Ideal Work Research Articles

Bond strengthening in lateral heterostructures of transition metal dichalcogenides

The adhesion strength of lateral heterostructures composed of transition metal dichalcogenides ($\mathrm{Mo}{\mathrm{S}}_{2}, \mathrm{Mo}{\mathrm{Se}}_{2}, {\mathrm{WS}}_{2}$, and $\mathrm{W}{\mathrm{Se}}_{2}$) monolayers is investigated with first-principles electronic structure calculations. Our density functional theory calculations demonstrate that the adhesion strength, which is gauged by the ideal work of separation (${W}_{\mathrm{sep}}$), strongly depends on the local atomic configuration, and that ${W}_{\mathrm{sep}}$ becomes enhanced (diminished) at the interface where a chalcogen atom forms bonds with one (two) W and two (one) Mo atoms compared to those of the homogeneous cases. It is further shown that the increase (decrease) in ${W}_{\mathrm{sep}}$ from the homogeneous value is caused by the charge redistribution among the interfacial bonds, which is determined by the differences in the electronegativity of the transition metal species at the interface. Such geometrically controlled interfacial strength presents a route to control the materials' mechanical characteristics through structural engineering.

Simplified support structure design for multi-rotor wind turbine systems

Abstract. In this study different multi-rotor wind turbine systems (MRSs) are designed in such a way that the space frame, forming the connection between rotor nacelle assemblies (RNAs) and the tower, is modeled as an ideal truss work. To dimension the tube diameters and wall thicknesses, a simplified load case is used with an adjusted safety factor for loads. This simplified approach allows for fast computations of a large variety of different support structure designs. By variation of rotor number, space frame topology, space frame depth and positioning of yaw bearings, it is possible to gain an understanding of the optimal MRS design. As such, the simplified approach is a preliminary step helping to choose a good design parameter combination for a more detailed and comprehensive analysis.

Community pharmacist workflow and medication therapy management delegation: An assessment of preferences and barriers

ObjectivesThe role of community pharmacists continues to evolve to meet the changing medication-related needs of patients in the United States, requiring a fundamental shift in the pharmacist’s workflow and tasks including medication dispensing and medication therapy management (MTM). To compare community pharmacists’ current and idealized time allocation. Barriers to, and potential facilitators of, typical and specific pharmacist functions are also reported, with an emphasis on MTM practices. A secondary objective included interpreting how pharmacists perceived the value of social determinants of health to the MTM process. MethodsCommunity pharmacists practicing in Tennessee were surveyed online with 3 distinct foci: time allocation and delegation, MTM barriers, and the perceived value of health-related and social data to the MTM process. For the first 2 sections, the respondents provided responses in 2 different scenarios: (1) current workflow and (2) an idealized workflow. Paired Wilcoxon signed-rank and chi-square tests compared the responses to workday items, and Spearman correlations assessed the relationships between preferences and perceived barriers. ResultsThe pharmacists reported spending the largest share of time verifying product (32.8% [SD 19.28]), and most indicated that they spent no time in either point-of-care testing (POCT) or physical patient assessment. In an ideal work environment, more patient-focused roles would be preferred (e.g., health screening, POCT, MTM, and vaccinations), with more than 80% indicating that they would delegate register activities, data entry, and product verification to technicians. In performing MTM, the pharmacists indicated that they would prefer delegating more data collection and patient management activities to technicians to reserve time for patient assessment and care plan creation. Key barriers to MTM included a lack of time, staff support, and patients’ willingness to participate. ConclusionIdeally, pharmacists would prefer to do no prescription filling or selling or register activities. Facilitating community pharmacy practice evolution will require focusing on building teams around support personnel.

