Ideal Step Research Articles

DATES PALM INCREASE BREAST MILK PRODUCTION OF BREASTFEEDING MOTHERS

Breastfeeding is the ideal step in providing breast milk that is good for newborns and babies. Good support and effort can influence success in the breastfeeding process. Breast milk production is the key to breastfeeding and baby health. The aim of this study was to analyzed the effectiveness of dates palm to increase breast milk production of breastfeeding mothers. This study used secondary data searched through the Google Scholar and Research Gate databases, which discusses the effect of dates on breastfeeding mothers for breast milk production. The study design of this research was a Systematic Literature Review. The research results showed 2 research articles that met the criteria which stated that there was an effect of dates on breastfeeding mothers to increase breast milk production. The researchers concluded that dates palm can be considered as an alternative in increase breast milk production in breastfeeding mothers. Dates palm are safe for consumption by breastfeeding mothers and pregnant women. This research is expected to be a form of meta-analysis by adding more similar articles.

Research on NURBS Curve Interpolation Algorithm Based on Mline-Gear

Aiming at the problem of speed fluctuation caused by the large error between the ideal interpolation step and the actual interpolation step in the traditional non-uniform rational B-spline ( NURBS ) curve interpolation, a NURBS curve interpolation algorithm based on Mline-Gear is proposed. The differential and derivative definitions are derived to transform the Mline and Gear formulas respectively, and the prediction and correction formulas of the interpolation parameters are obtained. Then, it is judged whether the interpolation parameter values obtained by the correction formula meet the speed fluctuation rate requirements, and the interpolation can be continued. Otherwise, the Steffensen descent formula is used to iteratively correct the interpolation parameter values. In order to ensure the calculation accuracy and avoid solving high-order derivatives, the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method is used to solve the initial two interpolation parameters. Finally, the algorithm is simulated. The simulation results show that the algorithm reduces the feed speed fluctuation rate while ensuring a small number of iterations.

Association of Daily Step Count With Patient Knowledge, Step Tracking, and Physical Factors in Patients With Spine Pathology

Up to 10,000 steps per day may be associated with lower risk of all-cause mortality as well as cancer and cardiovascular disease mortality. Here, we evaluate daily step count in patients seen in spine clinic and its association with step goal knowledge, step tracking, and physical factors affecting walking. Of the 575 clinic patients, 368 met criteria and agreed to participate (mean age range 60-69 years; 52% female; 54% prior spine surgery). Of the population surveyed for actual daily steps, 55% reported <2000 and 9% reported >8000. Patients with a higher knowledge of the ideal step goal and who possessed a step counter (64%) had a higher number of actual daily steps ( P < .001). The main prohibiting factor to actual walking was pain (64%). Prior spine surgery and the use of a walking assist was associated with less daily steps ( P < .04, 6% reported >8000 steps; and P < .001, 0% reported >8000 steps, respectively). Patients presenting for evaluation in spine clinic underestimate the recommended number of steps taken daily to help decrease all-cause mortality, and cancer and cardiovascular disease mortality.

Function phononic crystals

We propose a novel type of phononic crystal for which the materials parameters are continuous functions of space coordinates without discontinuities corresponding to a seamless fusion of the constituent materials within the crystal lattice. With the help of an adaptation of this fundamental approach, we extend the well-established concept of phononic crystals, allowing an investigation of the transition from conventional phononic crystals with a regulated step-like parameter function to the realm of so-called function phononic crystals. Our study is based on a first-principle theory assisted by high-performance computer simulations and focuses on an understanding of the effects of a deviation from the typical parameter step function on the phononic density of states (DOS). Our exploration of the DOS reveals a characteristic rapid convergence: even a slight deviation from an ideal step function has the potential to induce radical changes in the band structure leading to the emergence of desirable features, especially multiple complete phononic band gaps.

