Iconic Model Research Articles

Climate Change Feedbacks in Aquaplanet Experiments With Explicit and Parametrized Convection for Horizontal Resolutions of 2,525 Up to 5 km

AbstractEarth's equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) is the long‐term response to doubled atmospheric CO2 and likely between 1.5 and 4.5 K. Conventional general circulation models do not convincingly narrow down this range, and newly developed nonhydrostatic models with relatively fine horizontal resolutions of a few kilometers have thus far delivered diverse results. Here we use the nonhydrostatic ICON model with the physics package normally used for climate simulations at resolutions as fine as 5 km to study the response to a uniform surface warming in an aquaplanet configuration. We apply the model in two setups: one with convection parametrization employed and one with explicit convection. ICON exhibits a negative total feedback independent of convective representation, thus providing a stable climate with an ECS comparable to other general circulation models, though three interesting new results are found. First, ECS varies little across resolution for both setups but runs with explicit convection have systematically lower ECS than the parametrized case, mainly due to more negative tropical clear‐sky longwave feedbacks. These are a consequence of a drier mean state of about 6% relative humidity for explicit convection and less midtropospheric moistening with global warming. Second, shortwave feedbacks switch from positive to negative with increasing resolution, originating foremost in the tropics and high latitudes. Third, the model shows no discernible high cloud area feedback (iris effect) in any configuration. It is possible that ICON's climate model parametrizations applied here are less appropriate for cloud resolving scales, and therefore, ongoing developments aim at implementing a more advanced prognostic cloud microphysics scheme.

Оценка точности комплексного метода геодезического контроля подкрановых путей мостовых кранов

The method of using the electronic total station for a complex method of geodetic controlling tracks of bridge cranes is explained. This technique provides for the direct determining the x, y, z coordinates of the crane rails axial points in the controlled section of the track from one point of the total station. The values of x and y can calculate the track width and control the straightness of the rails, and the values of z to find the excess between the rail points in the row and span. Estimating the accuracy of such control’s results by obtaining the covariance matrix of coordinate errors is shown. It is noted that this form of accuracy representation is not clear enough, depends on the orientation of the coordinate axes and is not informative. The article proposes a simple method of assessing the accuracy of survey points in the directions oriented relative to crane tracks. This technique is based on the geometric interpreting the error of the defined points’ position using the circles of mean square errors, which can be constructed in any plane of three-dimensional space. By the radius-vector of these circles the MSE point defined can be judged in any given direction. On the example of estimating the accuracy of the track crane’s track width the iconic modeling is made, which confirmed the simplicity, reliability, accessibility and meaningfulness of the proposed methodology.

Automotive Components 3D Printed in Series

AbstractIn the automotive sector, limited editions of successful models are a smart marketing move. But car makers are always looking for specific ways to distinguish themselves from their competitors within their market segments. DS Automobiles, a brand by the PSA Group, managed to establish itself on the premium segment within a few years thanks to a series of iconic models.

Towards an icon model of gentrification: Global capitalism, policing, and the struggle for iconic spaces in Mexico City

This paper expands upon Leslie Sklair’s concept of ‘iconicity’ to understand gentrification as a ‘glocal’ process wherein elites attempt to brand cities and exclude undesirable populations to attract capital investment. By focusing on the creation, commercialisation, and maintenance (via punitive policing) of iconic architectural and cultural spaces, I attempt to shed light on the economic, cultural, and political practices that have emerged in response to the ripening contradiction between increasing transnational investment in cities and worsening inequality/displacement in urban areas throughout the globe. Utilising this ‘icon model of gentrification’ to investigate ongoing gentrification within Mexico City, I illustrate the usefulness of the model.

Modelos icónicos de las imágenes de la inspiración del autor religioso (Edad Media-Siglo XVIII)

Miles son las imágenes de autores realizadas entre la Edad Media y el Siglo de Oro. Este trabajo pretende analizar una selección de ellas, procedentes de varios soportes (impreso, manuscrito, etc.) y de variadas técnicas (miniatura, grabado, óleo sobre lienzo), desde una perspectiva centrada en la representación de la inspiración del autor en el momento de la escritura, para determinar la existencia de modelos icónicos y ver cómo evolucionaron.