Crafting without Boundaries for Meaningful Work Experience

Driven by foundational needs for control, interpersonal relations and positive image, individuals job craft to create meaningful work experience. In organisations, employees job craft by changing tasks and relationships, as well as by creating and bringing desired identity to work. However, job crafting for individuals who work independently remains unexplored. Unlike employees, independent workers don’t have formal job obligations, though the universal desire for meaningful work experience remains. The study is the first to investigate job crafting outside of organisation for meaningful work experience. Based on analyses of 68 in-depth interviews with freelancers across industries, the findings showed that, job crafting for independent professionals is by default a rejection to boundaries. It is a conscious and evolving process to create an ideal work structure for meaningful experience. In this process, individuals constantly make sense of work and adjust work structure accordingly. To achieve a work meaningful experience that is viable and sustainable, individuals craft a work structure, or a work eco-system, comprised of intrinsically and financially rewarding tasks.

Evaluating healthcare workers’ hand hygiene performance using first-person view video observation in a standardized patient-care scenario

Monitoring healthcare workers' (HCWs) hand hygiene (HH) performance is recommended for improving compliance. Observer biases challenge data validity, thus supplemental approaches such as video observation are needed to complement monitoring. We investigate first-person view (FPV) video observation during simulated standardized patient care handling a catheter in a study with 71 HCWs. HH performance was evaluated for (1) all HH opportunities and (2) a subset of opportunities required in an ideal work sequence, hereafter core opportunities. HCWs' acceptance of FPV video observation and usability judgments were assessed. Compliance level for core HH opportunities (M = 43.5%) was significantly higher than compliance considering all opportunities (M = 30.4%, t(70) = 8.493, P < .001). Reducing HH opportunities to core opportunities would significantly increase compliance levels from the observed average of 30.4% to 44.9% (t(70) = 12.822, P < .001). Overall, both usability ratings and acceptance of the body camera were promising. FPV video observation in simulated standardized patient care provides new instruments to evaluate HH performance beyond mere compliance rates. Our results emphasize the role of optimizing workflow in order to improve HCW's HH compliance. FPV video observation in a standardized patient care simulation is feasible and offers information for HH interventions that target actual deficiencies.

Gate-Tunable Reversible Rashba-Edelstein Effect in a Few-Layer Graphene/2H-TaS2 Heterostructure at Room Temperature.

We report the observation of current-induced spin polarization, the Rashba-Edelstein effect (REE), and its Onsager reciprocal phenomenon, the spin galvanic effect (SGE), in a few-layer graphene/2H-TaS2 heterostructure at room temperature. Spin-sensitive electrical measurements unveil full spin-polarization reversal by an applied gate voltage. The observed gate-tunable charge-to-spin conversion is explained by the ideal work function mismatch between 2H-TaS2 and graphene, which allows for a strong interface-induced Bychkov-Rashba interaction with a spin-gap reaching 70 meV, while keeping the Dirac nature of the spectrum intact across electron and hole sectors. The reversible electrical generation and control of the nonequilibrium spin polarization vector, not previously observed in a nonmagnetic material, are elegant manifestations of emergent two-dimensional Dirac Fermions with robust spin-helical structure. Our experimental findings, supported by first-principles relativistic electronic structure and transport calculations, demonstrate a route to design low-power spin-logic circuits from layered materials.

First Principle Calculation of Electronic Structure and Stabilities of TiC/Mg Composites Interfaces

The Millken charge of atom, charge density difference and electronic structures of TiC(111)/Mg(0001) with different stacking sequences were studied by the basis of the first-principles calculation method, and the Interfacial wettability and bond strength were evaluated by interfacial adhesion work. The results show that the C-CS(center site)-Mg interface, the CTS(top site)-Mg interface and Ti-CS-Mg interface is almost no change and the Ti-TS-Mg interface changes into a new Ti-CS-Mg interface after geometry optimization. Compared with the original Ti-CS-Mg interface, the new Ti-CS-Mg interface has a similar ideal work of adhesion and interfacial distance. And the C-CS-Mg interface is the most stable owing to it has the greatest ideal work of adhesion (7.221 J/m2) and the smallest interfacial distance (1.39 Å). The C-CS-Mg and C-TS-Mg interfaces have both covalent bonds and ionic bonds. However, the Ti-CS-Mg interface only has metallic bond.

