Human Ideas Research Articles

Детство в антропологической теории А. Н. Радищева

The article studies the diversity of ideas on the role of childhood in human fate in the work On man, his death and immortality (1792-1796) by A. N. Radishchev. The author pays particular attention to the main features of the moral ideal of a human being which, from the point of view of the Enlightenment writer, should be achieved through upbringing. In connection with this set of issues, A. N. Radishchev’s methodological foundations for considering the phenomenon of a human being from his chosen perspective are consistently studied; the characteristics of the laws of personality development specified by the thinker, external and ‘internal’ factors affecting its establishment are analyzed; motivations and evaluation criteria of diverse human activity in nature and society are also looked into; the writer’s contribution to the formation of developmental psychology and the reasons of a child’s individual characteristics mentioned by him are being comprehended. The treatise On man, his death and immortality is the most significant element not only in the development of the ideological, philosophical, ethical, but also aesthetic opinions of A. N. Radishchev as well. This predominantly concerns the issue of how the treatise affects the development of the childhood topic in the Russian literature. From this perspective the present article is an attempt to consider the writer’s attitude to childhood not on the level of separate quotes which occasionally appear in literary criticism, but in its correlation with the system of his philosophical ideas of man. The article also outlines the prospects of research of A. N. Radishchev’s work from the point of view of his influence on the development of the childhood image in the Russian literature.

Presentation of Modern Values of Confucianism Humanism in the Media Space

In the modern high-tech world, the mass media play a significant role in “understanding information” and “forming knowledge”, and are also of great importance in the formation and representation of collective values of society. Confucian culture is not only a system of knowledge, but also a system of values. In the face of internal and external problems, contradictions, and spiritual crisis, Chinese society relies on the basic values of Confucian culture, thereby strengthening social and political stability. The ideas of Confucian culture also have a high applied value for the regulation of modern international relations. The country is making efforts to present the basic values of humanism of Confucian culture in the country and abroad. And the media play a crucial role in this process. This determines the relevance of this work. The article reveals the modern values of humanism of Confucianism presented in the Chinese media on the example of the Internet version of People’s Daily. The chronological framework of the study is the period from 09.15.2019 to 09.15.2021. Main research methods: critical analysis of scientific literature and content analysis of newspaper texts. The author analyzes and systematizes scientific works on the chosen topic in order to highlight the ideas, main provisions, concepts, principles underlying the Confucian worldview, and their modern value interpretation ‒ both for China and the world community as a whole. The importance of the media space for the formation of the value of the individual and society is studied. The method of content analysis was applied in the study of modern values of humanism of Confucianism. The analysis shows that the Chinese media act as a platform for the presentation, interpretation and actualization of modern values of humanism of Confucianism: they pay attention to the value of Confucianism for both the individual and the collective; actualize the values of its humanistic ideas, such as “Humanity” and “Harmony”; emphasize its moral, spiritual, psychological, ideological and socio-political value of humanism; actualize its value within China itself and on a global scale. In a further study, the effectiveness of the actualization of specific values of Confucianism in the Chinese media can be more carefully considered.

Infiltration of Ecological and Humanistic Ideas in Municipal Landscape Design

Infiltration of Ecological and Humanistic Ideas in Municipal Landscape Design

Феномен медицинской антропологии и его философско-теологические основания

This paper examines the philosophical and theological foundations of the medical anthropology of Victor von Weizsäcker (1886–1957). Drawing on sources, many of which are being introduced into scholarship for the first time, and research literature, we show the relationship between Weizsäcker's ideas of man as a psychosomatic unity, illness as a life crisis, and health, on which the German thinker's theory is based, and the corresponding philosophical and theological conceptions. We reveal the significance of Weizsäcker's ideas in the context of the interaction of modern human sciences, philosophy and theology.