Association between the salinity level with miscarriage and unintended pregnancy in Bangladesh: Impact of salinity level on miscarriage and unintended pregnancy in Bangladesh

Miscarriage is a significant public health concern worldwide, particularly in developing nations like Bangladesh. Moreover, people in coastal areas are more affected by miscarriage as compared to other areas. Increasing sea levels and salinity is the main reason for this discrepancy. This study aimed to investigate the association between different salinity levels (S1, S2, S3, S4, and S5) and miscarriage and unintended pregnancy. The outcome variables are pregnancy-related outcomes (miscarriage, unintended pregnancy), and the independent variables are different salinity levels. A frequency table and correlation analysis were done to find the descriptive scenarios of miscarriage, unintended pregnancy, and salinity levels. We found 621 miscarriage patients and 2271 unintended pregnant patients in our study. Furthermore, the Poisson regression model was used to observe the incidence of miscarriage and unintended pregnancy for different salinity levels. A higher amount of miscarriage and unintended pregnancy rate was found in Dhaka and Khulna, while these rates were lower in Barisal and Chittagong. However, the salinity levels were highest in Barisal and Khulna. Both miscarriage and unintended pregnancy are highly and negatively correlated with salinity levels. The Poisson regression model shows that the salinity levels s1-s5 are strongly associated with miscarriage. Lower and moderate levels of salinity are strongly associated with miscarriage than higher levels of salinity. Again, the average number of miscarriages decreases with the salinity levels. Likewise, unintended pregnancy was also negatively associated with salinity levels. However, it only reported a significant association with lower and moderate salinity levels, and higher salinity levels did not affect unintended pregnancy. Taking initiatives for raising awareness from government and non-government organizations, setting up deep tube water pumps extensively, and properly treating coastal areas women during pregnancy would be the ideal next step to reduce the miscarriage and unintended pregnancy rate in coastal zones in Bangladesh.

Changes in functional health status following open abdominal aortic aneurysm repair and the role of exercise-based rehabilitation: a systematic review

Background: Physical domains of quality of life measures are negatively impacted following abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair. This is likely to reflect a reduction in objective measures of functional status, although this is yet to be established. These reductions can be targeted via exercise-based rehabilitation. This review aims to systematically evaluate the current evidence quantifying changes in functional status following open AAA repair and to consider the role of exercise-based rehabilitation for these patients. Methods: The Medline, EMBASE and Cochrane CENTRAL databases were searched using two distinct search strategies. We included all prospective randomised and non-randomised trials that considered the impact of open AAA repair on functional status and/or the effect of exercise-based rehabilitation following open AAA repair. The primary outcomes were changes in objective measures of functional status following AAA repair and changes in these measures following exercise-based rehabilitation. Risk of bias was independently assessed by two review authors using the criteria outlined in the revised Cochrane tool (ROB 2.0) or the risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions (ROBINS-I) tool. Results: No studies were identified that quantified changes in functional status following open AAA repair. One study considered exercise-based rehabilitation. This three-arm randomised trial compared two walking-based exercise programmes with routine care physiotherapy.Patients who underwent backward walking-based rehabilitation had a significantly lesser decline in functional status than the other groups, based on the 6-minute walk test and standard metabolic equivalents. There were no significant differences in length of stay or pulmonary function. Discussion: This is the first systematic review to explore the objective decline in functional status and the role of exercise-based rehabilitation following open AAA repair. There is no evidence to quantify functional decline following AAA repair and limited low quality evidence to support exercise-based rehabilitation. The ideal next step for future research would be a feasibility or observational before-and-after cohort study using direct measures of physical function such as the short physical performance battery or the 6-minute walk test.

