Idea Of Truth Research Articles

On the Knowledge of Neural Networks: The Genesis, Characterization, and Justification

This paper systematically analyzes the knowledge generation process of neural networks through the lens of Philosophy for Science and Epistemology. This paper first argues that for neural network’s knowledge to be possible, it is necessary that the truth of the world can be represented by mathematics, since neural networks are, by their first nature, a mathematical model, and this paper provides few arguments that support the mathematical nature of truth. For a central characterization of neural network’s knowledge, this paper argues that neural networks bypass the three inherent limits of traditional sciences, such as physics and chemistry, suggested by Eugene P. Wigner (1995). The three limits are: 1) Traditional sciences are inevitably approximations of the transcendental truth; 2) Scientists will never stop pursuing deeper, more profound scientific theories that encompass more information than previous theories, despite every theory being an approximation; 3) The increasing complexity and depth of the successive scientific theories poses a significant challenge to human intellect. Neural networks bypass these limits by adaptively learning any underlying function to the given data space, without creating any fundamental hypothesis, which are inevitably not transcendental, like that of traditional sciences. This is also another distinction that supports the differentiation between “machine knowledge” and “human knowledge”, as first proposed by Wheller (2016). This paper argues that the only way humans can justify machine knowledge is through Reliabilism, the epistemic justification through trust in the knowledge generation process. Although reliabilism may currently seem unacceptable, this paper predicts that scientists will take control over machine knowledge in the future, as testified by scientists exploring the chemical world, which is similarly beyond direct comprehension. In the end, this paper suggests the necessity of discussing how AI can justify its own knowledge as conscious beings.

The Concept of Truth in Criminology

The paper examines the concept of truth in criminology as a dichotomous concept in relation to lies. The author concludes that the concept of «truth» can act as problematic knowledge, containing probable true knowledge, partly corresponding to reality, in which the person accepting it believes. This understanding of the concept should be considered as the goal and result of search and cognitive activity in a criminal case, which is a component of subsequently obtaining reliable, true forensically significant information. The truth, in the noted understanding, can also act as a factor that significantly determines the search and cognitive activity of the investigator in criminal proceedings. From the point of view of communicative interaction, truth can be considered as information, the addressee of which seeks to convey information that he evaluates as true, in order to create in the addressee a complete and true idea of some reality, taking into account his own ideas about such completeness and truth. This definition is applicable to solving problems of procedural actions in which the main method of obtaining information is questioning, as well as to minimizing errors in obtaining true information during the production of these actions. In philosophical knowledge, truth is also studied as an ideal of ethics. Considering that the concept of ethics in criminology is highly debatable, consideration of truth as an ethical ideal so far seems inconclusive. The ideas set forth in the paper may be significant in the context of a comprehensive consideration of the concept of «truth» in criminology and the development of a theory of truth as a phenomenon of criminal proceedings as opposed to lies.

Does the no miracles argument apply to AI?

According to the standard no miracles argument, science’s predictive success is best explained by the approximate truth of its theories. In contemporary science, however, machine learning systems, such as AlphaFold2, are also remarkably predictively successful. Thus, we might ask what best explains such successes. Might these AIs accurately represent critical aspects of their targets in the world? And if so, does a variant of the no miracles argument apply to these AIs? We argue for an affirmative answer to these questions. We conclude that if the standard no miracles argument is sound, an AI-specific no miracles argument is also sound.

A Dialogue between Pragmatism and Existentialism: W. James and F. Nietzsche on Truth

In this article, I elucidate the ways in which pragmatism and existentialism can be viewed as compatible by focusing on the notion of truth. For this purpose, I explore James’ pragmatic method and Nietzsche’s critical approach to ‘will to truth’ to reveal the notable link between them. Both thinkers react against the idea of truth as absolute, fixed, and indifferent to individuals’ practical needs. Accordingly, they argue that truth, conceived pre-theoretically, is a process immanent to subjects’ concrete experiences of life. I critically examine, through pragmatic and existentialistic considerations, how these philosophers question truth within the framework of the individual’s existence as an acting agent.