Topological states in the Kronig–Penney model with arbitrary scattering potentials

We use an exact solution to the fundamental finite Kronig–Penney model with arbitrary positions and strengths of scattering sites to show that this iconic model can possess topologically nontrivial properties. By using free parameters of the system as extra dimensions we demonstrate the appearance of topologically protected edge states as well as the emergence of a Hofstadter butterfly-like quasimomentum spectrum, even in the case of small numbers of scattering sites. We investigate the behavior of the system in the weak and strong scattering regimes and observe drastically different shapes of the quasimomentum spectrum.

Integrated constraints optimization for surface and sub-surface towards CAPEX free maximizing production

Integrated process operations and optimization are highly demanded in petroleum industries due to increasing costs. One of the advances is monitoring the integrated process by using single modeling and optimizing platform. This paper presents iCON, PETRONAS owned process simulation software, to predict the optimum pressure set point for separator train and choke valves’ opening, to maximize production in an existing facility. The source code developed was used to generate pressure and flow equation for each well to obtain material compositions for iCON model. Starting from current topside operating separator pressure, multiple case studies were run in iCON to produce production profiles at different operating pressures. The optimum pressure will be iteratively analyzed against the process constraint to locate the global optimum topside separator pressure set point. A single surface and sub-surface modeling platform ensures seamless data transfer, thermodynamic stability and efficient optimization iteration. The findings from this research are considered reaping the additional gas and oil production just by changing surface facilities separators set points and individual choke valve opening without violating process constraints.

Physically Constrained Stochastic Shallow Convection in Realistic Kilometer‐Scale Simulations

AbstractA new configuration of a parameterization for shallow convection in the Icosahedral Nonhydrostatic Model (ICON) is described and tested on a single realistic test case. As a test case, a shallow convective day over Germany is simulated using four different configurations of ICON. These configurations differ by the choice of the shallow convection parameterization, which can be deterministic, stochastic, or completely switched off. As the fourth configuration, the ICON large eddy simulation setup is used as a reference against which the three other ICON model configurations are tested and compared at resolutions from 1 to 10 km. It is demonstrated that a deterministic mass flux closure combined with the stochastic sampling of the cloud base mass fluxes corrects the spatial and temporal distribution of cloudiness. The mean vertical structure of the cloud layer and vertical profiles of the thermodynamic variables in the boundary layer are also improved. The stochastic parameterization adapts to the model resolution by its formulation, while a limited scale‐aware behavior is present in the outcome of the simulations. This limitation stems from the resolution dependence of the resolved dynamics, which produces incorrect distributions of cloudiness, and scale‐dependence opposite of what is expected based on the reference large eddy simulation results. The deterministic version of the convection scheme cannot correct the behavior of the resolved dynamics, while the stochastic version corrects the resolved dynamics to some extent and improves the overall behavior across resolutions.

"Skinny" and "Fat" DNA: Two New Double Helices.

According to the iconic model, the Watson-Crick double helix exploits nucleobase pairs that are both size complementary (big purines pair with small pyrimidines) and hydrogen bond complementary (hydrogen bond donors pair with hydrogen bond acceptors). Using a synthetic biology strategy, we report here the discovery of two new DNA-like systems that appear to support molecular recognition with the same proficiency as standard Watson-Crick DNA. However, these both violate size complementarity (big pairs with small), retaining hydrogen bond complementarity (donors pair with acceptors) as their only specificity principle. They exclude mismatches as well as standard Watson-Crick DNA excludes mismatches. In crystal structures, these "skinny" and "fat" systems form the expected hydrogen bonds, while conferring novel minor groove properties to the resultant duplex regions of the DNA oligonucleotides. Further, computational tools, previously tested primarily on natural DNA, appear to work well for these two new molecular recognition systems, offering a validation of the power of modern computational biology. These new molecular recognition systems may have application in materials science and synthetic biology, and in developing our understanding of alternative ways that genetic information might be stored and transmitted.

Verification of a Many-Ion Simulator of the Dicke Model Through Slow Quenches across a Phase Transition.

We use a self-assembled two-dimensional Coulomb crystal of ∼70 ions in the presence of an external transverse field to engineer a simulator of the Dicke Hamiltonian, an iconic model in quantum optics which features a quantum phase transition between a superradiant (ferromagnetic) and a normal (paramagnetic) phase. We experimentally implement slow quenches across the quantum critical point and benchmark the dynamics and the performance of the simulator through extensive theory-experiment comparisons which show excellent agreement. The implementation of the Dicke model in fully controllable trapped ion arrays can open a path for the generation of highly entangled states useful for enhanced metrology and the observation of scrambling and quantum chaos in a many-body system.

