Idea Of Truth Research Articles

William James, Radical Empiricism, and the Affective Ground of Religious Life

William James, Radical Empiricism, and the Affective Ground of Religious Life

Ostap Makarushka’s (1867–1931) Contribution to the Development of the Theory of Education

The article describes the conceptual principles of education in the creative heritage of the Ukrainian educator, scholar, public and cultural figure Ostap Makarushka (1867–1931). His pedagogical legacy is a valuable source of knowledge for teachers and parents, where one can find answers to a wide range of questions on the problems of education of Ukrainian youth. The scholar wrote the first Ukrainian-language textbook on pedagogy ‘Science of Education’ (1922), which substantiated the theoretical foundations of education. The focus was on the purpose and tasks of pedagogy, its theoretical and practical sources, the content of the concept of ‘education’ as a natural necessity of preparing young people for future life. Valuable for the theory and practice of education is the age-based periodization of the child’s upbringing, which covers three periods of physical and spiritual development from birth to reaching civic maturity; the idea of nationality (the education in each country acquires a national character; education at school should be national, based on the traditions and culture of the people); taking into account gender differences in the upbringing of girls and boys; the basic principles of education (natural inclinations of the child, temperament, physical abilities that determine the direction and means of education; place of birth (the country / town), nature, environment, life circumstances, etc.) and educational institutions (family, school and church) ), which should harmoniously influence the upbringing of young people, complement each other, form respect and esteem in young people. The ideas of truth, goodness and beauty are pervasive in the education of Ukrainian youth. War has a negative effect on the upbringing of young people, it is an inhumane way of solving problems. The means of patriotic education are games, subjects, folk festivals, walks, and others.

Design in biology and rational design in vaccinology: A conceptual analysis

This review discusses the philosophical foundations of what used to be called “the scientific method“ and is nowadays often known as the scientific attitude. It used to be believed that scientific theories and methods aimed at the truth especially in the case of physics, chemistry and astronomy because these sciences were able to develop numerous scientific laws that made it possible to understand and predict many physical phenomena. The situation is different in the case of the biological sciences which deal with highly complex living organisms made up of huge numbers of constituents that undergo continuous dynamic processes; this leads to novel emergent properties in organisms that cannot be predicted because they are not present in the constituents before they have interacted with each other. This is one of the reasons why there are no universal scientific laws in biology. Furthermore, all scientific theories can only achieve a restricted level of predictive success because they remain valid only under the limited range of conditions that were used for establishing the theory' in the first place. Many theories that used to be accepted were subsequently shown to be false, demonstrating that scientific theories always remain tentative and can never be proven beyond and doubt. It is ironical that as scientists have finally accepted that approximate truths are perfectly adequate and that absolute truth is an illusion, a new irrational sociological phenomenon called Post-Truth conveyed by social media, the Internet and fake news has developed in the Western world that is convincing millions of people that truth simply does not exist. Misleading information is circulated with the intention to deceive and science denialism is promoted by denying the remarkable achievements of science and technology during the last centuries. Although the concept of intentional design is widely used to describe the methods that biologists use to make discoveries and inventions, it will be argued that the term is not appropriate for explaining the appearance of life on our planet nor for describing the scientific creativity of scientific investigators. The term rational for describing the development of new vaccines is also unjustified. Because the analysis of the COVID-19 pandemic requires contributions from biomedical and psycho-socioeconomic sciences, one scientific method alone would be insufficient for combatting the pandemic.

Expansion and Improvement of English Language in Scientific Domain with Respect to Globalization and Related Criticisms (A Case study)

The present paper focuses on the topic of English language teaching and its widespread uses in the country’s educational system, especially in the domain of science. Concerning the issue of globalization and the spread of communications in all areas, it seems that the need for an international language is felt more than ever. In this regard, the science domain has not been an exception and has entered the course of globalization concurrent with the world. The current case study conducted on 20 students of Anthropology studying at the University of Tehran, investigates two main problems. First, students’ degree of satisfaction with the education presented by schools and universities, and their opinion about the English courses in Iran. In this article, we tried to capsulate their true ideas and suggestions for improving the teaching system of the English language in schools and universities according to their experiences. Second, we examined their feedback on the criticisms and disagreements against language expansion, such as linguistic imperialism and subtractive bilingualism. Keywords: Expansion of English Language, Globalization, linguistic imperialism, Subtractive Bilingualism, Mother Tongue and Culture DOI: 10.7176/JLLL/82-03 Publication date: October 31 st 2021

