phenolic compounds including 7,4'-dihydroxyhomoisoflavanone,loureirin C,4,4'-dihydroxy-2,6-dimethoxydihydrochalcone,and homoisosocotrin-4'-ol,might be the active components for anti-neuroinflammation effect;five phenolic compounds such as 3,5,7,4'-tetrahydroxyhomoisoflavanone,loureirin D,7,4'-dihydroxyhomoisoflavane,and 5,7-dihydroxy-4'-methoxy-8-methyflavane,might have positive effects on the vascular endothelial injury;three phenolic compounds including 5,7,4'-trihydroxyflavanone,7,4'-dihydroxy-5-methoxyhomoisoflavane,and loureirin D,might be the active components in LTC against neuronal injury.

Identification of active components from volatiles of Chinese bayberry, Myrica rubra attractive to Drosophila suzukii

Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is native to Southeast Asia and now has become a severe pest of several soft fruits in Europe and the Americas. It causes considerable damage to Chinese bayberry, Myrica rubra, in China. In the present study, we employed gas chromatograph–electroantennographic detection (GC–EAD) together with behavioural bioassays and trapping experiments to identify volatile semiochemicals emitted by Chinese bayberry attracting D. suzukii. Electrophysiological experiments revealed the presence of six EAD-active compounds from ripe bayberry fruits, including methyl (E)-3-hexenoate, methyl (E)-2-hexenoate, ethyl (E)-2-hexenoate, α-ylangene, α-humulene and an unidentified compound that elicited consistent antennal response. In two-choice bioassays, bayberry fruits attracted all responding flies, and significantly more flies responded to the volatile extract of bayberry fruits. Four EAD-active compounds were attractive to mated female D. suzukii at lower doses (0.01 and 0.1 µg), but showed repellency at higher doses (10 and 100 µg). Mixtures of these four compounds at different ratios attracted D. suzukii flies at all test doses (0.1, 1 and 10 µg). Both male and female flies were trapped by a mixture of synthetic methyl (E)-3-hexenoate, methyl (E)-2-hexenoate, ethyl (E)-2-hexenoate and α-humulene in a ratio of 1:1.3:1:6.4 in the field trapping experiment. Significantly more males than females were captured in the trap baited with the synthetic blend, and the percentages of D. suzukii captured out of all flies by the traps baited with lure were higher than that baited with blank control. Our findings may provide insights into the olfactory responses of D. suzukii to specific host plant volatiles, and contribute to further development of an effective lure for monitoring D. suzukii in the field.