Ideal Figure Research Articles

CITRA SRIKANDHI DALAM CERITERA MAHABARATA (Pencitraan Nilai -Nilai Kewanitaan dalam Budaya Jawa )

One of art forms capable for being used as the source of moral values in li f t is Javanese shadow puppet because it contains various kinds of prin c iples and ethi c values. Indones i a people c an make use of the principles and values to survive. The glorious prin c iples and values made use of Indonesian people (espetialIy the Javane s e) have existed since the old da y s. S rikandhi, one of female figures in the Maha b arata, is often thought of as an ideal figure because this female figure has the p e rsonalit y that i s s uitable f o r a model for responsibility, dis c ipline, bravery, skills, and leadership. She is willing to put her own interest a side for the sake of the interest of others or her country. S rikandhi’s character has the image of femininity value. Javanese femininity value in the figur e of Srikandhi is differ e nt from gender and feminism at issue which tend to think that Ja v ane s e w o men are always position e d as subordinate, weak and hopeless. The figure of Srik a ndhi p r oje c ts an image of femininity value which positions women as strong chara c ters , having strong potential as resources and not subordinate to men. Gender and feminism at issue aimed at Javanese women are strongfy rejected Srikandhi becomes the figure who presents the rejection of the issue through the estbetic image morally and artistically. K ey words : Srik a nd hi, Wom e n , Value

Predictors of Body Image During the First Year Postpartum: A Prospective Study

ABSTRACT This longitudinal study investigated body image changes and possible predictors of multiple dimensions of body image in the first year postpartum. Women (N = 79) who had been followed up since early pregnancy (including reporting retrospectively about pre-pregnancy and concurrently about late pregnancy) completed questionnaires at 6 weeks, 6 months, and 12 months postpartum that focused on body image measures of feeling fat, attractiveness, salience of shape and weight, and strength and fitness. Women experienced greater body dissatisfaction in the postpartum in comparison to pre-pregnancy and late pregnancy, with 6 months postpartum being the time of most body concern. In ratings of perceived current and ideal figure size, women decreased their current size ratings over the postpartum period; however, ratings of ideal figure remained stable over the three time points. The findings also revealed that higher frequency of physical comparison tendencies at 6 weeks postpartum, and depressive symptoms and dieting behaviours at 6 months postpartum were predictors of body image of different types at 12 months post birth.

Dichter als Propheten

In two central texts of the GDR literature of the eighties, there appear prophetic figures: in Christa Wolf 's {! Kassandra} (1983) and in Franz Fühmann's {! Vor Feuerschlünden. Erfahrung mit Georg Trakls Gedicht} (1982), in which Kassandra is a seer and Trakl is described as a prophet. These texts show a parallelization between the narrators and their exemplary and ideal figures, which is remarkable for a partially non-fictional and autobiographical literature. This allows to draw conclusions about the author's self-concept regarding their authorship and literature: My hypothesis is that this self-concept is a compensation of a loss of importance and meaning that arose from growing conflicts with those in power: Like their figures, literature as a whole is becoming prophetic and the authors martyrs in that they abandon the belief in their agency. At the same time, these texts preserve the utopian perspective that characterizes the GDR literature since the fifties. Thereby, the religious topoi play two roles: to criticize those in power and to enhance the value of literature and their figures, by letting them suffer and die.

Gender and ethnic differences in body image and opposite sex figure preferences of rural adolescents

This study examined whether rural adolescents would report gender and ethnic differences in body image similar to those that have been observed in urban samples. Data were analyzed for 384 rural adolescents (57% African American, 43% Caucasian, mean age 13 years) to determine gender and ethnic differences in body dissatisfaction, body size discrepancy, and current and ideal figure ratings. Females wanted to be smaller and reported more body dissatisfaction than did males. Caucasian females reported the most body dissatisfaction. African Americans reported larger current and ideal figure ratings than did Caucasians. African Americans preferred larger opposite sex figures than did Caucasians. Both African American and Caucasian males selected a larger female figure as ideal than was selected by females. Results demonstrated that gender and ethnic differences exist in body image for rural adolescents. This frequently overlooked population may benefit from further study. Implications of findings and limitations of the study are also discussed.