Uniwersytet jako stały element kultury europejskiej w myśli Josepha Ratzingera – Benedykta XVI

Aim: The aim of the text is to present the role and threats facing universities from the perspective of a Joseph Ratzinger - Benedict XVI. The challenges universities face are: the unity of reason and faith, truth and the question of academic community. Theologian points to the lack of these elements in modern science, where the focus has been on technical skills at the expense of other needs. Methods: The research strategy used includes the application of the hermeneutic method, which has proved helpful in the analysis and interpretation of source texts. In addition, elements of a descriptive method and a comparative method were used as part of the methodological approach. The second one was used to present the structure of the relationship in question, while the comparative method was used by the author to juxtapose the theologian's reflections with the conclusions of other scholars on the issue. Results: The results of Ratzinger's reflection show that focusing mainly on the development of technical skills is not sufficient both for the structure of the university and for society as a whole. The theologian emphasises that science has an impact on the world, producing effects that can be useful or destructive for human beings. The former prefect suggests that it is necessary to rethink the role of faith and truth in the context of education. In this light, he acknowledges the important role of Catholic universities, which can exemplify the harmonious coexistence of truth, reason and faith, realising that these elements can complement rather than exclude each other. In the context of the university community, Benedict XVI notes the loss of an authentic bond between students and teachers as a result of academic specialisation. He warns against the utilitarianism and pragmatism of universities, stressing that their true idea is the search for truth. Ratzinger encourages the integration of faith and knowledge in universities, pointing out that truth, spiritual development and an authentic academic community are crucial to the university's role in society. Coclusion: The theologian emphasises that faith is not a constraint on development, but stimulates dialogue, reflection and an informed approach to the consequences of actions. Similarly, truth, dialogue and ethical responsibility are the foundations by which the university should be guided. The basis for analysing Ratzinger's thought on the issue of universities is a collection of his works: Opera Omnia T. IX/1 - Faith in Scripture and Tradition. Hermeneutics and principles of Catholic Theology, and the works: Introduction to Christianity, Europe: Today and Tomorrow Oryginality: The work is the new approach by analysis of Ratzinger-Benedict XVI’s thought in the context of contemporary society, from a cultural studies perspective

Вневременность субъекта

The article deals with the problem of time and the property of the subject to leave time. In temporal existence, the subject moves together with surrounding things in the same stream of time. However, within itself the subject emerges into a transcendental quasi-space. He builds it himself in his mental world. The layer of immanence (in the temporal sense of the word) does not allow for understanding, does not allow for real thinking. A conversation in terms of immanence can only develop according to the “stimulus-response” type, without a plan and without addressing one’s own idea of truth, since truth requires timelessness. The concept of “objectification” introduced by Whorf, as well as the ideas of the temporal horizon of Bergson and Husserl are considered. The second part of the article examines the timelessness of meaning. Meaning “lives” in the timeless space of meanings. The normativity of logic also has a timeless character. Even when we listen to music, we step out of time and constitute its pattern, the logic of its unfolding. The subject of music is the coagulation of time into intelligible structures. Reflection is considered as belonging to the timeless layer of consciousness. We place our thinking among timeless entities: values, assessments, goals, projects, truths. A project of thought can unfold in time, this is an intuitive type of thinking, but it can also reach universal positions. Thus the subject is dual. It belongs to two ontological regions: temporal and atemporal. The last paragraph of the article briefly discusses Losev’s theory “On the Method of Infinitesimals in Logic”, which states that the subject perceives the world through derivatives in the sense of mathematical analysis, and then performs integration in order to thus obtain an atemporal concept of a thing. In conclusion, I staate that the mechanism for escaping time is still unclear, but the exit itself has been given to us. The subject’s relationship to transcendence is the subject’s exit from time. There would be no concept of time if there were no communion with the eternal.