Nahwu Madhhab Bashrah on Arabic Language Education in Indonesia

Nahwu is one of the critical knowledge of Arabic because nahwu is a rule, parameter of authenticity, and clues to the meaning of Arabic, so knowing nahwu is a must for people who learn Arabic. Nahwu has several madhhabs, each with its characteristics, characters, and opinions. Among the most popular nahwu madhhab is the nahwu Basrah madhhab. The researcher chose the nahwu Basrah madhhab as the theme of this research to reveal the advantages of other madhhabs and the views that emerged from the Basrah madhhab. This research intends to discover several things: 1) the importance of nahwu Basrah madhhab and its development; 2) the influence of nahwu Basrah in learning Arabic. In his research, Researchers in conducting their research used the literature study method, namely by reviewing several books related to themes such as the book al-Kitab, Jami' al-Durus, Syarh ibn Aqil, etc. as well as collecting important information contained by several sources, and detailing it then analyzing it, and finally drawing conclusions. The research findings show that 1) nahwu is the rule by which the ins and outs of Arabic words are known after being arranged on jumlah, and nahwu has a vital role in the use of good Arabic far from mistakes; 2) Among the popular nahwu madhhab is the Basrah madhhab because it has several advantages, including detail in the rules, being careful in the istinbath, and being vital in arguments. Taking advantage of the discussions of nahwu Basrah in learning Arabic is considered an ideal step because the debate is closer to the primary Arabic sources.

A novel adaptive approach based on over-distance interval searching and precise step size determining for first-order structural reliability analysis

The first-order second-moment reliability method (FORM) is a prevalent method in the reliability analyzing community owing to its accuracy and efficiency. However, it may encounter unstable solutions such as periodic oscillation and non-convergence when a high-dimensional problem with complex performance functions is involved. In this study, a novel adaptive approach based on over-distance interval searching and precise step size determining is presented to work out a solution for the above issues. First, the relationship between the state of the iterative rotation angle and the ideal step size was noticed. Therefore, a rotation control condition is proposed to dictate the selection of step size for the algorithm. After that, the determination of the step size of the proposed method here can be realized in two stages: In the first stage, an over-distance step size interval searching approach is established to define an initial exploration interval of step size with a length of 1. In the second stage, a determination approach of adaptive precise step size is then proposed to modify the fixed step sizes to make it adaptable to changes, therefore, get the final step sizes for the proposed method. Together, an over-distance adaptive precise searching approach of step size that can generate self-adaptive step sizes both greater and less than 1 is performed by interplaying the above two stages, thus preventing an excessive amount of redundant workload and speeding up the convergence while reducing the risk of oscillations. Besides, an iterative direction modification approach is given to orient the first iteration more accurately. In addition to that, the proposed method is tested on a offshore jacket platform and other seven examples to verify its performance. The results demonstrate that the proposed method provides excellent robustness and efficiency for both low and high-nonlinearity problems, showing significant merits.

Muhammad Abduh's Islamic Educational Thoughts And Its Relevance To Education In The Contemporary Era

Muhammad Abduh was one of the leaders of the modernization of Islamic education. Muhammad Abduh's anxiety about the stagnation of Muslims made him excited and moved to modernize the Islamic education system to bring back the glory of Muslims. One of the things done by Muhammad Abduh was through reforming the Islamic education system and modernizing which was considered the most ideal step and effort in reforming the condition of Muslims at that time. This research attempts to unravel some of Muhammad Abduh's real thoughts and efforts in efforts to modernize and reform the Islamic education system and its relevance to contemporary-era education. By using the type of library research or literature. Muhammad Abduh's thoughts are very relevant to the world of contemporary education, i.e.: 1. Integration of general and religious knowledge in Islamic education, 2. Islamic education must cover all aspects which include cognitive, affective, and psychomotor, 3. Islamic education must activate students and emphasize students to have higher order thinking skills,4. Islamic education must pay attention to the psychological aspects of students Keywords: Muhammad Abduh, Islamic education, contemporary education.

The feasibility of sodium hydroxide pretreatment of rice straw for solid substrate preparation to enhance laccase production by solid state fermentation

BackgroundCurrently, broad industrial application of laccases is commonly restricted by the high-cost related production. Solid state fermentation (SSF) using agricultural waste is an attractively economic strategy for laccase production, yet its efficiency is low. Pretreatment of cellulosic substrate might be a vital breakpoint to solve the problem in solid state fermentation (SSF). In this study, sodium hydroxide pretreatment was involved to prepare solid substrates from rice straw. Fermentability of solid substrates in terms of carbon resource supply, accessibility and water retention value, and their influence on performance of SSF were analyzed.ResultsThe results showed that sodium hydroxide pretreatment provided desirable solid substrates with higher enzymatic digestibility and optimal water retention value, which further facilitated the homogeneity of mycelium growth, laccase distribution and nutrition utilization during SSF. The pretreated rice straw (1 h) with diameter less than 0.085 cm gave the maximum laccase production of 2912.34 U/g, which was 7.72 times higher than the control.ConclusionHence, we proposed that enough balance between nutrition accessibility and structure support was a must for rational design and preparation of solid substrate. Additionally, sodium hydroxide pretreatment of lignocellulosic waste might be an ideal step to enhance the efficiency and lower the production cost in SSF.