Doping and interfacial modification of the P3HT/ZnO photovoltaic interface: Insights from density functional theory

In this work, we examine how the properties of the poly-3-hexylthiophene(P3HT)/ZnO solar cell are affected by interfacial modification with phenyl-C61-butyric acid (PCBA) and doping with Sr. Using density functional theory calculations on ideal models of the P3HT/ZnO(101¯0) interface, we characterize the equilibrium structures of the pure and modified interfaces, evaluate their ideal work of separation, and examine the energy level alignments and electronic structure. We find that doping with Sr and introducing PCBA have little impact on interfacial distances and do not strengthen interfacial adhesion. Rather, the individual and cumulative impacts of Sr-doping and PCBA are observed in changes to the energy level alignments, including the open circuit voltage and the energy offset that drives exciton separation. Sr dopants and PCBA cause these energetic shifts through differing effects on the electrostatic potential offset and interfacial dipole moments.

What geropsychology trainees think geropsychologists do and what we actually do: A mixed-methods Study

ABSTRACT A shortage of individuals in academic geropsychology positions further perpetuates the shortage of clinicians trained to meet the needs of the aging population. Barriers to recruiting geropsychology trainees into academia and what attracts trainees into career paths within geropsychology are not understood. The current mixed-methods study examined 1) geropsychology trainees’ (n = 28) knowledge and attitudes toward work in clinical or academic positions and 2) professional geropsychologists (n = 67) activities, career expectations, ideal activities, and work/life balance. We asked geropsychology trainees to estimate the amount of time their supervisors spent in clinical, research, education, and administrative activities, and professional geropsychologists reported how they currently spent their time in these same activities. We conducted qualitative interviews asking geropsychology trainees about experiences in academic or clinical settings and geropsychologists about career expectations, opportunities, and work/life balance. Geropsychology trainees had less accurate estimates of academic work time compared to clinically focused work time. Trainee interviews revealed negative perceptions of the university system, including bureaucracy, low salary, and perceived workload. Professional geropsychologists reported high agreement between actual and ideal work time with some individual differences. Each group discussed work–life balance, based on career stage or work setting. Interventions for recruiting more geropsychology trainees into academic jobs are discussed.

Heat flow reversals without reversing the arrow of time: The role of internal quantum coherences and correlations

One of the stunning consequences of quantum correlations in thermodynamics is the reversal of the arrow of time, recently shown experimentally in [K. Micadei, et al., Nat. Commun. 10:2456 (2019)], and manifesting itself by a reversal of the heat flow (from the cold system to the hot one). Here, we show that contrary to what could have been expected, heat flow reversal can happen without reversal of the arrow of time. Moreover, contrasting with previous studies, no initial correlations between system and bath is required. Instead, the heat flow reversal only relies on internal quantum coherences or correlations, which provides practical advantages over previous schemes: one does not need to have access to the bath in order to reverse the heat flow. The underlying mechanism is explained and shown to stem from the collective system-bath coupling and the impact of non-energetic coherences (coherences between degenerate energy levels) on apparent temperatures. The phenomenon is first uncovered in a broad framework valid for diverse quantum systems containing energy degeneracy. By the end of the paper, aiming at experimental realisations, more quantitative results are provided for a pair of two-level systems. Finally, as a curiosity, we mention that our scheme can be adapted as a correlations-to-energy converter, which have the particularity to be able to operate at constant entropy, similarly to ideal work sources.