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN TRADITIONAL AND ALTERNATIVE EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION, SUCH AS THE MARIA MONTESSORI METHOD, REGGIO EMILIA PEDAGOGICAL APPROACH

This article aims to conduct a comparative analysis between early childhood traditional education and alternatives in primary education, such as the Maria Montessori method and Reggio Emilia approach. This article will be relevant and advisable for educators and parents to understand the key differences between each approach. There is no doubt that early childhood education plays an essential role in educating young minds. The question is how to find the best way to educate young children, what to choose: teacher-centered or child-centered models of teaching? Furthermore, from a parental view, the question is not only which method works the best, but also which one is more beneficial for “My Child”. Parents have difficulty choosing the right teaching option specifically for their children, which would help them become successful members of modern society in the future.
 Taking into consideration our teaching experience of more than twenty-five years, along with researching many pedagogical and educational books and articles, we came to an interesting conclusion about both – traditional and alternatives in teaching young minds. Alongside, we discovered that no matter how beneficial is the true idea of any teaching method, unfortunately, not every school is a true barrier to the philosophy, theory, and teaching approach behind the school’s name brand.

Квест как метод активного обучения русскому языку как иностранному в военном вузе

The aim of the research is to substantiate the effectiveness of using quest technology in the process of teaching Russian to foreign servicemen. The paper discusses the potential of quest technology in relation to applying interdisciplinary connections, which makes it possible to combine the study of the language material itself and the facts of the military history of Russia in Russian as a foreign language classes. The work provides an example of the quest organised in Russian as a foreign language classes at the Prince Alexander Nevsky Military University, which involved repetition and summarisation of the studied language material and at the same time familiarisation of students with important naval victories in the history of Russia. The scientific novelty of the research lies in highlighting the didactic potential of using quest technology in Russian as a foreign language classes, identifying the factors affecting the effectiveness of mastering the material used in the quest. As a result of the research, it has been proved that quest technology gives foreign cadets an incentive to be active in the learning process, increases their interest in studying, therefore, its use in Russian as a foreign language classes is appropriate for improving the practical mastery of the Russian language and forming true ideas about the military history of Russia among foreign servicemen.

Efficient and accurate nonlinear model reduction via first-order empirical interpolation

We present a model reduction approach that extends the original empirical interpolation method to enable accurate and efficient reduced basis approximation of parametrized nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs). In the presence of nonlinearity, the Galerkin reduced basis approximation remains computationally expensive due to the high complexity of evaluating the nonlinear terms, which depends on the dimension of the truth approximation. The empirical interpolation method (EIM) was proposed as a nonlinear model reduction technique to render the complexity of evaluating the nonlinear terms independent of the dimension of the truth approximation. We introduce a first-order empirical interpolation method (FOEIM) that makes use of the partial derivative information to construct an inexpensive and stable interpolation of the nonlinear terms. We propose two different FOEIM algorithms to generate interpolation points and basis functions. We apply the FOEIM to nonlinear elliptic PDEs and compare it to the Galerkin reduced basis approximation and the EIM. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate the performance of the three reduced basis approaches.

Do quantities have unique true values? The problem of non-uniqueness in measurement

The “problem of non-uniqueness” objects to the idea that an empirical quantity is characterized by a unique “true value”: representational structures involving single-valued quantities in fact conflict with the complexity of the systems under examination. The roots of the problem are tied to the model-based nature of measurement. Metrologists answered it in terms of uncertainty, but erred by providing an epistemic answer to a representational problem. One should rather look at it in terms of the validity and the degree of refinement of the models that are involved in a measurement. I thus propose to draw on approximate truth to reconstruct an alternate understanding of “true value”.

THE BALTIC-BLACK SEA UNION AS AN AXIS OF UKRAINE’S SECURITY: REALITIES AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS

