ICT Department Research Articles

Statistical analysis of digital transformation and its incidence in reducing the use of paper in a higher education institution: A case study

Reducing the carbon footprint of higher education institutions has become a global trend in recent years, as they are the axis of society's scientific and technological transformation that must be carried out with a sustainable approach. Among the many approaches that can contribute to this problem are the digital transformation of academic and administrative processes and its impact on reducing paper use. This study details the statistical analysis of the digital transformation process based on the modules and computer services implemented by the ICT department in a higher education institution and its incidence in reducing the use of paper by its teaching and administrative staff. For this purpose, an initial instrument was proposed, consisting of 18 ordinal, three categorical and two numerical variables. After applying statistical data processing and validation techniques, it was reduced to 13 ordinal variables, three categorical and two influential numerical variables. In addition, this study has proposed an appropriate statistical protocol for the design and extraction of information applicable in the context of higher education institutions, consisting of the techniques: Mahalanobis distances, confirmatory factor analysis, Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney's U and Wilcoxon tests. The results showed the power of confirmatory factor analysis as a technique for obtaining models to measure indirectly observed latent variables, such as perceptions of digital transformation and paper reduction. In addition, it was found that the modules, systems, and computer tools implemented in the institution significantly reduced the execution times for performing administrative and teaching tasks in the institution, and significant differences were identified in the perception of digital transformation and reduction of paper use among staff.

Artificial intelligence-powered decision support system for operational decision-making in the ICT department of a selected African university

This paper aims to explore the effect of an artificial intelligence-enabled decision support system (AIDSS) on decision-making processes within a university setting, focusing on the ICT department of a selected South African university. The research objectives revolve around the effectiveness of AIDSS in enhancing decision-making in higher education institutions. Convenience sampling was employed in this study and a questionnaire administered to 28 participants. These methods were chosen to gather insights into the practical application of AI technology in the context of IT operational decision-making. The major findings of this research reveal that AIDSS has the potential to significantly improve decision-making processes in higher education. Despite these advancements, the research acknowledges the ethical and societal implications arising from AI integration, underscoring the importance of achieving a balance between technical advancement and the upholding of human values. As a major policy implication, this study underscores the importance of embracing AI technologies in higher education institutions to enhance decision-making processes, thus improving the efficiency and effectiveness of IT operations. The original contribution of this research lies in its exploration of the practical use of AIDSS in South African higher education, offering insights into how AI can be harnessed to advance decision-making.

An Empirical Study of the Uptake of Electronic Government Services by the Limpopo Department of Home Affairs

Technology adoption models play an important role in understanding the different factors affecting the adoption and use of new technology. The development of well-informed e-Government strategies is the first stepping stone in the right direction for the successful implementation and successful use of e-Government. This paper investigated from the officials; perspective factors that affect the uptake of e-government services provided by the Limpopo departments of Home Affairs. Using a qualitative research approach whereby three different Department of Home Affairs’ service Centres namely Polokwane, Waterberg, and Sekhukhune in Limpopo province were used as case studies, the study conducted semi-structured interviews with nine (9) officials comprised of management, ICT department, and street-level officials to identify and understand better the factors affecting uptake of e-government in the DHA. The study found that lake of skills and access to e-government programmes were at the top of the list of challenges faced at the Centres. Therefore, the study recommended amendments to the ICT policy of the department so that it accommodates different languages spoken in societies particularly the eleven official languages currently spoken in South Africa. This article further recommends several solutions that can enhance the uptake of e-government in the DHA.

Analysis Of Employee Satisfaction To Improve The Quality Of Work At Bhayangkara Hospital Tk II Sartika Asih