First-principles calculations on the interface of the Al/TiC aluminum matrix composites

The Al-TiC composites with different TiC contents were synthesized by spark plasma sintering. The microstructure and tensile properties were investigated by the experimental tests. In order to theoretically clarify the properties of interface between the matrix and particles, the atomic structure, ideal work of adhesion (Wad) and electronic structure of Al/TiC interface were calculated by first-principles method based on the interfacial relationship between Al and TiC. For the crystal structures of Al(1 2 1)/TiC(1 1 1) interface, the Wad value of C-terminated Al(1 2 1)/TiC(1 1 1) interfaces were much larger than the Wad value of Ti-terminated Al(1 2 1)/TiC(1 1 1) interfaces. The charge density difference, Bader charges and density of state (DOS) analyses of Al(1 2 1)/TiC(1 1 1) interface suggested that the interfacial bonding was mainly attributed to the Al-C ionic bonding and covalent bonding, as well as the Al-Ti metallic bonding. The Al-C ionic bonding and covalent bonding was stronger than the Al-Ti metallic bonding.

The role of PhD-prepared, hospital-based nurses: an inter-Nordic study.

Little is known about PhD-prepared nurses employed at Nordic university hospitals, how they are organised, what their practices look like or what career pathway they have chosen. The purpose was to investigate and compare the prevalence of PhD-prepared nurses employed at university hospitals in the Nordic countries, to investigate what functions they fulfil and what research activities they undertake and to document how they describe their ideal work life. A descriptive cross-sectional study. An electronic questionnaire was sent to 245 PhD-prepared nurses working at a university hospital in one of six Nordic countries and 166 responses were achieved (response rate 67%). Descriptive analyses were performed using SPSS Statistics. The study found notable differences among PhD-prepared nurses employed at university hospitals with respect to work function; organisational structure; satisfaction about time split between research and practice; and the mean scores of time spend on research, clinical practice and teaching, supervision and administration. In order to succeed with capacity building among the nursing workforce, collaboration and networking with other researchers and close contact to clinical practice is important. The role of the hospital-based, PhD-prepared nurse needs to be better described and defined to ensure that evidence-based care is provided.

Equilibrium theory analysis of thermal regeneration of a humid adsorption column: Selection of optimal hot purge gas temperature

A Thermal Swing Adsorption (TSA) process has been widely commercialised for its application to air drying. In designing an air-drying TSA, zeolite 13X is chosen as a desiccant when required to produce a very low dew point dry air due to its highly nonlinear, favourable isotherm. It is essential to make use of an external hot purge gas in producing such an extremely low dew point dry air, as the column has to be regenerated thoroughly for the next adsorption step. In case of the externally heated TSA, usage of a hot purge gas gives rise to huge energy consumption. Also the cycle time has to be made as short as possible to enhance the bed productivity. To optimise this energy-intensive process, it is crucial to find an optimal hot purge gas temperature at which the column can be regenerated as quickly as possible with less energy consumed. In this study, Equilibrium Theory approach was taken to analyse the thermal regeneration breakthrough of a zeolite 13X column saturated with a water vapour in which the equilibrium isotherm is estimated by Toth or Aranovich-Donohue isotherms. As a result of Equilibrium Theory analysis, it was found that the trailing front of a thermal regeneration breakthrough would exhibit a transition of the shape from simple to shock wave with increasing purge gas temperature. The purge gas temperature has to be chosen so that after thermal regeneration the targeted water vapour concentration remaining in the column lies within the concentration range occupied by the shock wave. A useful correlation that relates the targeted dew point of the remaining water vapour with the purge gas temperature was proposed. The presence of the optimal hot purge gas temperature estimated by Equilibrium Theory was validated by both full numerical simulation and ideal work consumption.