ЕКОЛОГІЧНА ОСВІТА МАЙБУТНІХ СУДНОВОДІЇВ ЯК ПСИХОЛОГО-ПЕДАГОГІЧНА ПРОБЛЕМА

The article reveals the role of environmental education in the professional training of specialists - future navigators. It was established that the problem of environmental protection is one of the most acute problems of our time. Formation of ecological culture, ecological beliefs, ecological style of thinking of modern students, mastering the basics of rational nature management is one of the priority tasks of modern maritime higher education. It was underlined that environmental education is a very important component of the educational process. It is a system in which ecological thinking, ecological culture, ecological responsibility, ecological consciousness, humanistic ideas, principles, universal human values, scientific knowledge, and skills interact. These qualities are necessary for future navigators, as they are needed to solve professional tasks related to ecological safety during the operation of sea and river transport. In addition, the solution of professional tasks requires the implementation of a certain algorithm of actions in the event of accidents and incidents on water with dangerous environmental consequences. The theoretical approaches of scholars to the concepts of "ecological education", "ecological responsibility", "ecological competence", "ecological culture" are generalized. The conclusion was made concerning the importance of the formation of the integrated content of professional disciplines, taking into account the ecological component in the training of maritime specialists. The need to upgrade the system of higher maritime education in order to form an ecological component in professional training. At the same time, emphasis should be placed on qualitative changes in the environmental education of future maritime specialists, in updating the structure and content of environmental knowledge as the main factor in the formation of the environmental consciousness of future navigators. Key words: future navigators, maritime education, ecological competence, ecological education, ecological culture.

Nadežda Petrović, drugo ime za humanizam

Nadežda Petrović belongs to the constellation of masterful human beings who are the pride of their national histories, dominating their era and radiating above and beyond it, surpassing both their immediate environment and the age they live in. These persons are instrumental in the development and growth of their people, tracing the path to be followed in their work, to catch up to future times and other cultures. A member of this constellation of extraordinary persons, Nadežda Petrović has overcome the boundaries of time, historical development, humanist ideas and local culture in her short, prematurely ended life. Superior, self-confident and tenacious, she had an unusual intelligence that was able to perceive the entire vast expanse of the world. With her love for her people, she rushed to illuminate and broaden the views of her contemporaries and clear the path for future generations with her vision, her ideals and her sacrifice. Patriotism was the deepest of Nadežda's passions. At the time of Balkan wars, Nadežda recognised her desire and her capability to help her homeland as her mission in life, staying true to her positions from 1903 and annexation crisis of 1908. She went where the situation was the direst, she worked and helped on the front lines, because her fighting spirit would not let her stay in the rear. As a volunteer nurse, Nadežda followed the soldiers from battlefield to battlefield, suffering all types of weather without complaint. She would walk and she would ride, her hospital or ambulance reaching all the places she was needed. She also dressed the wounds of captured enemy soldiers. The wounded and the sick blessed her, doctors praised and admired her. The work was too hard and in tending to others, caught in a typhoid outbreak, Nadežda fell ill and recovered slowly. The beginning of World War I was yet another summons for Nadežda, to put down her paintbrush and continue with her humanitarian work. She immediately reported to the High Command to get her marching orders. Many women tended to the wounded, but only a few were accepted into the real military medical service by the Surgeon General of the High Command. Nadežda Petrović was one of them. She was assigned to the field hospital of the Danube division. In letters written during this time, Nadežda's words are impressive, touching in their profound honesty of experiencing human helplessness in the face of the tragedy of mass deaths. Soldiers knew Nadežda from the moments that transcended the strength of ordinary humans. She was highly appreciated, her courage and self-sacrifice earned her great respect. During the periods of cease-fire, after the victory of the Serbian army in the battles of Cer and Kolubara, at the beginning of 1915, Nadežda went to Skopje where her family was located. Already in February that year, Nadežda resumed her war duties. The High Command offered her a choice of several proposed positions, and told her that she didn't have to go back to Valjevo. Without a second thought, she picked the most difficult post - her hospital in Valjevo. Following the battle of Suvobor near Valjevo, an outbreak of spotted typhus fever claimed the lives of soldiers, civilians, doctors and medics in terrifying numbers. Nadežda arrived to Valjevo from a field hospital as aid sent to the small medical team. At the end of March, Nadežda was infected with typhoid. When the infection finally caught up to her, she was completely exhausted: she would only be a patient in the Valjevo hospital for a week. Volunteer nurse of the 1st Reserve Hospital in Valjevo, Nadežda Petrović, died on 3 April 1915.