The article analyzes the stages of formation of the Baltic-Black Sea community as a geopolitical, economic and security area, the historical and theoretical basis for the emergence of such a community and the changes that took place in the Baltic-Black Sea region after the beginning of the full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation into Ukraine in 2022. In addition, the issue of security cooperation is considered states of the region. The main priorities for the development of cooperation between states in the future have been identified. The main questions regarding the issues of cooperation between the states of the region and the structures of the EU and NATO in conditions of tension and open aggression of the Russian Federation after 2022 have been developed. Today, it is obvious that when specialists and politicians of the region discuss the project of the Baltic-Black Sea Alliance, it is primarily about security aspects and motives. In our opinion, only one security aspect is not enough for a project to be complete and viable. The economic component of project implementation is also extremely important. The West’s delay in accepting Ukraine into the EU and NATO requires Ukraine to find allies to protect its independence and sovereignty from Russian aggression. Such potential allies are primarily Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Romania, Moldova, and Georgia, which, like Ukraine, have more than once been victims of the imperial policy of tsarist, Soviet, and Putin’s Russia. Nowdays we can see that Western Europe is no longer ready to offer new guidelines, then the Baltic-Black Sea Corridor should become not only a territory for the generation of joint economic benefits, but also a territory for the generation of new meanings. The Baltic-Black Sea Union creates new challenges and provides an opportunity to respond to them. This is the true idea of Europeanness. Europe is a search for something new. Ukraine must take on the mission of giving new answers to what Europe can be today.

THE IDEA OF TRUTH-JUSTICE AS A TOOL FOR THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE LEGAL MENTALITY OF THE UKRAINIAN ETHNOSIS IN THE CONTEXT OF NATIONWIDE STATE CREATION: A SOCIAL-PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS

In the last years of its history, the Ukrainian ethnic group faced numerous external and internal challenges, which, to a large extent, were the result of its previous genesis and profound transformations in public consciousness. At the same time, one of the central stereotypes of the domestic political and legal mentality is the idea of truth and justice as a basic social ideal and the basis of the legal order. Analysis of research and publications. The problem of mentality and the formation of behavioral stereotypes has been of interest to domestic and foreign scientists for a long time. The concept of «mentality» is most widespread in the writings of the French historical school «Annals». The scientific work of M. Blok, F. Braudel, M. Vovel, J. Le Hoff, J. Lefebvre, L. Fevre, R. Mandr and other scientists reveals the content of mentality and its structures, as well as the peculiarities of their influence on everyday life and activities of individuals who lived in different historical eras. The purpose and objectives of the article. In this article, the authors aim to analyze the idea of truth-justice as a tool for transforming the legal mentality of the Ukrainian ethnic group and to show its influence on the content of its behavioral stereotypes. Research methodology. The methodology of this research has a complex nature and is based on a socio-philosophical and philosophical-legal analysis of the behavioral guidelines of Ukrainians in the field of legal understanding. The results. The social ideology, developed on the basis of ancient social ideas and stereotypes of the national legal mentality, should become a tool for correcting such destructive phenomena in the state-building discourse as legal nihilism, anarchism, civic passivity, corruption, nepotism, etc. At the same time, the concepts of truth-justice, will-freedom and fraternity-equality are key in Ukrainian legal culture. Discussion. The interpretation of this idea in scientific opinion is not unambiguous. This idea clearly manifests itself in the context of the opposition between Truth and Evil in the national culture. Truth is inseparable from human existence and daily activities. The idea of truth is closely related to the idea of justice, which, according to many researchers, is a later, more rational and clearly defined phenomenon derived from truth. Justice as a socio-philosophical phenomenon is intended to act as a kind of moral measure of relations between individuals in society. It is considered as an authoritative criterion for establishing the correspondence between the nature of human activity and its assessment by the social community. Conclusions. Destructive behavioral stereotypes of the Ukrainian ethnic group that were formed, among other things, under the influence of factors of stressogenesis can be corrected with the help of the legal ideology of state building, which should be based on the content of the idea of truth and justice. The developed ideology should be based on the most stable constructive guidelines of the national legal mentality, organically complementing and ideologically justifying them.