Do men hold African-American and Caucasian women to different standards of beauty?

Racial differences in men's preferences for African-American and Caucasian women's body size and shape were examined. As expected, there was a trend for African-American men to choose ideal figures with a lower waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), which is associated with a more curvaceous figure. Contrary to expectations, however, African-American men did not choose heavier female figures as ideal. In fact, both groups chose underweight and normal weight figures as ideal. The results from this study suggest that while preferences for WHR may continue to be associated with cultural factors, African-American and Caucasian men may have become more similar than different in their preferences for female weight. Also, the results suggest that within the African-American sample, there were two subsamples with regard to WHR preferences, with one subgroup endorsing the same ideal WHR as their Caucasian counterparts. The results are discussed in terms of possible changes to cultural values that may be reflected in a change in what is considered attractive.

Cross-gender influence: The effect of perceived male preference on female body image and self-esteem in a young adult group

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to explore the potential relationship between affect related to female perception of male preference for the female thin ideal (“Sensitivity to Male Preference”) and female body image and self-esteem. Ninety-three, heterosexual, female undergraduate students (M = 19.78, SD = 2.66) completed a series of questionnaires which tapped Body Image Dissatisfaction, Body Image Discrepancy, Appearance Schema and Self-Worth. The “Female Perception of Male Preference Questionnaire” (devised specifically for the purpose of the present study) assessed Sensitivity to Male Preference. Results indicated that females who expressed greater negative affect in relation to their perception of male preference for the female thin ideal also showed higher levels of body image dissatisfaction, appearance schema, discrepancy (between their perceived current and ideal figures), and lower levels of self-worth. Findings suggest that female perception of male preference may be an important variable when considering factors that influence female body image and self-esteem, and thus warrant further attention in research.

An Evaluation of Body Image Among NCAA Division II Intercollegiate Male Athletes and Non-Athletes

INTRODUCTION: Body image and body dissatisfaction are typically associated with female athletes competing in sports that emphasize aesthetics and physical appearance; however with the recent publicity of anabolic supplementation among professional athletes, the incidence of male adolescents expressing dissatisfaction in their physique warrants further evaluation. PURPOSE: To evaluate body image among NCAA Division II intercollegiate male athletes and non-athletes. METHODS: Seventy-nine subjects (athletes: n= 40, non-athletes: n=39) volunteered for participation in the study. Subjects completed a two-part questionnaire, with part one inquiring basic demographic data of age, height, weight, status as a non-athlete or athlete, sport, years of participation in indicated sport (over all and at collegiate level), weekly exercise frequency, duration, and mode. Part two of the questionnaire included the Drive for Muscularity Scale and Muscularity Figure Ratings. RESULTS: Athletes reported exercising 484 + 216 minutes/weekly compared to the non-athletes who exercised 281+ 175 minutes weekly. A greater percentage of non-athletes (56%) spent time with resistance training, while 38.5% of athletes engaged in this training on a weekly basis. Both the athletes (58.4/90) and the non-athletes (56.8/90) had similar Drive for Muscularity. However, the non-athletes (1.6 figures) demonstrated a greater discrepancy between their current figure and their ideal figure when compared to the athletes (1.1 figures). CONCLUSION: Although body dissatisfaction may be present in the male athletic population more attention to the male recreational exerciser may be warranted.

Body Image Concerns in Young Girls: The Role of Peers and Media Prior to Adolescence

Peer and media influences have been identified as important conveyors of socio-cultural ideals in adolescent and preadolescent samples. This study aims to explore peer and media influences in the body image concerns and dieting awareness of younger girls, aged 5–8 years. A sample of 128 girls was recruited from the first 4 years of formal schooling. Individual interviews were conducted to assess the aspects of body image, as well as dieting awareness by means of a brief scenario. A number of sources of peer and media influence were examined. It was found that by 6 years of age, a large number of girls desired a thinner ideal figure. Both peer and media influences emerged as significant predictors of body image and dieting awareness. Specifically, girls’ perceptions of their peers’ body dissatisfaction predicted their own level of body dissatisfaction and dieting awareness. Watching music television shows and reading appearance-focused magazines predicted dieting awareness. In particular, girls who looked at magazines aimed at adult women had greater dissatisfaction with their appearance. Thus, the present study highlights that girls aged 5–8 years of age are already living in an appearance culture in which both peers and the media influence body image and dieting awareness.