ГУМАНИТАРИЗАЦИЯ ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ: ГУМАНИТАРНО ОРИЕНТИРОВАННОЕ ПРЕПОДАВАНИЕ УЧЕБНЫХ ДИСЦИПЛИН

The article considers the concepts of such educational principles as “humanization” and “humanitarization” which are closely related. Humanization is filling the entire educational process with humanistic ideas and meanings in any educational institution. The principle of humanization is realized through the humanitarization of education which aims to educate a freely and creatively thinking and harmoniously developing personality. To implement these principles, first of all, humanitarian-based teaching of academic disciplines is necessary. This process is not conceivable without a teacher who needs a humanitarian vector in personal and professional development. On the example of the academic discipline “Foreign Language”, the process of humanitarian-based teaching at the university is shown and its criteria are developed. The results of this study can be applied by teachers and teachers of various academic disciplines.

Ультрагуманизм и русский космизм

The article continues a series of publications devoted to the criticism of post humanistic ideas about the future of humanity. The scientific direction of Russian cosmism is considered in the article as an alternative to posthumanism. The specificity of scientific Russian cosmism is shown, which is characterized by the absence of reductionist provisions in research programs, the desire to cover the studied phenomena on a cosmic scale, as well as the synthesis of scientific knowledge and religious and philosophical intuitive comprehension of reality. The concept of B. Onishi is studied, who contrasts the «scientific posthuman» of ultrahumanism with a more moderate version of posthumanism based on the concept of Dasein’s Being-in-the-world by M. Heidegger. The article shows that the «scientific posthuman» of ultrahumanism is deprived of personal freedom, turns into a permanent reserve for use. A more moderate version of posthumanism leaves a person dependent on information technology and, contrary to the point of view of B. Onishi, deprives him of integrity. The article also shows the dangers that uncontrolled, devoid of deep philosophical understanding, the use of biotechnologies can lead to.

Creators of the New in Education

It is impossible to predict the future of education. It can be jointly created based on the emerging humanitarian, communication technologies and other achievements of modern civilization. 440 years after the great Jan Comenius, we are taking the next step by creating a new science of learning: digital mathetics and digital didactics. The authors of textbook with the connections to digital means aimed at mastering human activity and university professors start from the experience of their childhood are based on the achievements of mankind, realize and form the possibilities and needs of the future in the present. Science gets the opportunity to study the accelerating evolution of education and analyze big data displayed in a variety of digital platforms. The global educational community is becoming a source of experience for critical decisions and direct pedagogical interaction. Geographical and language barriers are easing. Leaders of society, state and business get the opportunity to realize their vision in a specific project and digital technologies open access to participate in the project to everyone who supports the humanistic idea in our transforming world.

IMAGE OF SIBERIA AS RUSSIAN COLONIAL ORIENT IN IVAN GONCHAROV’S TRAVELOGUE THE FRIGATE PALLADA

This article is devoted to the image of Siberia in the last chapters of Ivan Goncharov’s book the Frigate Pallada. The aim of the article is to reconstruct a comprehensive image of Siberia as an eastern colony of the Russian Empire in the Frigate Pallada. The Frigate Pallada text and the writer’s publicistic and epistolary heritage are the material for the study. The imagological and cultural approaches to the studied material are the methodological basis for this study. The specified aim and used methodology have determined the multidimensional scientific novelty of the study. We have obtained the following study results. Goncharov managed to create the comprehensive image of Siberia in the Frigate Pallada. The imagological approach to the material and G. Gachev’s concept of the national picture of the world expressed by the author’s threefold term Cosmo-Psycho-Logos are adequate to reconstruct the created writer’s image of Siberia. Goncharov contrasts the main features of the Siberian Cosmos (empty spaces and harsh climate) with the humane Siberian Psycho that is due to the harmonious coexistence of Russian settlers and indigenous Siberian ethnic groups. Siberian Logos also convincingly proves this harmonious coexistence depicted by the writer, in particular, the living interaction of the Russian language and the languages of the indigenous Siberian people. Today specialists actively research the us-them category interaction in modern imagology and in literary travelogues in particular. The writer’s comparisons with his own Russian realities are frequent in foreign Siberia. Goncharov’s approach particularity is to perceive foreign space in the light of his own space, this is his human and writer’s worldview. Thus, we have come to the following conclusions. The article demonstrates that Goncharov’s position (an adherent of the humanist ideas and an official, a secretary of the diplomatic expedition at the same time) has resulted in an idyllic positive image of the Siberian region as the eastern colony effectively mastered by the Russian Empire.