Comparative success and empirical progress without approximate truth

Comparative success and empirical progress without approximate truth

Lutherische "Orthodoxie" als historisches Problem. Leitidee, Konstruktion und Gegenbegriff von Gottfried Arnold bis Ernst Troeltsch by Christian Volkmar Witt

Reviewed by: Lutherische "Orthodoxie" als historisches Problem. Leitidee, Konstruktion und Gegenbegriff von Gottfried Arnold bis Ernst Troeltsch by Christian Volkmar Witt Joar Haga Lutherische "Orthodoxie" als historisches Problem. Leitidee, Konstruktion und Gegenbegriff von Gottfried Arnold bis Ernst Troeltsch. By Christian Volkmar Witt. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2021. 300 pp. Most books present familiar material in new ways, fewer break new territory. Rarer still are those which change the way we think about a given period. This is such a rare book. The German church historian Christian Witt has written a book about the framing of the period that many until recently have referred to as Lutheran Orthodoxy. After this, it will be difficult or impossible to use the term "Orthodoxy" as a neutral category, suited to designate a period of church history. Packed with analytical tools from the theory of [End Page 230] institutional symbolic orders by sociologist Karl-Siegbert Rehberg, Witt deconstructs the function of a central term in history. A term that postulates a correct faith, ortho-doxa, "orthodoxy" does not merely function as a formula of identification of certain concrete features, it is also an instrument of demarcation and marginalisation (18). Witt uses the three concepts in the title (Leitidee, Konstruktion, Gegenbegriff) as perspectives on his material, stretching from Arnold to Troeltsch. Witt traces how the idea of truth is at work among central European church historians not merely in how they treat historical facts; he also uncovers how it is built into the very theories the interpretations rely on. These theories are in some ways connected through their truth-claims, or their resistance to making truth claims. To highlight this aspect of the conceptual framework, Witt draws on the historian Reinhard Koselleck, a scholar close to Carl Schmitt, who viewed politics through the categories of friend and foe. Indeed, one could read the whole German Begriffsgeschichte as an attempt to utilise Schmitt´s understanding of the political as a battle ground. Witt's twelve pages about "Gegenbegriff" (oppositional concept) could serve as a fruitful theoretical reflection on a wider range of materials, due to its unpacking of an almost silent pejorative potential in the analytical tools. In the conclusion, Witt in a more direct manner comes to the fore and fleshes out his understanding of heterodoxy, the opposite of orthodoxy. Witt underlines that the so-called heterodox theologian does not become heterodox by framing himself in the image of a different doctrinal conception. It is much more likely that the heterodox would construe his own identity as orthodox (40). Witt's deconstruction of the (in)famous Gottfried Arnold´s (1666–1714) supposedly Impartial History of the Church and of Heresy (1699)—the most unwillingly ironic title of all time—is perhaps the most fruitful part of this work. One could claim that Witt's presentation of Arnold offers nothing new. Arnold´s revisionist claims and radical pietist assumptions have been previously noted. For Arnold, to be orthodox meant to be a hard-headed persecutor of true believers. The strength of Witt´s text lies in showing how far the implications [End Page 231] and consequences of Arnold's fundamental distinction reverberated among church historians. By Witt's thorough step-by-step analysis of how Arnold unleashed his pejorative power, Arnold's method and its results become clear. In one sense, Witt's book is a portrayal of the rhetorical power of historians. Witt's nuanced tracing of how the normative choices of a man at the close of the seventeenth century dominated successive research is simply mindboggling. Witt traces the categories of interpretation influenced by Arnold through several church historians from the eighteenth to the twentieth century. For example, the analysis of the normative positions of supposedly neutral Enlightenment theologians such as Johann Semler (1725–1791) is rewarding. The search for an "inner attitude" (102) corresponded to Semler's lamenting how the Catholic church attempted to create a monopoly of the truth by allegedly suppressing an original plurality (109). The chapter on August Tholuck (1799–1877) and his book Der Geist der lutherischen Theologen Wittenbergs (1852) is a gem. Witt shows how Tholuck fought on two fronts, against the rationalism of yore and the confessionalism of...