Texture Development in Interstitial Free (IF) Steel Subjected to Two Cycles of Equal Channel Angular Extrusion

Texture development and grain refinement of interstitial-free (IF) steel as a function of ideal simple shear or torsion was undertaken for up to 8 pressings, Route BC. Dominant texture components evolved after a single pass and remained correspondent for all subsequent passes. End-cycle (4 and 8 pass) orientation distribution functions (ODFs) showed an increased spread of contour levels and the re-appearance of texture components similar to the 0-pass condition. Rotation of torsion components away from their ideal pole figure (PF) orientations increased at mid-cycle and decreased to almost equivalent levels after end-cycle passes. This is attributed to the principle slip directions of BCC structures aligning with the shear direction.

Gender Differences In Body Satisfaction And Academic Success Of College Men And Women

Much of the literature on body image focuses on the dissatisfaction of women with their bodies using measures such as self-esteem and attitudes. 1,2,3,4A few studies have found relationships between feelings of failure and lack of success with weight and body image. 5,6Rand et al. investigated body size satisfaction by gender and age and found that 87% found their bodies to be socially acceptable. PURPOSE This study expanded the methods of other studies to investigate gender differences and relationships of current body image (CBI), ideal body image (IBI), body image most attractive to the opposite gender (ABI), and college success (GPA). METHODS Sixty-three male and 79 female undergraduate students (= 20.1 ± 1.75) participated in this study. Students were shown the Stunkard Scale of 9 silhouettes ranging from slender to obese.3 Participants marked the questionnaires according to figures that best represented their “current figure,” “ideal figure,” and the figure “most attractive” to opposite genders. An expert observer was also rating each participant's current body figure (OBI) using the same silhouettes. Satisfaction scores (SAT) were obtained by subtracting IBI from CBI Current GPA was obtained through student records. Silhouettes were merged with a 100 mm scale for measurement. Descriptive and chi-square statistics were computed using SPSS 11.5. RESULTS The women (OBT) were slightly larger than the males. No gender differences were found between CBI and IBI. Gender differences were found between ABI (x2 =3.89, p<.05), OBI (x2 = 7.18, p <.01), and SAT (x2 = 8.38, p <.005). ABI for females was one full body type lower than that for males (=5.34 ± 1.45 and =6.23 ± 1.96, respectively). SAT scores of the females were more variable than those of the males. The only variable that significantly related to GPA was age and as a result, GPA could not be successfully predicted. CONCLUSIONS College men and women appear to be satisfied with their bodies across a wide range of body types with greater variability seen in women. Men think that a larger male is more attractive to females while women feel that a slightly smaller, by comparison, female is more attractive to males. It is possible that strong evidence seen in earlier literature concerning dissatisfaction with body type, especially in women, may be changing.

When Gender Differences Surpass Cultural Differences in Personal Satisfaction with Body Shape in Israeli College Students

This study was designed to examine influences of gender and cultural background on participants’ satisfaction with body-shape. Participants were Jewish and Arab university students (104 men and 96 women), who completed the Figure Rating Scale (Fallon & Rozin, 1985). Discrepancy between current and ideal figures was used to measure body satisfaction. As in the U.S., women, in comparison with men, were significantly less satisfied with their bodies. They exaggerated the magnitude of thinness that they thought men desire. In contrast with U.S. findings, there were women as well as men, who indicated dissatisfaction with their bodies because they thought they were too thin. Contrary to our predictions, cultural background did not influence body satisfaction. However, gender and age produced significant differences in ratings.

Peer influences on body dissatisfaction and dieting awareness in young girls

Aim. This study aimed to explore the role of peer influences in the development of body dissatisfaction and dieting awareness in young girls.Method. A sample of 81 girls (aged 5–8 years) were recruited from the first 3 years of formal schooling. Girls were individually interviewed. Body dissatisfaction was assessed by means of figure rating preferences, and dieting awareness by responses to a brief scenario. A number of sources of peer influence were also assessed.Results. Year 2 girls were found to display significantly greater body dissatisfaction than younger girls. All girls, irrespective of age, preferred a similar thin ideal figure. Year level constituted the only significant predictor of dieting awareness, with older girls demonstrating a greater understanding of dieting than younger girls. Importantly, girls' perception of their peers' body dissatisfaction emerged as the strongest predictor of their own level of body dissatisfaction.Conclusions. Body dissatisfaction in girls first emerges during the junior primary school years, between ages 5 and 7 years, and appears to be a function of shared peer norms for thinness.