A PERSON IN AN OPTIMISTIC PERSPECTIVE OF PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT: EXISTENTIAL-HUMANISTIC APPROACH

The author refers to the actual modern philosophy of people in the optimistic perspective of their personal development built on the methodological possibilities of the existential-humanistic approach. Overcoming objectivism and psychological naturalism in understanding the essence of man in the spirit of optimism is possible only in existential philosophy, transcendental phenomenology, humanistic psychology and pedagogy, through the creative and semantic activity of consciousness. The author examines the evolution of the ideas of existential subject-philosophy focused on the issues of freedom and responsibility, which revealed the ontological significance of “living unique subjectivity” in the works of M. Heidegger, K. Jaspers, J.-P. Sartre, V. Frankl, E. Fromm, K. Rogers. Based on the existential analytics of a person the author reveals the fact that the humanistic ideas of this direction based on the ideas of freedom, «being-without-support», are ultimately shaped by the principle of optimistic perspective and faith in Man in the humanistic pedagogy of A. S. Makarenko and V. A. Sukhomlinsky; the normativity of the universally valuable things. In conclusion, specific findings are presented about the methodological significance of the existential-humanistic approach in the modern philosophical conceptualization of paradoxical optimistic faith in a person, his optimism (Sartre’s heroic optimism, Makarenko’s courageous optimism, Frankl’s tragic optimism) as a perception of life based on the philosophy of responsibility and overcoming difficulties on path to success. A person must see himself in the perspective of opportunities, then he will have a positive freedom to choose and bear responsibility.

Axiological constants of educational mobility

The article analyzes the process of educational mobility in terms of educational philosophy. The philosophical and axiological constants of educational mobility allow us to clearly indicate the purpose of this process. Advantages and disadvantages of mobility form value priorities in integration educational cluster. Values are a litmus test of expediency and effectiveness of mobility for subjects of education and educational system. Axiological human dimension of education ensures its sustainable progressive development, while integration is only a tool to ensure it. The aim of the work is to develop a system of axiological norms formed in the process of educational mobility. It is practically impossible to create a universal system of values for the educational sphere, so we consider dialectical contradictions of socio-cultural categories as an acceptable methodology for the formation of relevant mobility axiological constants. Contradictions of globalization and identification trends, imbalance of in formativeness and communicativeness of educational process, contradictions in issues of openness and accessibility of education, correlation of pragmatic and humanistic ideas in learning, classification of horizontal and vertical forms of mobility are the categories that provide a common understanding of value priorities in education.

PRESERVATION OF THE NATIONAL VALUES OF THE UYGHUR PEOPLE IN THE DRAMATIC PRODUCTION "ANARKHAN" AND A MODERN INTERPRETATION OF THE STAGE PERFORMANCE.