School Personnel and Leadership Collaboration Model for Ideal Work Contexts

This article describes the school personnel and leadership collaboration (SPLC) model, a shared-responsibility framework for faculty, staff, and administrators. Prior research consistently demonstrates the need for (a) administrative support for teachers and other school personnel and (b) collegial support among staff. The SPLC model represents an amalgamation of this research and, moreover, integrates personnel support for leadership. In the managerial sciences, leader–member exchange (LMX) is a well-known relationship-based leadership approach that focuses on a dyadic or two-way relationship between supervisors and their employees. Though managers are responsible for overseeing operations, personnel contribute ideas, participate in decision-making, and follow through with their responsibilities. LMX is associated with positive work experiences and job performance outcomes. In contrast, schools are often run with a top–down leadership approach that solicits little to no input from staff, leading to low morale, high attrition rates, and negative school climate. Thus, the SPLC model was inspired by LMX and emphasizes practices, such as shared decision-making, staff autonomy, and shared responsibilities. Detailed examples of ways schools may apply the SPLC model to their practices are included.

Repülési technológiára alapozott, nagyvárosi, kiterjedt katasztrófa utáni mentőszervezet: koncepció és elvek

A világ számos nagyvárosa földrengésveszélyes övezetben fekszik. Ebben a dolgozatban ennek megfelelően egy nagyvárosban működő katasztrófaelhárítási rendszert tárgyalok. A városban valamilyen katasztrófát vagy katasztrófákat várunk, például földrengést és azt követő cunamit. A rendszer a katasztrófa után azonnal, autmatikusan működésbe lép. Természetesen egyes funkciókat emberek látnak el, de a cél az, hogy minél többet automata rendszerek. A segélycsomagok kiszállítása forgószárnyú drónokkal történik. Ugyancsak drónok végzik a felderítés, járőrözés és kisebb, egyéni segélycsomagok kiszállítását. A dolgozat tárgyalja a rendszer elveit, ideáltipikus működését, a nyújtott szolgáltatásokat, a felhasználható járműveket, egyéb műszaki kérdéseket és a pénzügyi vonatkozásokat.

What is new within staging of care for people with dementia? The IDEAL schedule and other recent work.

This review provides an overview of recent progress within work centred around the 'International schedule for the integrated assessment and staging of care for dementia' (IDEAL schedule), and places it within the context of recent work around other staging models for dementia. The IDEAL schedule assesses the severity of dementia across seven dimensions. A 'Menu of care options' of recommended priorities for interventions accompanies the schedule. A user manual for the schedule has just been published. Other staging models for dementia include those based on biomarkers, such as in the recently published research framework for Alzheimer's disease by the National Institute on Aging and Alzheimer's Association (NIA-AA), or those based on specific aspects of dementia, principally cognitive impairment. The IDEAL schedule is a global staging model to guide the organization of dementia care. The schedule covers a range of domains that extend beyond cognitive functioning and include care needs; it is applicable to all types and stages of dementia; and can be used by any healthcare professional, both within clinical practice and research. The schedule is not in opposition to, or is even complementary to, other staging models for dementia.

Delineation of the Nursing Supervisor Role: A Pilot Study.

The purpose of this study was to describe a sample of nursing supervisors and their work. The role of the nursing supervisor is not well understood. The supervisor population is poorly defined, as are their ideal academic preparation and work activities. This study followed the American Nurses Credentialing Center® framework for role delineation studies. A convenience sample of 50 nursing supervisors from New Jersey was recruited to complete an online survey including demographic data and prioritization of work activities. Participants represented a homogeneous and aging workforce with diverse professional preparation. Exploratory factor analysis revealed 6 categories of nurse supervisor work including administrative presence, leadership liaison, patient safety and experience, patient care advocacy, throughput, and external response. Work activities were prioritized. Nurse supervisors prioritized responding to emergencies above all other responsibilities. This study should be replicated in a nationwide sample of nurse supervisors.