Development of Decentralized Speed Controllers for a Differential Drive Wheel Mobile Robot

This research presents a comprehensive mathematical model and a control-oriented model for a differential drive wheel mobile robot (DDWMR). The components and their interconnection within the robot are thoroughly modeled. The proposed mathematical models are used to analyze the characteristics of the robot. The control-oriented model is a simplified one which will be used to design speed controllers. The performance of the proposed system is evaluated through four case studies, focusing on both stand-alone motor systems and the entire DDWMR. The tracking performance is evaluated using metrics such as absolute error integration and root mean square error. Simulation results show that under ideal step command, the pole-zero cancellation PI speed controller achieves the best tracking performance, while PID controllers obtained from Matlab’s Auto-tuning App perform best for standalone motor systems. For motors in a DDWMR, the PID controller with parameters derived from the Ziegler-Nichols tuning rules provides optimal tracking performance. These simulation results show that there is no universal controller that can achieve the best performance in all situations; rather, each controller is suited to specific circumstances. Nonetheless, in all case studies, better motor speed tracking leads to improved trajectory tracking performance for the robot.This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited.

Non-linear physical aging of supercooled glycerol induced by large upward ideal temperature steps monitored through cooling experiments.

The physical aging of supercooled glycerol induced by upward temperature steps of amplitude reaching 45K was studied by a new method consisting in heating a micrometer-thick liquid film at a rate of up to 60 000 K/s, holding it at a constant high temperature for a controlled duration before letting it quickly cool down to the initial temperature. By monitoring the final slow relaxation of the dielectric loss, we were able to obtain quantitative information on the liquid response to the initial upward step. The so-called TNM (Tool-Narayanaswamy-Moynihan) formalism provided a good description of our observations despite the large distance from equilibrium, provided that different values of the nonlinearity parameter were used for the cooling phase and for the (much further from equilibrium) heating phase. In this form, it allowed to precisely quantify how to design an ideal temperature step, i.e., where no relaxation occurs during the heating phase. It helped bringing a clear physical understanding of how the (kilosecond long) final relaxation is related to the (millisecond long) liquid response to the upward step. Finally, it made possible the reconstruction of the fictive temperature evolution immediately following a step, evidencing the highly non-linear character of the liquid response to such large amplitude temperature steps. This work illustrates both the strengths and limitations of the TNM approach. This new experimental device offers a promising tool to study far-from-equilibrium supercooled liquids through their dielectric response.

Evidence of Copper Nanoparticles and Poly I:C Modulating Cas9 Interaction and Cleavage of COR (Conserved Omicron RNA).

Conserved omicron RNA (COR) is a 40 base long 99.9% conserved sequence in SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant, predicted to form a stable stem loop, the targeted cleavage of which can be an ideal next step in controlling the spread of variants. The Cas9 enzyme has been traditionally utilized for gene editing and DNA cleavage. Previously Cas9 has been shown to be capable of RNA editing under certain conditions. Here we investigated the ability of Cas9 to bind to single-stranded conserved omicron RNA (COR) and examined the effect of copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs) and/or polyinosinic-polycytidilic acid (poly I:C) on the RNA cleavage ability of Cas9. The interaction of the Cas9 enzyme and COR with Cu NPs was shown by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential measurements and was confirmed by two-dimensional fluorescence difference spectroscopy (2-D FDS). The interaction with and enhanced cleavage of COR by Cas9 in the presence of Cu NPs and poly I:C was shown by agarose gel electrophoresis. These data suggest that Cas9-mediated RNA cleavage may be potentiated at the nanoscale level in the presence of nanoparticles and a secondary RNA component. Further explorations in vitro and in vivo may contribute to the development of a better cellular delivery platform for Cas9.