This study aims to determine the analysis of job satisfaction in order to improve the quality of work at BhayangkaraTK II Hospital Sartika Asih Bandung. The research method used is qualitative with a descriptive approach. Data collection techniques used are field observations, literature studies, interviews and questionnaires. The sampling technique used purposive sampling technique with the number of respondents as many as 2 hospital employees. From the research results, it was found that job satisfaction analysis was quite effective on the quality of employee work. However, there are a few problems that arise, including: 1) Supporting facilities that are felt to be dissatisfied will hinder employees in their work and reduce job performance (work results in terms of quality and quantity) will decrease and it could be that an employee cannot carry out their duties in accordance with their responsibilities. the answer given to him. 2) Lack of appreciation for work, where appreciation is very important because it can provide enthusiasm and motivation which can produce quality and accomplished workers. The author provides suggestions for these problems, namely: 1) It is better if the Byangkara Hospital tk II sartika asih Bandung strives to create a database of the number and condition of supporting items such as computers and printers in each room and make submissions to the renmin/ICT subsection if the condition of these items badly damaged, but if the item is still possible it can be used and repaired, you can submit it to the ICT department, 2) As an important part of the institution, employees at BhayangkaraTK II Sartika Asih Bandung Hospital must be able to develop a professional attitude and mentality and know the risks of work so that maintaining work safety. So that the positive image of the hospital towards the environment is formed by itself.

Employee Education and Training Recommendations using the Apriori Algorithm

The Ministry of Finance (MoF) aims to enhance employee performance through suitable education and training opportunities. Based on the data on the implementation of education and training in 2022 in the MoF Central ICT Department, only 27.35% of the employees participated in education and training according to the proposed needs for both positions and individuals. This is partly due to mandatory training that must be attended by some or all employees, urgent needs in the current year, or substitute participants who are not from the same team or function. To address this issue, the association method of data mining techniques can be utilized to analyze historical data of employees. The study used the a priori algorithm to analyze historical data on employee positions, organizations, and education and training from 2011 to 2021. This research involved comparing various minimum support values, assuming that employees attended at least 2, 3, and 4 training courses, to calculate the corresponding minimum support values. The evaluation results of the model show that the best rules are generated with a minimum support value of 0.013 and a minimum confidence value of 0.6, which is a total of 10 rules. One of the training recommendations is that if an employee has taken the Enterprise Service Bus (ESB)-API Management training, they will take the ESB API Integration Platform training. Furthermore, it can be used by the Human Resources Unit to provide education and training aligned with organizational needs and improve employee competency in line with their duties and functions, leading to better overall organizational performance.

Performance Evaluation Of Cloud Based Elliptic Curve Cryptographic Digital Signature E-Voting System For The Conduct Of Election In Nigeria

ABSTRACT Elections in Nigeria are characterized with poor voters’ turnout. One of the reasons attributed to this is the insecurity of the votes of the electorates. To resolve this, scholars have adopted various mechanisms and technologies, for example, the use of Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA), Advanced Encryption StandardAES) and Elliptic Curves Cryptography (ECC). While these have added value to the body of knowledge in the conduct of elections in Nigeria, However, literature reveals that issue of insecurity of votes of electorate is still a current debate. The reason attributed to this, is due to the poor performance in terms of their key size, key strength and encryption time. This is addressed by using a Cloud based Elliptic Curve Cryptographic Digital signature (ECCDS) E-Voting system. The concept of the proposed system is to automatically encrypts, signs, decrypts votes and verifies the signed votes. The system is built on a hybridized security algorithms, these are; The ECC and Digital Signature Algorithm. This has a smart contractor that protect electorate votes against integrity modification in the cloud environment. The prototype demonstration is conducted during the students’ union election in Adekunle Ajasin University where the University ICT department is used as the cloud based network Infrastructure center. Three evaluation metrics are used. These are the key size, key strength and encryption time. The evaluation metrics shows a better performance of RSA, AES and ECC systems over the ECCD when considering the encryption time. The ECC and AES also perform better using the key size. For example, we recorded 167 bits for ECCDS, while RSA, AES and ECC algorithms recorded 163, 1024 and 64 bits respectively from one of the experiments under the key size. However, the beauty and the strength of good security system is the decryption time which is the key strength. From the experiment conducted using Key strength as the metric, we observed that ECCDS key strength is higher than that of AES, ECC and RSA. It means that it will take longer time for any intruder to decrypt the system when using the ECCDS model. This satisfy both the electorates and Electoral commission request and is very reliable and produces effective results. Keywords: E-voting, Integrity, Elliptic Curve, Cryptography, Digital Signature. CISDI Journal Reference Format Akingbesote. A.O., Babatobi, F.J. & Akinwumi, D. A. (2023): Performance Evaluation Of Cloud Based Elliptic Curve Cryptographic Digital Signature E-Voting System For The Conduct Of Election In Nigeria. Computing, Information Systems, Development Informatics &Allied Research Journal. Vol 13No 2, Pp 1-.14. Availableonlineathttps://www.isteams.net/cisdijournal. dx.doi.org/10.22624/AIMS/CISDI/V14N3P1