The Validity Measurement of Murder using Model Penal Code of Statutory Codes and Common Law Jurisdiction based on Heidegger’s Theory of Truth

Heidegger’s philosophy of truth is a critical revelation concerning criminalization. The idea of truth has been a long series of debates among scholastic artworks since the idea of man’s interactions cannot be extrapolated to knowledge-seeking existence. Hence, evidence law pertaining to types of killings, such as degrees of murder, with depraved heart killings of another, based on statutory codes and murder from common law jurisdiction, have elements for evaluation of its severity of criminal offense subject to punishment based on Model Penal Code. Although centuries have passed, erudite articulation of these issues led to the development of questions, like ‘what are the elements of murder crucial for unlawful perpetration?’, ‘what are the arguments concerning exact copy of legal instruments?’ or ‘what must be the facts needed to make it essential for the validity of measurement concerning crime perpetration of murder?’ for tools of becoming. This article asserts that when the concept of truth, known as Aletheia (disclosure), is applied to criminal law, there must be three repercussions for this truth characterization. First, Aletheia is not restricted to propositions resulting in the discovery of its various forms depicting Being-in-the-World. Second, the idea of truth does not only involve a substance for language and thought but also exposure to factual materials. Lastly, Aletheia simultaneously reveals and hides planned occasions, constantly discussing that the truth is always a becoming process, a series of returning existence. Every discussion of truth in murder under criminal law has the tendency to create another intricate philosophical issue. The three exceptional principles of truth, namely, correspondence, coherence, and pragmatic theories, are deemed to be inadequate in resolving the questions on proof of facts, as mentioned, due to the issue of existence. The theory of Heidegger suggests that we must rely on the ancient Greek concept of ‘unconcealment.’ Upon this validation, this paper applies critical assessment to reveal the concept of truth, seeking justice based on proof of facts involving the crime perpetration of murder constituting Heidegger’s opinions and judicial decisions. Heidegger’s truth is designed to Dasein (existence) as for being. The philosopher believes in the existence of truth due to exposure to its existence; hence, the Australian Legal System serves as the common ground in formulating laws based on legal theories as a legislative framework pre-emptive to constitutional law towards application of its legal practice and regulatory policies to be in harmony set for amendments of constitutional gaps in terms of applying the critical assessment of Heidegger to other comparative laws based on political agendas for monetary success.

"Truth and Temporality - Points of Intersection Between Actor and Character"

"Starting from a saying of Steinhardt, "the meaning of truth this is: truth exists, but it has a time and a space in which it is really truth" 259 , the intention is to outline a perspective on how the concept of truth overlaps or, in any case, works with the idea of temporality on stage. Historical time reflects tensions, rhythms and meanings that offer insights into the pulse of society, but also directions of interpretation. Theatre reflects time and takes up, in one way or another, ways of both propagating and receiving stage discourse. The idea of truth on stage proposes to the actor a permanent questioning of the way he treats the acting instruments, because the actor repeats gestures, texts, states; and often, what yesterday could be considered truth, today seems suspicious. How does time construct and de-construct the feeling or concept of truth for the actor?"

The idea of truth in Russian, French and Chinese languages and cultures

The article examines the idea of "truth" in three linguistic pictures of the world - Russian, French and Chinese. The study is contrastive, the results are compared. The description of each idea is made according to a clear algorithm: the etymology of the word, the mythological roots of the concept, its compatibility, from the compatibility is distinguished real connotation according to V. A. Uspensky, a comparison of dictionary definitions is made.The aim of the study is to identify the peculiarities of the idea of "truth" in the Russian, French and Chinese languages. The purpose of the comparison is to see the similarities and differences in the worldview of different peoples. Scientific methods of research are: comparative-historical method, method of generalization, method of semantic analysis. This topic is understudied, no linguocultural studies analyzing this idea in Russian, French and Chinese culture have been observed earlier, which constitutes the scientific novelty of the work. The results will contribute to mutual understanding between peoples, forming a kind of conceptual bridge, and will also be used in courses on regional studies, comparative studies of cultures, and in the teaching of the respective languages.