Semantic layering and the success of mathematical sciences

What are the pillars on which the success of modern science rest? Although philosophers have much discussed what is behind science’s success, this paper argues that much of the discussion is misdirected. The extant literature rightly regards the semantic and inferential tools of formal logic and probability theory as pillars of scientific rationality, in the sense that they reveal the justificatory structure of important aspects of scientific practice. As key elements of our rational reconstruction toolbox, they make a fundamental contribution to our understanding of the success of science.At the same time, any science, however exact, is dominated by approximation, error, and uncertainty, a fact that makes one wonder how science can be so successful. This paper articulates and illustrates general themes—e.g., that truth-preserving arguments often fail to preserve approximate truth—that highlight the need for additional semantic resources. Thus, our proposal is that persistent failures to unravel the reasons behind the success of science in the face of pervasive error and uncertainty should be attributed to an insufficiently rich way of rationally reconstructing scientific and mathematical knowledge. What is missing? This paper claims that there is a third formal method of reasoning that constitutes a distinct pillar on which rests the success of science, namely, perturbation theory. The paper outlines how the representational and inferential tools of perturbation theory differ from those of logic and probability theory, and how they enable us to understand the apparently elusive aspects of the success of science.However, compared to its peers, perturbative reasoning has not received the attention it deserves. As the paper explains, this partly results from the circumstances in which perturbation theory is taught, and partly from the fact that perturbation theory first appears to be a vaguely related collection of methods offering no systematic semantic insight. In an attempt to show that this first impression is wrong, this paper presents its contribution to the semantic dimension of scientific representation and inference in terms of what I call “semantic layering.”

Approaching deterministic and probabilistic truth: a unified account

The basic problem of a theory of truth approximation is defining when a theory is “close to the truth” about some relevant domain. Existing accounts of truthlikeness or verisimilitude address this problem, but are usually limited to the problem of approaching a “deterministic” truth by means of deterministic theories. A general theory of truth approximation, however, should arguably cover also cases where either the relevant theories, or “the truth”, or both, are “probabilistic” in nature. As a step forward in this direction, we first present a general characterization of both deterministic and probabilistic truth approximation; then, we introduce a new account of verisimilitude which provides a simple formal framework to deal with such issue in a unified way. The connections of our account with some other proposals in the literature are also briefly discussed.

Тоска по правде как одна из смысловых сторон концепта ПРАВДА, вербализованного лексемами правда, truth и verdad (на материале русских, английских и испанских пословиц и поговорок)

This paper is written within the framework of cognitive linguistics and is part of a series of articles devoted to the cognitive attribute of justice in the context of studying the concepts PRAVDA, TRUTH and VERDAD in Russian, English and Spanish linguistic cultures. Based on proverbs and sayings containing the lexemes pravda in Russian, truth in English and verdad in Spanish, the authors had in earlier works considered the cognitive features of the idea of truth as justice and singled out the following groups of logemes (term by P.V. Chesnokov): 1) the need for truth/justice in the life of society; 2) the power of truth/justice; 3) disbelief in truth/justice. The purpose of this paper was to further reveal and describe new semantic aspects of the aforementioned concepts reflecting the idea of justice. As a result, the authors distinguished another common semantic group of logemes, defined as longing for the truth/justice. The authors note that paroemias containing the idea of longing for the truth form the final group of logemes of the cognitive attribute of justice. The semantic-cognitive analysis of paroemias revealed that only in Russian proverbs life without the truth is presented as unbearable, forcing a person to fight for the truth, sacrificing his/her life. English proverbs recognize the inaccessibility of the truth, pitiful and helpless truth, doomed to suffer from the human evil. In Spanish paroemias, one can trace the suffering of both the person and the truth itself from mutual misunderstanding. In all the linguistic cultures under consideration, the hope for justice does not die but, currently, its expectation is less painful for English-speaking nations than for the Russians and Spaniards. The results of this study can be useful for linguists and translators dealing with theoretical and practical issues of cognitive linguistics and, in particular, issues of intercultural communication in Russian, English and Spanish.