Since the opening of the State Republican Uyghur Musical Comedy Theater named after K. Kuzhamyarov, it has developed professionally and introduced the public to the best examples of Russian and world classics. The theater, in particular, achieved significant results in the development of national drama. In 1934, the musical drama "Anarkhan" by Zh. Azimov and A. Sadyrov was staged for the first time on the stage of the Uyghur theater. It is known that the play "Anarkhan", glorifying freedom, true and sincere love, honesty and wisdom, gives the main impetus in shaping the creative path of many Uyghur folk actors and directors. The article analyzes the musical drama "Anarkhan" directed by M. Izimov, director of the Uyghur theater. The humanistic idea of ​​the performance, artistic and national peculiarity, symbols and signs, bright personalities, rich and elegant language, which has become a treasure of Uyghur national drama, gives the audience aesthetic pleasure and is undoubtedly the main reason for a long stay in the theatrical repertoire. In the performance, you can often see folk songs and dances combined with stage images, which in turn helps to reveal a new artistic appearance. The director pays special attention to the inner state of the actor in creating a stage personality, the diversity of human nature, as well as the integrity of the spirit of the acting ensemble. Director M. Izimov constructively used historical and ethnographic facts in the play, without violating folk traditions, Anarkhan performed by D. Rakhmetzhan, Hamra performed by A. Amanbaev, Sultanbai performed by A. Iskandarov, etc. the director comprehensively analyzed the characters, and in the best way managed to reveal the skills of the actors. It emphasizes the analysis of the work, work with characters subordinate to the director's idea and corresponding to the folk character of the musical drama "Anarkhan". Undoubtedly, which has become a classic of national drama, the work "Anarkhan" is of great interest to the younger generation nowadays.

Utopia Gone Wrong: Mirages of Communist Totalitarianism in the Clockwork Mirror

It is said that the road to hell is paved with good intentions and so was, seemingly, the road to totalitarianism in Communist states originally envisioned as socialist utopias for the working classes. These quickly degenerated into paranoia-led dictatorships of Orwellian proportions. Many artists of the time sought to comment on these states in their works, not the least Orwell himself in the now-classic novel Nineteen Eighty-Four. But is it possible that A Clockwork Orange itself was a response to Communist totalitarianism? This article seeks to examine that claim using Yugoslavia as a model of comparison to the England we see in the Burgess novel and Kubrick’s film. By looking at such concepts as dissidentism (Alex as the true dissident and Mr Alexander as the state puppet version) and ‘conditioning’ in A Clockwork Orange and comparing them to their historical counterparts in Communist Yugoslavia – namely the dichotomy between the famous intellectual dissidents such as Milovan Djilas and Dobrica Ćosić and their less well known reactionary counterparts, as well as the state-run ‘brainwashing mill’ that was Goli Otok – I will try to see to what degree is the well-intentioned English dystopia similar to the humanist idea gone wrong that was Communist Yugoslavia. I will also look into the reception of A Clockwork Orange and similar films in Communist countries and whether such parallels were noticed at the time.

Paul's Idea of the "New Man" and Transhumanism

By setting the relationship between human and divine reality in a whole new way, Christian anthropology has provided an authoritative framework for understanding and valuing the dynamics of human life as moving “from the old to the new man”, according to the famous phrase of the apostle Paul. Other great European humanistic traditions with their ideas of man and visions of his progress can be placed in the critical perspective of this Pauline anthropological formula. One of those traditions that relatively recently entered the stage of European intellectual culture is the so-called “Transhumanism”. In this article, a contrast is made between Paul’s understanding of the dynamics of human life and the human enhan­cement with the help of technology in transhumanism.

СТАНОВЛЕННЯ ІДЕЙ ГУМАНІЗМУ В УКРАЇНСЬКІЙ ФІЛОСОФСЬКІЙ ДУМЦІ

The urgency of the research topic is necessity to understand the idea of humanism in Ukraine from its formation to development in new cultural and historical conditions. The purpose of the article is to study the formation and development of humanistic ideas in Ukrainian philosophical thought in the historical aspect. To achieve this goal, the following research methods were used: historical – to study the stages of development of humanistic ideas, analysis and synthesis of scientific literature, generalization and systematization – to formulate intermediate and final conclusions. The article highlights the meaning of the concept of "humanism". The preconditions for the formation of ideas of humanism are determined. It was found that the idea of humanism was preceded by the first moral rule of coexistence, which later in the history of philosophy was called talion. The main formation stages of humanistic ideas in the Ukrainian philosophical thought (the first – XIV-XVI centuries; the second – the second half of the XVI – the beginning of the XVII century; the third – the second half of the XVII century; the fourth – the second half of the XVII – the beginning of the XVIII century; fifth – XIX century, sixth – XX century, seventh – XXI century). Distinctive features of the humanistic ideas from talion and the "golden rule of morality" have been formed. Prospects for further scientific research in this area are seen in the study of the mechanisms of restoration of humanistic ideals in such social institutions as the family and school.