Księga jako dzieło totalne. Od Mallarmego do Pereca

&lt;p&gt;Artykuł stanowi próbę przyjrzenia się literackiej koncepcji „Księgi” jako dziełu totalnemu. Autorka analizuje w pierwszej kolejności teorię Stéphana Mallarmégo, dla którego Księga jako „całkowita ekspansja litery” była jednocześnie dziełem literackim i materialnym, dążącym do uchwycenia stale wymykającej się rzeczywistości i całościowego zamknięcia w sobie wszechświata. Skazane na niepowodzenie nieustanne dążenie do materialnej realizacji potencjału nieskończoności pozwalają uznać Księgę za projekt, który w rzeczywistości nigdy nie miał zostać zrealizowany i istniał w świadomości autora jako swoisty mit literacki. W podobny sposób możemy analizować dzieła Georges’a Pereca, który poprzez figurę wyliczenia czy też nieustanną obsesję katalogowania i klasyfikacji, również zmierzał do całościowego objęcia rzeczywistości za pomocą literatury. Jak dowodzi autorka, obydwu pisarzy łączy właśnie chęć stworzenia dzieła idealnego, którego paradoks polega na tym, że za cel stawia sobie ono zamknięcie w dziele tego, co nieskończone i nazwaniu tego, co niepoznane.&lt;/p&gt;

A general model for the evolution of non-equilibrium systems

The paper addresses the problem of the evolution of systems that are initially in a state of non-equilibrium. The model we propose leads to an equation of motion that starts from a rephrasing of the classical non-equilibrium Ginzburg-Landau equation by reinterpreting in the sense of an exergy evolution paradigm. This paper may be considered as a logical corollary to -and at the same time as an e conceptual extension of-the solution to the problem of the existence and quantification of a non-equilibrium exergy presented in previous articles by the present Authors. In previous papers it was shown that, if both energy and exergy are considered a priori concepts, the evolution of the exergy of a solid body subject to a sufficiently smooth relaxation process can be calculated for arbitrary initial temperature or concentration distributions with an accuracy that depends only on the information about the initial distribution of the system properties at the initial time and on the availability of proper material relations. It was shown that the non-equilibrium exergy, i.e., the extra ideal work that can be extracted from the body, relaxes to zero as the system tends to its equilibrium state, so that the total exergy content (given by the sum of non-equilibrium and equilibrium exergy) attains the value given by its classical definition. The evolution history depends of course on the imposed b.c. and on the “gradient” that drives the relaxation. In this paper, we formalize the dependence of the non-equilibrium exergy on its possible drivers (pressure, temperature or concentration gradients) and derive a general “equation of motion” that links the former to the latter. The solution is analytical, and therefore there is no need to postulate local equilibrium, as long as we are dealing with a continuum (scales sufficiently removed from the atomic ones). A few applications to ideal and real processes are presented and discussed, while the application of the method to more complex and industrially relevant cases is left for later studies. The paradigm is theoretically simple and the resulting model of relatively easy implementation: we therefore hope that applications of the proposed framework may be systematically developed in the fields of engineering and natural science, to gain a better insight into real non-equilibrium processes.

The use of complex impedance spectroscopy measurements for improving strain sensor performance

Ultrasensitive strain sensors have significant practical application in human-motion detection. However, there is still a challenge for developing strain sensors that are capable of detecting high strain and a high gauge factor (GF). The aim of this study was to investigate whether a semiconducting polymer and AC measurements are able to improve the GF of stretchable sensors. We employed complex impedance spectroscopy measurements to adjust the optimal operating frequency and the impedance component for improving the device performance of a polyaniline film on a flexible poly(vinyl chloride):diisononyl phthalate sub-strate. In the DC regime, the sensor revealed linearity and GF ∼18 at 46% strain. oreover, the frequency of 100 Hz corresponds to the ideal work re- gion to operate the device that unifies sensitivity and linearity, as well as to directly correlate GF and Z∗(100) data. The most surprising correlation is with GF from Z”(100), i.e. GF”(100), which is about 9 times higher than GF (DC regime) at 46% strain. The Cole-Davidson approach is developed, in which Z’(f) and Z”(f) are calculated as functions of tensile stress. This model provides the correlation between GF”(100) and the electrical resistance and capacitance of the device, as well as the charge-carrier hopping distance dependence on the tensile stress.