The Validity Measurement of Murder using Model Penal Code of Statutory Codes and Common Law Jurisdiction based on Heidegger’s Theory of Truth

Purpose: Heidegger’s philosophy of truth is a critical revelation concerning criminalization. The idea of truth has been a long series of debates among scholastic artworks since the idea of man’s interactions cannot be extrapolated to knowledge-seeking existence. Hence, evidence law, pertaining to types of killings, such as degrees of murder, with depraved heart killings of another, based on statutory codes and murder from common law jurisdiction, have elements for evaluation of its severity of criminal offense subject to punishment based on Model Penal Code. Although centuries have passed, erudite articulation of these issues led to development of questions, like ‘what are the elements of murder crucial for unlawful perpetration?’, ‘what are the arguments concerning exact copy of legal instruments?’ or ‘what must be the facts needed to make it essential for validity of measurement concerning crime perpetration of murder?’, for tools of becoming.
 Methodology: This article asserts that when the concept of truth, known as Aletheia (disclosure), is applied to criminal law, there must be three repercussions for this truth characterization. First, Aletheia is not restricted to propositions resulting to discovery of its various forms depicting Being-in-the-World. Second, the idea of truth does not only involve a substance for language and thought, but also exposure of factual materials. Lastly, Aletheia simultaneously reveals, and hides planned occasions constantly discussing that the truth is always a becoming process, a series of returning existence.
 Findings: Every discussion of truth in murder, under criminal law, has the tendency to create another intricate philosophical issue. The three exceptional principles of truth, namely, correspondence, coherence, and pragmatic theories, are deemed to be inadequate in resolving the questions on proof of facts as mentioned due to issue of existence.
 Recommendation: The theory of Heidegger suggests that we must rely on ancient Greek concept of ‘unconcealment.’ Upon this validation, this paper applies critical assessment to reveal the concept of truth, seeking justice based on proof of facts involving crime perpetration of murder constituting Heidegger’s opinions and judicial decisions. Heidegger’s truth is designed to Dasein (existence) as for being. The philosopher believes in the existence of truth due to exposure of its existence, hence, the Australian Legal System serves as the common ground in formulating laws based on legal theories as legislative framework pre-emptive to constitutional law towards application of its legal practice and regulatory policies to be in harmony set for amendments of constitutional gaps in terms of applying the critical assessment of Heidegger to other comparative laws based on political agendas for monetary success.

Research-Problem Validity in Primary Research: Precision and Transparency in Characterizing Past Knowledge

Four validity types evaluate the approximate truth of inferences communicated by primary research. However, current validity frameworks ignore the truthfulness of empirical inferences that are central to research-problem statements. Problem statements contrast a review of past research with other knowledge that extends, contradicts, or calls into question specific features of past research. Authors communicate empirical inferences, or quantitative judgments, about the frequency (e.g., “few,” “most”) and variability (e.g., “on the one hand,” “on the other hand”) in their reviews of existing theories, measures, samples, or results. We code a random sample of primary research articles and show that 83% of quantitative judgments in our sample are vague and do not have a transparent origin, making it difficult to assess their validity. We review validity threats of current practices. We propose that documenting the literature search, reporting how the search was coded, and quantifying the search results facilitates more precise judgments and makes their origin transparent. This practice enables research questions that are more closely tied to the existing body of knowledge and allows for more informed evaluations of the contribution of primary research articles, their design choices, and how they advance knowledge. We discuss potential limitations of our proposed framework.

A post-truth korszak és a hagyományos újságírás alkonya

In 2016, the Brexit referendum brought about a new phenomenon, which has been referred ever since as “post-truth politics”. (Conrad et al. 2023) The phenomenon developed into an era, arguably representing the strongest challenge for Enlightenment’s ideals since the Holocaust. Authors have observed that the idea of truth had lost from its significance in media discourse. Whereas truth as a criteria for validating knowledge represents one of the foundations of Enlightenment (Capilla 2020). This article explores the rationale and the possibilities for traditional media after losing its authority as a truth-seeking institution, missing a coherent, consensual and applicable definition of truth (Godler 2019). Traditional media cannot be interpreted anymore as a guardian of truth, but rather as a mediator. In this context, a survival-scenario for traditional media could be to find and present the most reliable and acceptable version of competing narratives (Michailidou and Trenz 2021).