Establishing a pharmacy revenue integrity team: A blueprint for increasing pharmacy's role in health-system revenue cycle.

An increasing focus on driving margin has pushed health-system pharmacy departments to find new ways of generating new or protecting existing revenue. At UNC Health, a dedicated pharmacy revenue integrity (PRI) team has been operating since 2017. This team has been able to significantly reduce revenue loss from denials, increase billing compliance, and improve revenue capture. This article provides a framework for establishing a PRI program and reports results generated from it. The activities of a PRI program can be grouped into 3 main pillars: minimizing revenue loss, optimizing revenue capture, and ensuring billing compliance. Minimizing revenue loss is accomplished primarily through management of pharmacy charge denials and can be an ideal first step in establishing a PRI program due to the tangible value generated. Optimizing revenue capture involves a combination of clinical expertise and understanding of billing operations to ensure medications are being billed and reimbursed appropriately. Finally, ensuring billing compliance, including ownership of the pharmacy charge description master and maintenance of electronic health record medication lists, is vital in preventing charge and reimbursement errors. Successfully bringing traditional revenue cycle functions into the department of pharmacy can be a daunting task but provides significant opportunities to create value for a health system. Key factors to the success of a PRI program include robust data access, hiring individuals with financial and pharmacy expertise into PRI positions, strong relationships with the existing revenue cycle teams, and a progressive model that allows for incremental expansion of services.

Back to the Basics: Probing the Role of Surfaces in the Experimentally Observed Morphological Evolution of ZnO.

Although the physics and chemistry of materials are driven by exposed surfaces in the morphology, they are fleeting, making them inherently challenging to study experimentally. The rational design of their morphology and delivery in a synthesis process remains complex because of the numerous kinetic parameters that involve the effective shocks of atoms or clusters, which end up leading to the formation of different morphologies. Herein, we combined functional density theory calculations of the surface energies of ZnO and the Wulff construction to develop a simple computational model capable of predicting its available morphologies in an attempt to guide the search for images obtained by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The figures in this morphology map agree with the experimental FE-SEM images. The mechanism of this computational model is as follows: when the model is used, a reaction pathway is designed to find a given morphology and the ideal step height in the whole morphology map in the practical experiment. This concept article provides a practical tool to understand, at the atomic level, the routes for the morphological evolution observed in experiments as well as their correlation with changes in the properties of materials based solely on theoretical calculations. The findings presented herein not only explain the occurrence of changes during the synthesis (with targeted reaction characteristics that underpin an essential structure-function relationship) but also offer deep insights into how to enhance the efficiency of other metal-oxide-based materials via matching.

인공지능을 활용하여 창출된 발명에 대한 바람직한 진보성 법리

인공지능의 수준이 높아지고 활용사례가 증가하는 시대에, 많은 발명자가 인공지능을 활용하여 발명을 창출한다. 그 달라진 연구환경으로 인해 진보성 법리의 변경 또는 적어도 점검이 요망된다. 즉, 기존의 ‘통상의 기술자’ 및 ‘용이도출’로 요약되는 진보성 법리가 인공지능 시대에도 여전히 타당한지에 대해 검토하여야 한다. 혹자는 인공지능의 활용으로 발명이 쉬워지고 결과적으로 특허남발이 우려된다고 주장한 바 있다. 본 논문은 (약한 인공지능을 전제로) 인공지능을 활용하여 창출된 발명에 적용되어야 하는 새로운 진보성 법리에 대한 우리나라, 중국, 미국 등에서의 학술적 논의를 분석하였다. 그 논의는 크게 ①기존의 ‘통상의 기술자’의 개념을 ‘통상의 인공지능’의 개념으로 변경해야 한다는 주장, ②인공지능을 활용하였음을 명세서에서 밝히도록 강제하여야 한다는 주장으로 정리된다. 위 ①주장과 관련하여, 본 논문은 약한 인공지능은 (공동)발명자가 될 수 없고 그저 더 강력한 도구에 불과하므로, 인공지능을 활용하는 ‘더 똑똑한 통상의 기술자’를 기준으로 진보성을 판단하여야 한다고 주장한다. 위 ②주장과 관련하여, 해당 인공지능이 영업비밀일 수 있다는 점, 인공지능을 활용하였음을 기재하지 않은 명세서에 벌칙을 가하기가 현실적으로 어렵다는 점 등을 근거로 본 논문은 그 주장에 반대하였다. 인공지능의 활용으로 발명이 쉬워지고 특허출원의 수가 증가할 것이나, ‘더 똑똑한 통상의 기술자’의 기준으로 인해 진보성의 문턱이 더 높아지게 되어 결과적으로 특허등록의 수는 크게 증가하지 않을 것이다. 결론적으로, 본 논문은 약한 인공지능 시대에는 기존의 진보성 법리의 큰 틀이 그대로 유지될 수 있다고 본다.