Teaching of English and American Literature and Humanistic Thoughts in Colleges and Universities

With the deepening of current education reforms, traditional educational concepts and models have undergone tremendous changes, especially in the teaching of English and American literature in colleges and universities. In order to keep up with the educational development of the times and promote the teaching of English and American literature to realize the new curriculum standards as soon as possible, the majority of frontline educators must actively explore effective measures for the penetration of humanistic ideas into the teaching of English and American literature, so as to actively resolve the current shortcomings in the teaching of English and American literature. Based on my own teaching experience, the author proposes teaching strategies for the penetration of English and American literature and humanistic ideas in colleges and universities.

Philosophy of Inequality in the Context of Post-Humanism

In the article the author examines humanism criticism that does not result in post-humanism. The author shows that post-humanism is the reaction to the humanistic idea of man as the center of the world that was typical for west-European philosophy. At the same time post-humanism doe not negate the logic of humanism, but extrapolates it to the whole of non-human world. On the contrary, Russian philosophy is free from the original premises of humanism and it views the crisis of humanism in a different perspective. The author shows that Russian philosophy is not anthropocentric, but on the contrary – anthropologic. Its feature consists in viewing the man in the perspective of his ontological expansion. The idea of such ontological expansion is based on the philosophy of inequality. When west-European philosophy today conceptualizes total world democracy on the other side of man, Russian philosophy turns to the idea of metaphysical gaps that substantiate the idea of man’s freedom and anthropological necessity of self-restrictions.

Was Lev Tolstoy a Humanist?

ABSTRACT This article is devoted to understanding the typological status of Tolstoy’s ideas in the context of the evolution of European humanism from the Renaissance to existentialism, from the doctrine of “human dignity” to the conceptualization of man as a “self-directed project.” The author does not, however, attempt yet another revision of Tolstoy’s moral–religious doctrine or the creation of a precedent for negative reassessment of his significance and originality. The goal of the present article is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of Tolstoy’s anthropological views, to highlight their sources, argumentative characteristics, and nature of impact on the formation of the key theoretical standpoints and normative principles of the thinker’s ethical–philosophical doctrine. This is presented as an impersonalist understanding of a perfectionist transformation of human personhood through the expansion of its boundaries to the point of the universe’s infinitude. Tolstoy’s rejection of personhood and its goodness does not entail his exclusion from the ranks of humanist thinkers. The article draws conclusions about a new path for further development of humanist ideas. Tolstoyan thought not only anticipates the emergence of a “new” (existentialist) humanism, but it also demonstrates the clear advantages over it in the scale and consistency of its theoretical propositions and normative conclusions.

Analysis of fictional characters in the context of artificial intelligence and big data: taking A Dream of Red Mansions for example

Abstract This article uses artificial intelligence and big data to process the dialogs of the characters in A Dream of Red Mansions through Chinese psychoanalysis system, and obtains the prediction scores of the characters’ big-five personality. Then, the validity of this method is determined by examining the verification of the prediction scores by literature and fiction. Through the ecological identification and analysis of the personality characteristics in A Dream of Red Mansions, we find that Bao-Yu Jia in the novel has obvious openness, agreeableness, and extroversion; Dai-Yu Lin has very low extroversion, strong emotionality, and agreeableness; and Bao-Chai Xue has strong extroversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. The above prediction results are supported by relevant research literature and the novel itself. This shows that in the context of artificial intelligence and big data, the prediction of fictional characters’ personalities through literary intelligence analysis is helpful for us to understand the humanistic spirit or social idea behind literary works in a deeper and objective way. This research method is a beneficial supplement to the traditional literature and art research.