Analysis of Factors Affecting Local Government Officials' Interest in Digital Technology

In recent years, numerous central and local governments around the world have been promoting digital transformation (DX). Although DX is an ambiguous concept, its core initiative involves the introduction and application of digital technology. Unique to recent government efforts is the promotion of utilizing digital technology not only within the ICT department but across a wide range of departments within the organization. The successful use of digital technology depends on the intrinsic motivation of each individual across these diverse department working on the issues in the field. In order to arouse employees' interest in digital technology and encourage them to change their behavior toward its use, it is necessary to understand what factors driving this interest. Accordingly, this research proposes a method to ascertain whether interest in digital technology is affected by its relevance to one's work and one's position within the organization. This method uses "seriousness of consideration" as a scale to measure factors that affect the behavior of local government officials. The method was examined using actual questionnaire data from local government officials, revealing that although general interest in digital technology does not differ significantly among officials, it varies as the seriousness of consideration increases.

Influence of Organizational Policy on the Performance of Selected Microfinance Institutions in Kitui County

Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) are unable to meet the current market demand requiring firms to identify workable methods that satisfy the organization’s needs. The present study sought to determine the influence of Organizational Policy on The Performance of Selected Microfinance Institutions in Kitui County. The study applied a cross-sectional research design, population of the study included 175 middle-level managers in the departments of finance, human resources, procurement, sales, and marketing as well as the ICT department among 7 MFIs in Kitui county. The study applied a stratified random sampling technique to sample 122 respondents. Data was collected using questionnaires that were physically administered. The study analyzed data using descriptive and inferential analysis. The study revealed a β of 0.641, t= 7.507, which was associated with a p-value of 0.001. The study concluded that organizational policy had a significant and positive influence on the performance of microfinance institutions in Kitui County. Microfinance institutions should regularly review policies on resource allocations, codes of conduct, power relations, and communication to ensure that they are relevant at all times and reflect the requirements of the strategic plans.

PEACE AND PERFORMANCE (2P) PARADIGM ON ICT PROFESSIONALS

The two core dependencies of any employee to work happily or even excel in career are Performance and Peace . Peace is defined here as the mental state or stress-free condition for one to use the mind and brain to perform at the optimum level. No one likes to be labeled as a non-performer and no one wants to lose their peace of mind. The need for performance and peace is a natural need in every employee, thus in the new era of human development, following the 2P thirst will be a more suitable and effective method as opposed to forcing and pushing through. The 2P Paradigm wishes to reveal a new vision. The performer and performance should never be separated. Personal Peace and work performance should go together so that the performer performs well. The ultimate aim of Performance is and Peace is an effective means to sustainable Performance In the 2P Paradigm. Both are means and ends. Each is needed and knitted with each other. They are the natural synergizing opposite pairs of order. They should not be separated, like how the protons should not be separated from the electrons in an atom. With the current emphasis on digital economy by the government, ICT organization performance need to be focused. Hence, the 2P paradigm is critically important in ICT organization and department

Inhibitors to E-governance Adoption and Implementation and the Impact on the Performance of University of Abuja, Nigeria: An Empirical Investigation

The drive for this study stems from the growing concern for the inability of the University of Abuja to adopt and implement e-governance effectively. Consequently, the paper investigates the inhibitors to the adoption and effective implementation of e-governance in the University of Abuja and how to mitigate them. Primary and secondary data were collected for the study. The primary data were obtained from copies of the questionnaire distributed, while the secondary data constitute relevant literature which were extensively reviewed. Hypotheses were tested using Z-test and multiple regression. The findings reveal that poor funding, inadequate awareness of e-governance activities and its importance, resistance to change and lack of training and retraining of personnel are the factors affecting the effective implementation of e-governance in the University of Abuja. It was also discovered that these barriers have affected the performance of the university, with funding being the most significant barrier affecting performance followed by low awareness of e-governance activities. In view of the above findings, the study recommends that adequate attention should be given to the funding of ICT within the University, an awareness campaign on the importance of e-governance be carried out in the University, and only qualified ICT personnel be recruited into the ICT department and that the University should periodically audit how funds allocated for e-governance development are utilized. Keywords: Inhibitors, E-governance, Adoption, Implementation, Performance, Nigeria