The dangers of neuroleptic use in Parkinsonian-spectrum illnesses - management of emergent hypodopaminergic syndromes and catatonia

IntroductionIn Parkinson disease (PD), the incidence of psychotic symptoms has an estimated rate of 25-30%, a cumulative long term prevalence rate of 60%, with visual hallucinations being the most common type of sensory hallucination. The use of high and low potency, antidopaminergic, antipsychotic medications (AP) have the potential to exacerbate motor symptoms of PD and precipitate neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS), neuroleptic malignant-like syndrome in PD known as Parkinson hyperpyrexia syndrome (PHS), and catatonia in at risk population. MethodsHere, we present a clinical case and a review of the current treatment modalities available for movement disorder emergencies in parkinsonian-spectrum illnesses (PSI). Patient was assessed by a multidisciplinary team, including neurology and a geriatric consult-liaison psychiatry service. ResultsThis is a case report of a 79-year-old man with no previous psychiatric history, an initial diagnosis of PD due to early emergence of tremors and motor symptoms responsive to levodopa-carbidopa (LC). This was followed by progressive cognitive impairments, delusional jealousy, and formed visual hallucinations, which prompted concern for cortical lewy body involvement. Pimavanserin was initiated for presumed diagnosis of Parkinson disease psychosis and ameliorated the frequency of visual hallucinations. Patient presented to the hospital for agitation and was positive for COVID-19 on admission; prior to this, he had missed doses of LC and was febrile per family. He received intramuscular haloperidol and ziprasidone for behavioral disturbances and subsequently developed delirium, severe VH's, elevated serum CK, diffuse rigidity, and hyperactive non-purposeful activity, raising concern for NMS.Emergent treatment included bromocriptine, lorazepam, and supportive measures; home dose of LC and pimavanserin were resumed after significant reductions in CK levels. Unfortunately, rigidity and delirium persisted leading to a prolonged hospitalization and requirement of a nasogastric tube for malnutrition. Neurology was concerned for PHS due to clinical overlap with NMS. Psychiatry consult-liaison service suspected protracted delirium and catatonia secondary to recent COVID-19 infection and neuroleptic use.Initial Bush Francis Catatonia Rating Score (BFCRS) was 22. Treatment trials of benzodiazepines, amantadine and memantine were unsuccessful due to adverse effects of excessive sedation, myoclonus, and increase aggression, respectively. Ultimately, bilateral, brief wave, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) was initiated. Patient had improvements in increased alertness, executive speech, verbal comprehension, appetite, with BFCRS 6 by ninth ECT session, and was more attuned to his surroundings. After twelve ECT sessions and successful treatment of catatonia, despite some residual delirium, family felt comfortable caring for patient at their own home with supportive services. ConclusionThis case demonstrates the nebulous presentation of overlapping syndromes of delirium and catatonia - with NMS and PHS also in the differential - in the setting of acute COVID-19 infection and iatrogenic neuroleptic use in a patient with PSI. NMS and catatonia can be precipitated by dopaminergic blockade, while PHS is most encountered during dopaminergic withdrawal and intercurrent infections. Theorized pathophysiology is due to central dopamine hypofunction, leading to clinical features of altered consciousness, fevers, elevated serum CK, and parkinsonian exacerbation – all of which can be indistinguishable from the above-mentioned diagnoses. These syndromic illnesses appear to occur on an NMS-like spectrum, are a neurological emergency and necessitate prompt treatment with supportive measures, intensive care level monitoring, and restoration of the dopaminergic balance with LC, bromocriptine, and dantrolene. ECT has shown to improve both motor and psychotic symptoms in PD, should be first line in NMS, malignant and benzodiazepine-refractory catatonia, and has even demonstrated effectiveness in a case report of PHS. ECT could be the ideal next step in exacerbated movement disorder emergencies following medication trials and supportive measures. However, the evidence is limited and the logistical nuances of conducting a randomized controlled trial in the geriatric population would be ethically challenging.