Approaching probabilistic and deterministic nomic truths in an inductive probabilistic way

Theories of truth approximation in terms of truthlikeness (or verisimilitude) almost always deal with (non-probabilistically) approaching deterministic truths, either actual or nomic. This paper deals first with approaching a probabilistic nomic truth, viz. a true probability distribution. It assumes a multinomial probabilistic context, hence with a lawlike true, but usually unknown, probability distribution. We will first show that this true multinomial distribution can be approached by Carnapian inductive probabilities. Next we will deal with the corresponding deterministic nomic truth, that is, the set of conceptually possible outcomes with a positive true probability. We will introduce Hintikkian inductive probabilities, based on a prior distribution over the relevant deterministic nomic theories and on conditional Carnapian inductive probabilities, and first show that they enable again probabilistic approximation of the true distribution. Finally, we will show, in terms of a kind of success theorem, based on Niiniluoto’s estimated distance from the truth, in what sense Hintikkian inductive probabilities enable the probabilistic approximation of the relevant deterministic nomic truth. In sum, the (realist) truth approximation perspective on Carnapian and Hintikkian inductive probabilities leads to the unification of the inductive probability field and the field of truth approximation.

The Manifestation of the Qur'an in the Ethical Narratives of Imam Muhammad Bāqir (AS)

The infallible imams of Shi'a have a special interest in human values ​​and have repeatedly advised people to adhere to moral virtues. In this study, a collection of ethical narratives of the fifth Imam of Shi'a, Imam Muhammad Bāqir (AS), has been presented, in which verse or verses of the Qur'an have been manifested. These narratives are then analyzed. The verses of the Qur’an have been expressed in the words of Imam Bāqir (AS) in various ways, including: adduce, citation, allusion, adaptation, or expression of instance. This research pursues several goals: First: Understanding how Imam Bāqir (AS) has used the Qur’an in his speech. Second: a detailed understanding of the subject of these narratives and the interpretation of the verses in which they are mentioned; Third: The relationship between the above verses and the narrative text.
 In the 14 hadiths of Imam Bāqir (AS), about 30 verses of the Qur'an have been manifested which have yielded important results from their analysis. Including: All the Imams in general and Imam Bāqir (AS) in particular, pay great attention to the Quran. And teach people to seek every true idea and belief from the verses of the Qur'an, to question the master and have a scientific debate and controversy, to bring their evidence from the Qur'an as the most important scientific and religious source, and to ignore the word that has no Qur'anic reason, and not to suffice the appearance of Qur'an and pay attention to its hidden meaning. Some of the ethical virtues that Imam Muhammad Bāqir (AS) has explained include: flexibility in accepting the right, believers' dignity, public relations, rationality in public relations, avoiding the vain and futile word, avoiding many questions, avoiding nonsense and slander toward people, avoiding illicit relationships and short-change.

Toward a More Adequate Understanding of Adaequatio

Abstract The author argues for an alternative understanding of adequation to the traditional one as an illuminating gloss on part of what truth might mean. He does so in reference to a cultural context in which the very idea of truth has been in some circles rejected (that is, a post-truth world). Moreover, he explores this topic in conjunction with several feelings typically accompanying our responses to mendacity and simply to inadequate linguistic formulations or definitions.

Прагматическая концепция истины – теория коммуникации в аналитической философии

The article analyzes the pragmatic concept of truth in analytical philosophy. Attention is focused on its main ideas – generality of thoughts, practical use. The paper presents the main ideas of representatives of the pragmatic concept of truth: J. Austin, H. P. Grice, P. Strawson. The pragmatic concept of truth is one of the main concepts in the analytical philosophy of language. This concept is characterized by the ideas of practicality and demand of knowledge, the definability of truth by a person. According to this concept, the true idea is the one that solves certain issues, and the false idea is an almost impossible idea. The paper proves the hypothesis that it is the pragmatic concept of true meaning formation that is most acceptable for its understanding and development, rather than the corresponding one aimed at matching the concept to the object. It is also stated that the desire for unity of thoughts and their practical applicability are the main and popular ideas in the process of forming, understanding and using meaning. The author presents the idea that the pragmatic concept of true knowledge is aimed at solving issues of communication, speech communication, and establishing a dialogue between interlocutors. In contrast to this concept, the corresponding and coherent concepts of truth are characterized by a strict correspondence of the concept to the subject, as well as a clear relationship between the concepts in the sentence. The paper proves that it is the pragmatic concept that makes it possible to form, interpret and implement meanings in communication, thus providing an individual opportunity to use their own ideas and aspirations. Here it should be noted that the corresponding or coherent concepts represent a model in which a sample of the description and characteristics of the material world is expressed. Thus, the model of an ideal language, expressing a strict scheme of perception, interpretation and understanding of reality, restricts a person’s ability to individually understand and implement the formulated ideas. The article presents a version of the failure of the corresponding, coherent concepts of truth, since they do not provide a person with the opportunity for reasoning, for the independent search for truth by each of us and the development of speech communication. It is also argued that it is the ideas of the pragmatic concept of truth - the community of ideas, the desire to transfer knowledge to each other, the realizability of ideas that are the basis of communication and are the main ones in the development of speech communication. The subject of the article is the pragmatic concept of truth, its main ideas and representatives in analytical philosophy. Methods used in the research: hermeneutical, analytical and pragmatic.