Development of Perceived Body Size and Dieting Awareness in Young Girls

To examine longitudinally figure-rating preferences and dieting awareness in young girls a sample of 40 Australian girls, ages 5 to 7 years (M=6.5, SD=0.9), were recruited from two single-sex private schools in Adelaide. Girls were tested at both Time 1 (mid 2002) and Time 2 (late 2003), approximately 16 months apart. Using the Children's Figure Rating Scale of Tiggemann and Wilson-Barrett, girls indicated current and ideal figure preferences. Their understanding of the concept of dieting was assessed using the Dieting Awareness measure, developed by Lowes and Tiggemann. At Time 1, younger girls preferred a larger ideal figure than the current figure, relative to older girls. At Time 2, however, this age difference had decreased, and all girls preferred a thinner ideal figure. In addition, there was a significant increase in Dieting Awareness from Time 1 to Time 2.

Body image across three generations of Americans: Inter-family correlations, gender differences, and generation differences

Three-hundred-and-eighty-one participants (undergraduates, their parents and grandparents) completed body image (BI; current minus ideal figure ratings) and dieting attitude measures. We found the usual gender gap in BI for the undergraduates (females' BI worse than males), but not for the parents and grandparents. This was due to males' worsening BI with age; females' BI did not differ across generations. The gender gap in dieting attitudes (females more likely to diet) also narrowed with increasing age (again due to males' changing attitudes), but remained significant across generations. In all three generations, females underestimated the size of the figure males found most attractive, whereas males overestimated the analogous figure for females. Finally, we found significant inter-family correlations for BI and dieting for all groups except undergraduate females. We discuss these results within cultural and evolutionary theoretical frameworks.

Freedom Walk: Mississippi or Bust

In 1963, the streams of religious revival, racial strife, and cold-war politics were feeding the swelling river of social unrest in America. Marshaling massive forces, civil rights leaders were primed for a widescale attack on injustice in the South. By summer the conflict rose to great intensity as blacks and whites clashed in Birmingham. Outside the massive drive, Bill Moore, a white mail carrier, had made his own assault a few months earlier. Jeered and assailed as he made a solitary civil rights march along the Deep South highways, he was ridiculed by racists as a crazy man. His well publicized purpose: to walk from Chattanooga to Jackson and hand-deliver a plea for racial tolerance to Ross Barnett, the staunchly segregationist governor of Mississippi. On April 23, on a highway near Attalla, Alabama, this lone crusader was shot dead. Although he was not a nobly ideal figure handpicked by shapers of the movement, inadvertently he became one of its earliest martyrs and, until now, part of an overlooked chapter in the history of the civil rights movement. Floyd Simpson, a grocer and a member of the Gadsden, Alabama chapter of the Ku Klux Koan, was charged with Moore's murder. A week later, a white college student named Sam Shirah led five black and five white volunteers into Alabama to finish Moore's walk. They were beaten and jailed. Four other attempts to complete the postman's quest were similarly stymied. Moore had kept a journal that detailed his goal. Using it, along with interviews and extensive newspaper and newsreel reports, Mary Stanton has documented this phenomenal freedom walk as seen through the eyes of Moore, Shirah, and the gunman, the three protagonists. Though all shared a deep love of the South, their strong feelings about who was entitled to walk its highways were in deadly conflict.

Perceptions of body image among Japanese and Croatian children of preschool age.

This study examined the differences in current and ideal body size among 108 Japanese and 129 Croatian preschool children (M=4.9 yr.). Boys and girls in both samples showed similarities by selecting the figure representing their current body size. Significant sex differences were found in selection of an ideal figure in the Japanese sample but not in the Croatian group. Japanese girls showed greater preference for a thinner figure than boys. In selection of an ideal body size significant cultural differences were found only for boys: Japanese boys preferred thinner figures. Results relating to body discrepancy (Current minus Ideal figures) indicated that there were fewer satisfied Japanese girls than Croatian girls whereas for the boys, a significantly larger number of Japanese than Croatian boys wished to be heavier.