Modeling-Based Design of the Control Pattern for Uniform Macrostep Morphology in Solution Growth of SiC

In the solution growth of the SiC crystal, macrosteps with sufficient height on an off-axis substrate are required to reduce defects and achieve a high-quality grown layer. However, over-developed macrosteps can induce new defects and adversely affect the crystal quality. To better understand and control the behavior of macrosteps corresponding to the control parameters of the growth system, a simulation method that consists of a global two-dimensional computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model, a local three-dimensional CFD model near the growth front, and a kinetics model that describes the movement of macrosteps on the crystal surface is proposed. The simulation method is first applied to investigate the effect of the crystal rotation speed on macrostep morphology. Although the results indicate that a higher crystal rotation speed results in less step bunching, constantly rotating the crystal in one direction is demonstrated to be incapable of yielding a uniform macrostep distribution on the whole surface. Accordingly, a sophisticated control pattern is designed by periodically switching the flow direction underneath the crystal surface, where the proposed simulation method is critical to determine detailed control-parameter values. When the control pattern suggested by the simulation is used, a grown crystal with a uniform macrostep morphology and ideal step height on the whole surface is obtained in the practical experiment.

Ru3 (CO)12 -Catalyzed Modular Assembly of Hemilabile Ligands by C-H Activation of Phosphines with Isocyanates.

Hemilabile ligands have been applied extensively in transition metal catalysis, but preparations of these molecules typically require multistep synthesis. Here, modular assembly of diverse phosphine-amide ligands, including related axially chiral compounds, is first reported through ruthenium-catalyzed C-H activation of phosphines with isocyanate directed by phosphorus(III) atoms. High reactivity and regioselectivity can be obtained by using a Ru3 (CO)12 catalyst with a mono-N-protected amino acid ligand. This transformation significantly expands the pool of phosphine-amide ligands, some of which have shown excellent efficiency for asymmetric catalysis. More broadly, the discovery constitutes a proof of principle for facile construction of hemilabile ligands directly from the parent monodentate phosphines by C-H activation with ideal atom, step and redox economy. Several dinuclear ruthenium complexes were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis revealing the key mechanistic features of this transformation.

Ru3(CO)12‐Catalyzed Modular Assembly of Hemilabile Ligands by C−H Activation of Phosphines with Isocyanates

AbstractHemilabile ligands have been applied extensively in transition metal catalysis, but preparations of these molecules typically require multistep synthesis. Here, modular assembly of diverse phosphine‐amide ligands, including related axially chiral compounds, is first reported through ruthenium‐catalyzed C−H activation of phosphines with isocyanate directed by phosphorus(III) atoms. High reactivity and regioselectivity can be obtained by using a Ru3(CO)12 catalyst with a mono‐N‐protected amino acid ligand. This transformation significantly expands the pool of phosphine‐amide ligands, some of which have shown excellent efficiency for asymmetric catalysis. More broadly, the discovery constitutes a proof of principle for facile construction of hemilabile ligands directly from the parent monodentate phosphines by C−H activation with ideal atom, step and redox economy. Several dinuclear ruthenium complexes were characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis revealing the key mechanistic features of this transformation.