Hegel’s Interpretation of the Liar Paradox

In his Lectures on the History of Philosophy, Hegel develops a subtle analysis of Megarian paradoxes: the Liar, the Veiled Man and the Sorites. In this paper, we focus on Hegel's interpretation of the Liar. We note that in Hegel's treatment there are positive suggestions for a new analysis of the paradox. Faced with the Liar's sentence ‘µ’ that says ‘“µ” is false’, Hegel's idea is that the conjunction ‘µ and not µ’ is to be held true, but the two conjuncts ‘µ’ and ‘not µ’, separately taken, are untrue. Other parts of Hegel's work confirm the idea that a true contradiction for him is made of two untrue sentences, which is an interesting but unusual account of inconsistency. In this paper, we explore the plausibility of the hypothesis with the lens of the contemporary theories of paradoxes. We compare Hegel's view with standard dialetheism, and we present Hegel's idea of truth which underlies the theory.

Attempts by Avicenna and Ibn alNafīs to Expand the Field of the Transference of Demonstration in the Context of the Relationship Between Geometry and Medicine

This paper aims to deal with the disputes on transferring demonstration between the various sciences in the context of the medicine-geometry relationship. According to Aristotle’s metabasis-prohibition, these two sciences should be located in separate compartments due to the characteristics of their subject-matter. However, a thorough analysis of the critical passage in Aristotle’s Posterior Analytics on circular wounds forces a revision of the boundaries of the interactions between sciences, since subsequently Avicenna, on the grounds of this passage, would widen the area of the transference of demonstration. Furthermore, the fact that Avicenna and Ibn al-Nafīs continued to use geometrical demonstrations in their anatomical investigations shows the need to understand kind-crossing prohibition as a reminder to take into account the present scientific infrastructure and logical rules before proceeding onto a scientific investigation instead of accepting it as a mere nominal doctrine. Therefore, whether kind-crossing was possible or not depended on the extent to which the conclusion derived at the end of the scientific investigation, using a different method after taking into account all these reminders, had contributed to the solution of a particular proposition or the achievement of an approximate truth.

Academic freedom and the fallacy of a post-truth era

The belief that we are living in a post-truth age raises a number of complex, paradoxical questions. Does it suggest, for example, that truth no longer matters? Or, that the idea of truth no longer exists? The university, of course, has long been associated with the interests of truth – not only in searching for truth, but in telling the truth. This is made evident in its emphasis on logic, rationality, deliberation, debate, reason, contemplation, reflection and academic freedom. Truth, and its ensuing perspectives, perceptions, agreements and conflicts, are what makes a university what it is. As such, the university is as enmeshed in versions of truth, as it is in versions of power – which serves only to confirm the necessity for a continuous interrogation of these truths, and hence, power. In principle, academic freedom infers that both members of staff and students at universities have the right to engage in intellectual engagement and debate, without fear of censorship. In practice, however, when we take stock of academic freedom in spaces of higher education, we see growing patterns of shutting down, and closing off, rather than opening up. The interest of this article, therefore, is to consider how the university can remain discursively open to that which is new, unfamiliar and unpopular, while simultaneously, doing no harm – either to itself or its students.