Rating of figures used for body image assessment varies depending on the method of figure presentation

To determine the effect of method of figure presentation on figure rating scales used for body image assessment. Ratings of current, ideal, and socially acceptable body sizes were elicited from 360 university students. Male and female figure drawings ranging from thin to obese were presented to subjects using one of three presentation methods. Figures were presented as an ordered array, an unordered array, or they were placed individually on cards that were fixed in order from thin to obese. Figure ratings were significantly different among methods for the selection of current and ideal figure and socially acceptable body sizes. The method of figure presentation had an influence on figure ratings. These findings suggest that the manner in which figures are presented to research participants for the evaluation of body image constructs may be responsible, in part, for the discordant results reported in the body image assessment literature. Future research is required to address potential reasons why the method of figure presentation results in different figure ratings.

Ultrafast nonresonant third-order optical nonlinearity of a conjugated 3,3′-bipyridine derivative from 1150 to 1600 nm

A conjugated 3,3′-bipyridine derivative, an apolar structure of donor–acceptor–acceptor–donor (D–A–A–D) type was designed and characterized for third-order optical nonlinearity using Z-scan technique in the wavelength range of 1150–1600 nm. Z-scan spectra reveal a positive Kerr coefficient across this wavelength range with n2=(4.6±0.7)×10−6 cm2/GW at 1550 nm accompanied by negligible nonlinear absorption for wavelength around 1550 nm, indicating ideal figures of merit for applications in ultrafast all-optical switching.

Body dissatisfaction, dieting awareness and the impact of parental influence in young children.

This study aimed to assess the level of body dissatisfaction and dieting awareness in young children. A sample of 135 children aged between 5 and 8 years old were individually interviewed. Body dissatisfaction was assessed by means of figure preference ratings, and dieting awareness by responses to a brief scenario. The difference between boys' ratings of current and ideal figures was not significant at any age; nor was that of 5-year-old girls. However, 6-, 7- and 8-year-old girls rated their ideal figure as significantly thinner than their current figure. For dieting awareness there was no significant gender effect, although level of dieting awareness increased with age. Multiple regression analyses showed that body dissatisfaction was predicted by gender and perception of mothers' body dissatisfaction, while age was the only significant predictor of dieting awareness. A substantial proportion of young children have internalized societal beliefs concerning the ideal body shape and are well aware of dieting as a means for achieving this ideal. In particular, the desire for thinness emerges in girls at around age 6.

Mapmaking at the Grassroots: The Legal and Political Issues of Local Redistricting

515 MOST EXISTING REDISTRICTING CASE LAW and political science research focuses on the United States Congress and state legislatures.1 On the one hand, emphasis on these legislative bodies makes sense, since they operate in the top tiers of American federalism. On the other hand, a narrow focus on congressional and state legislative district creation ignores the vast majority of redistricting activity, which unfolds in the more numerous city, county and special district arenas. There are thousands of local jurisdictions in the United States as compared to only fifty state legislatures and one national legislature. That we know so little and write so infrequently about these numerous local districting changes partly attests to the relative invisibility of cities, counties and special districts generally. But we might also commonly assume that redistricting issues at the lower levels of government are completely derivative of those at the higher ones, that is, that there is nothing unique or interesting to study about them. At a very basic level, all redistricting is similar in important ways. The purpose of drawing new boundaries is to adjust the demographic imbalances revealed in a new census to the constitutional expectations of “one person, one vote.”2 Overpopulated districts are forced to shed excess population and underpopulated ones to accept new areas in order to bring the districts within some conventionally accepted margin (usually less than plus or minus 5% of an ideal figure).3 Since Avery v. Midland County,4 the courts have treated cities, counties and special districts as comparable to state legislatures, applying the same population standard for both. In the words of Justice White: “We . . . see little difference, in terms of the application of the Equal Protection Clause and of the principles of Reynolds v. Sims, between the exercise of state power through the legislatures and its exercise by elected officials in the cities, towns and counties.”5 In addition,