Perception Analysis of Service Quality IT Operation Study Case Of PT XYZ

Customer satisfaction of IT service delivered by PT XYZ has become essential. Attention to develop an adequate level of customer satisfaction index in Oil and Gas Company and also to assist ICT management for continous improvement of strategy and action to meet Stakeholders needs. Using quantitative research and method Servqual questionair within five (5) variable known as Tangible, Reability, Responsiveness, Assurance and Empathy to analyze Perception an Expectation from IT Users. The result of data processing assisted with SPSS 22 to validate test and reliability of the data. Based on the research result, was obtained average value Servqual Score of Gap 5 is -0.012 on varible Assurance, which means consumers are not satisfed with the exiting service by ICT Department. In Variable of Assurance, concluded that courtesy has the highest score represent of the statement "personnel in PT XYZ consistently courteous with the users". While security has the lowest score represent of the statement "users in PT XYZ feel safe in using ICT services" in Servqual Questionair. Therefore The need for feel secure and comfort for IT Users become high consideration of ICT Department to improve its service quality in the company of PT XYZ.

IT Governance Audit and Determination of Work Priorities Using Analytical Hierarchy Process: Case Study the Government of North Maluku, Indonesia

In the planning stage of IT Governance, there are problems that are found, namely, how to recommend an order of improvement for given work priorities so that it matches the needs of the existing conditions. The goal to be achieved is to be able to provide recommendations in order of work priority, using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). The results of the study are work priority recommendations that can be used as material for consideration at the ICT Department in the Government North Maluku, Indonesia. The results of the analysis give the 1st recommendation is the optimization of information technology utilization ranks highest with AHP score of 0.172, 2nd for improving the quality of apparatus resources with AHP score of 0.147, office administration services with a score of 0.119, third-order, improvement of communication and information and the use of mass media with a score of 0.117, and the last one is increasing the quality of public services with a score of 0.116. So that the recommendations for improvement in the order of work priorities can be an IT governance guide in the Government of North Maluku to move forward.

Challenges of Electronic Banking in Case of Commercial Bank of Ethiopia, Wolita Sodo Dicha Branch

The study aims at assessing Challenges of Electronic banking in commercial bank of Ethiopia, Wolita sodo Dicha branch. This research used descriptive type of research design which describes the performance and challenges of e banking as it is. The research employed both primary and secondary types of data and primary data were gathered through questionnaire that had both open and closed end questionnaires. The general populations of this research were 2532 e banking customers of Commercial Bank of Ethiopia Wolita sodo branch. The researcher employed convenient sampling technique since the research assumed only those customers who use electronic banking from the bank. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequency and percentage. To exploit the benefit of E-banking system, the bank needs to familiarize its customers with the processes and benefits of the system. The bank should strengthen its ICT department through providing training to IT personnel and procuring required hardware and software. The lack of legal and regulatory framework for e-banking services has discouraged banks from introducing this innovative e banking technology. Thus, government should issue laws that govern electronic payment. This helps financial service providers introduce innovative products currently in use around the world which are cost effective, efficient and safe. Keyword: E banking, DOI : 10.7176/JIEA/10-1-02 Publication date: January 31 st 2020

E-Revenue Adoption in State Internal Revenue Service

This paper focuses on investigating factors affecting e-revenue adoption in State Internally Revenue Service. The study utilizes a quantitative research methods. A conceptual research model to investigate factors affecting e-revenue was developed by integrating technology, organisation, and environment framework. The constructs employed in predicting e-revenue adoption include technological competence, financial cost, internal need, satisfaction with existing system, competitive pressure, taxpayer readiness, government regulation. Data were collected from 140 staff of the ICT department, collection departments, and some management staff of State Internal Revenue Service in three state of Nigeria. The data were analysed based on PLS-SEM using SmartPLS 3.0. The result shows that financial cost, level of satisfaction with existing system, internal need of the revenue agencies, government regulation, and competitive pressure are significant factors influencing the adoption of e-revenue in Nigeria.