More than a Feeling

AbstractI argue for an interpretation of Hume on which our confused notions of causal necessity find their model in Hume's notion of logical necessity: our minds react in similar ways to constant conjunctions, on the one hand, and genuine cases of inseparability between ideas, on the other, in light of which we mistakenly place relations of necessitation between objects we call cause and effect. I argue that my account provides a more satisfying explanation of the mismatch between the feeling that provides our true idea of necessary connection and the confused notions of necessary connection held by philosophers and the vulgar.

“Jogos de verdade”, educação e o ethos do fascismo contemporâneo

O artigo problematiza a crise da verdade na contemporaneidade e suas relações com a constituição de um ethos do fascismo, destacando as implicações na educação. Para tanto, analisa os jogos de verdade que estão implicados nas relações de saber-poder e seus critérios de legitimidade institucionais, considerando que esses critérios, chamados de veridicção, estão sendo deslegitimados pelos efeitos discursivos da pós-verdade, considerada uma estratégia de construção de um ethos do fascismo. O dizer verdadeiro, as condições para o dizer verdadeiro são analisados a partir da perspectiva do filósofo Michel Foucault, o que possibilita tensionar o campo de lutas que circunscreve a ideia de verdade e como, na contemporaneidade, os critérios de veridicção estão sendo suspensos pelas narrativas que deslegitimam as instituições do dizer verdadeiro. O anti-intelectualismo, o ataque à educação e aos educadores, bem como à imprensa, são táticas que o fascismo utiliza para desconstruir a ideia de realidade e suspender os critérios de veridicção.

Post-Truth as a Mutation of Epistemology in Journalism

In recent years, many authors have observed that something is happening to the truth, pointing out that, particularly in politics and social communication, there are signs that the idea of truth is losing consideration in media discourse. This is no minor issue: Truth, understood as the criterion for the justification of knowledge, is the essential foundation of enlightened rationality. The aim of this article, based on prior research on social communication (especially as regards journalism), is to elucidate an explanation of this phenomenon, known as ‘post-truth.’ Because it is an epistemological question, the three main variables of the problem (reality, subject and truth) have been analysed by taking into account the manner in which digital social communication is transforming our perception of reality. By way of a conclusion, we propose that (a) the ontological complexity of reality as explained by the news media has accentuated the loss of confidence in journalism as a truth-teller, and that (b) truth is being replaced by sincerity, as an epistemological value, in people’s understanding of the news. The result, using Foucault’s concept of Regime of Truth, suggests a deep change in the global framework of political, economic, social and cultural relations, of which post-truth is a symptom.

Idea of Truth as reflected in Raja Rao’s The Serpent and The Rope

Idea of Truth as reflected in Raja Rao’s The Serpent and The Rope

Finding resonance: applied audio drama, inquiry and fictionalising the real

ABSTRACT This article examines the tensions and possibilities of audio drama in applied theatre and qualitative inquiry. Drawing on our experiences of making participatory audio drama, we argue that applied audio drama provides rich ground for generating new knowledge and approaches to applied theatre research and practice as informed by the cultural turn towards listening, sound, and sonic agency. Situating the conversation within fiction rather than documentary or self-revelatory podcasting, we discuss how applied audio drama is uniquely placed to explore ideas of truth and resonance at the interface between art, research, education and social justice.

Differentially Private Double Auction with Reliability-Aware in Mobile Crowd Sensing

With the unprecedented proliferation of mobile devices, Mobile Crowd Sensing (MCS) emerges as a promising computing paradigm which utilizes sensor-embedded smart devices to collect sensory data. Recently, a number of privacy-preserving auction-based incentive mechanisms have been proposed. However, none of them guarantees the quality of sensing data in double-side auction scenarios. In this paper, we propose a Differentially Private Double Auction With Reliability-Aware in Mobile Crowd Sensing (DPDR). Specifically, we design the incentive mechanism by employing the exponential mechanism in double-side auction to select the clearing price tuple. Moreover, to collect precise sensory data, we heuristically choose more reliable workers as candidates for each clearing price tuple. We further improve the social welfare of the mechanism by designing the utility function with less sensitivity, or adopting a more practical pricing strategy. Through theoretical analysis, we demonstrate that our mechanisms can guarantee both differential privacy and economic properties, including individual rationality, budget balance, approximate truthfulness and approximate maximal social welfare. Extensive experimental results show that the improved mechanisms can achieve better performance than DPDR in term of social welfare, and all proposed mechanisms can produce high-quality data.