Strategic Planning of Information System using Ward and Peppard in the Ministry of Health, Timor Leste

The increase of public services based on information and communication technology (e-Government) requires a government organization to have IS / IT strategic planning. One of the benefits of IS and IT strategic planning is that e-Government development becomes more targeted, effective, efficient and transparent to support good and clean governance. Ministry of Health Department ICT Timor Leste has also implemented the IS/ IT in carrying out its duties and services, but the use of IS in the office has not been done fully or fully implemented, and there are still many activities that are done conventionally which consequently make the office cannot achieve optimal target and performance. The purpose of writing this Thesis is intended to carry out strategic planning in the operational process of public services to find out the deficiencies that occur in the process of public service, then plan the system strategies and technologies that can improve the system that has been built at the ICT Department of the Ministry of Health of Timor Leste. The method used is the method of analysis, field study methods, and literature study methods. The method used is based on the concept of Ward and Peppard. the analytical methods used are SWOT analysis, PEST analysis, critical success factors analysis, IT Balanced Scorecard analysis and Mc Farlan’s Strategy Grid Analysis. Strategic planning is made and developed from existing IS / IT at the time the research was conducted to fit the direction of organizational development. From the research carried out, an information system strategy and public service operational process technology planning was produced in detail with the aim of helping to facilitate the managers and staff of the Department of ICT in the Ministry of Health to be able to manage their operational processes properly and be able to achieve optimal targets and performance.

Preliminary study on the development of blended learning (BLM) model: based on needs analysis and learning independence

The purpose of this study was to analyze the needs and independence of learning in the development of the Blended Learning Model (BLM). The research method uses survey methods. Data collection was carried out using questionnaires and interviews with 87 students, ten lecturers and one person in the ICT department. Data analysis was carried out with descriptive analysis and content analysis. The results of the research in the four stages of needs analysis were obtained, namely: 1) initiation, the selection of compulsory courses in BLM development; 2) identification, identifying selected course material; 3) targets, users of BLM courses, namely students, lecturers at team teaching and ICT head departments; 4) fulfillment of needs, development of BLM based on the characteristics and availability of available facilities. Analysis of student learning independence is in the sufficient category, which shows that there are still various difficulties in the formation of student learning independence due to limited learning resources, lecturers use one learning source more, conventional approaches dominate the way of delivering material, and rarely using connections internet directly in the lecture process. Besides, other difficulties are limited time in developing interesting learning media and by the characteristics of the subject and characteristics of students.

Influential Factors on Customers' Satisfaction of Rural ICT Offices: A Case Study of Lordegan Township in Iran

Rural ICT offices (Centers) are one of the initiatives of ICT department in Iran for fulfillment of the rural development process via ICT. Success and effectiveness of these offices depend on the customers' satisfaction regarding the received services. This paper as the one of the first studies in the field of "customers' satisfaction of rural ICT offices" in Iran and the first one in Chahar Mahal va Bakhtiari Province attempts to identify the factors affecting customer satisfaction of ICT offices services in Lordegan Township as a part of Chahar Mahal va Bakhtiari Province. The sample included 39 rural ICT offices (As sample unit) and 272 individuals (As observational unit), who were selected by proportional cluster random sampling method. Survey method was used, and the data was analyzed by correlation and multiple regression techniques. Based on the regression models related to the young and middle-aged groups, 3 variables showed to have significant impact on customers' satisfaction of rural ICT offices in Lordegan Township (Complexity, relative advantage, and educational level) and about the old group, it is deduced that the variable of compatibility has a significant impact on the dependent variable. According to the results, through removing the weaknesses of ICT offices the rural satisfaction of ICT offices can be reinforced.

Towards Secure Data Flow Oriented Multi-Vendor ICT Governance Model

Today, still, ICT Governance is being regarded as a departmental concern, not an overall organizational concern. History has shown us that implementation strategies, which are based on departments, results in fractional implementations leading to ad hoc solutions with no central control and stagnation for the in-house ICT strategy. Further, this recently has created an opinion trend; many are talking about the ICT department as being redundant, a dying out breed, which should be replaced by on-demand specialized external services. Clearly, the evermore changing surroundings do force organizations to accelerate the pace of new adaptations within their ICT plans, more vivacious than most organizations currently is able to. This leads to that ICT departments tend to be reactive rather than acting proactively and take the lead in the increased transformation pace in which organizations find themselves. Simultaneously, the monolithic systems of the 1980ies/1990ies is often very dominating in an organization, consume too much of the yearly IT budget, leaving healthy system development behind. These systems were designed before data became an organizational all-encompassing resource; the systems were designed more or less in isolation in regards to the surrounding environment. These solutions make data sharing costly and not at all optimal. Additionally, in strives to adapt to the organization’s evolution, the initial architecture has become disrupted and built up in shreds. Adding to this, on May 25, 2018, an upgraded EU Privacy Regulation on General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) will be activated. This upgraded privacy regulation includes a substantial strengthening of 1994’s data privacy regulation, which will profoundly affect EU organizations. This regulation will, among other things, limit the right to collect and process personal data and will give the data subject all rights to his/her data sets, independentof where this data is/has been collected and by whom. Such regulation force data collecting and processingorganizations to have total control over any personal data collected and processed. This includes detailedunderstanding of data flows, including who did what and when and under who’s authorization, and how data istransported and stored. Concerning data/information flows, maps are a mandatory part of the system documentation. This encompasses all systems, including outsourced such as cloud services. Hence, individual departments cannot any longer claim they “own” data. Further, since mid-2000, we have seen aglobal inter-organizational data integration, independent of organizations, public or private. If this integration ceasesto exist, the result will be a threat to the survival of the organization. Additionally, if the organization fails to providea transparent documentation according to the GDPR, substantial economic risk is at stake. So, the discussion aboutthe ICT departments’ demise is inapt. Any organizational change will require costly and time-consuming ICTdevelopment efforts to adapt to the legislation of today’s situation. Further, since data nowadays is interconnectedand transformed at all levels, interacting at multiple intersections all over the organization, and becoming a unifiedbase of all operative decisions, an ICT governance model for the organization is required.

Investigating The Effect of Behavioral Intention on E-learning Systems Usage: Empirical Study on Tertiary Education Institutions in Ghana

AbstractThe objective of the study aimed at assessing the relationship that exists between antecedents of behavioral intentions, and how they impact on the usage of E-learning systems in tertiary institutions in Ghana. Empirical data for the study was obtained through a survey from 237 respondents made up of; governing council members, school management members, faculty members, ICT department staff and students from five tertiary education institutions in Ghana. The study developed an extended Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) by incorporating an external variable, self-efficacy. The hypothesized model was examined using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLSSEM) technique using Smart PLS version 12 software. The paper argues that perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use and self-efficacy influenced individual’s behavioral intentions to utilize E-learning systems. However, the findings confirm that, through the mediating role of individuals’ behavioral intention to use, self-efficacy is the most influential factor that affects individual’s behavioral intentions to utilize E-learning systems in Ghana’s tertiary education institutions, relative to perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use. This result implies that self-efficacy is the main behavioral intention factor in determining E-learning system utilization, in Ghana’s tertiary education context. This study satisfies or fills an E-learning utilization literature shortfall by the extension of the Technological Acceptance Model (TAM) to investigate antecedents of behavioral intentions and their impact on E-learning systems usage among tertiary education institutions. Also, the study demonstrates the importance of behavioral intention-to-use as playing a full mediating role between self-efficacy and E-learning system usage.

An industrial case study on the use of UML in software maintenance and its perceived benefits and hurdles

UML is a commonly-used graphical language for the modelling of software. Works regarding UML’s effectiveness have studied projects that develop software systems from scratch. Yet the maintenance of software consumes a large share of the overall time and effort required to develop software systems. This study, therefore, focuses on the use of UML in software maintenance. We wish to elicit the practices of the software modelling used during maintenance in industry and understand what are perceived as hurdles and benefits when using modelling. In order to achieve a high level of realism, we performed a case study in a multinational company’s ICT department. The analysis is based on 31 interviews with employees who work on software maintenance projects. The interviewees played different roles and provided complementary views about the use, hurdles and benefits of software modelling and the use of UML. Our study uncovered a broad range of modelling-related practices, which are presented in a theoretical framework that illustrates how these practices are linked to the specific goals and context of software engineering projects. We present a list of recommended practices that contribute to the increased effectiveness of software modelling. The use of software modelling notations (like UML) is considered beneficial for software maintenance, but needs to be tailored to its context. Various practices that contribute to the effective use of modelling are commonly overlooked, suggesting that a more conscious holistic approach with which to integrate modelling practices into the overall software engineering approach is required.