All-sky information content analysis for novel passive microwave instruments in the range from 23.8 to 874.4 GHz

Abstract. We perform an all-sky information content analysis for channels in the millimetre and sub-millimetre wavelength with 24 channels in the region from 23.8 to 874.4 GHz. The employed set of channels corresponds to the instruments ISMAR and MARSS, which are available on the British FAAM research aircraft, and it is complemented by two precipitation channels at low frequencies from Deimos. The channels also cover ICI, which will be part of the MetOp-SG mission. We use simulated atmospheres from the ICON model as basis for the study and quantify the information content with the reduction of degrees of freedom (ΔDOF). The required Jacobians are calculated with the radiative transfer model ARTS. Specifically we focus on the dependence of the information content on the atmospheric composition. In general we find a high information content for the frozen hydrometeors, which mainly comes from the higher frequency channels beyond 183.31 GHz (on average 3.10 for cloud ice and 2.57 for snow). Considerable information about the microphysical properties, especially for cloud ice, can be gained. The information content about the liquid hydrometeors comes from the lower frequency channels. It is 1.69 for liquid cloud water and 1.08 for rain using the full set of channels. The Jacobians for a specific cloud hydrometeor strongly depend on the atmospheric composition. Especially for the liquid hydrometeors the Jacobians even change sign in some cases. However, the information content is robust across different atmospheric compositions. For liquid hydrometeors the information content decreases in the presence of any frozen hydrometeor, for the frozen hydrometeors it decreases slightly in the presence of the respective other frozen hydrometeor. Due to the lack of channels below 183 GHz liquid hydrometeors are hardly seen by ICI. However, the overall results with regard to the frozen hydrometeors also hold for the ICI sensor. This points to ICI's great ability to observe ice clouds from space on a global scale with a good spatial coverage in unprecedented detail.

La pensee critique en science: presentation d 'un modele iconique en vue d 'une definition operationnelle

In this paper, a critical review of literature is provided and different ways of defining critical thinking in science are explored: A tentative iconic model and an operational definition are proposed in order to stimulate exploratory observations and, eventually, the development of teaching strategies in science taking into account critical thinking. In our model, three main components of critical thinking are identified: the affective component (dispositions), the cognitive component (knowledge, basic skills, high order skills) , and the behavioral component (contextualised or generalised behaviors). The cognitive component is embedded in the affective component which modifies the development as well as the use of critical thinking skills and knowledge. The links between the environment and these critical thinking components are described as well as their mutual influences. This model emphasizes the key role of affectivity in the development and actualization of critical thinking in everyday life as a critical spirit.

The semiotics of models

The paper sheds light on the concept of model in ordinary language and in scientific discourse from the perspective of C. S. Peirce’s semiotics. It proposes a general Peircean framework for the definition of models of all kinds, including mental models. A survey of definitions of scientific models that have been influential in the philosophy of science and of the typologies proposed in this context is given. The author criticizes the heterogeneity of the criteria applied in these typologies and the lack of a semiotic foundation in typological distinctions between formal, symbolic, theoretical, metaphorical, and iconic models, among others. The paper argues that the application of Peirce’s subdivision of signs into the trichotomies of the sign itself, its object, and its interpretant can offer a deeper understanding of the nature of models. Semiotic topics in the focus of the paper are (1) the distinction between models as signs and (mental) models as the interpretants of signs; (2) models considered as a type (or legisign) and models considered as tokens (or replicas) of a type; (3) the iconicity of models, including diagrammatic and metaphorical icons; (4) the contribution of indices and symbols to the informativity of models; and (5) the rhetorical qualities of models in scientific discourse. The paper argues in conclusion that informative models are hybrid signs in which a diagram incorporates indices and symbols in a rhetorically efficient way.

Procedures, Products and Pictures

AbstractIn several recent publications in the philosophy of chemistry we have made use of a repertoire of analytical concepts to guide our investigations. Perhaps studies of other sophisticated knowledge garnering practices could benefit from adopting this analytical scheme if we want to understand their merits and drawbacks. Our suggestions for shaping methodologies for philosophical studies in particular fields of interest includes both the natural sciences, legal systems in action, economies and their management, warfare, preparing the dishes of a cuisine, and so on. Adopting our proposals would encourage philosophers to examine our world seen as fields of material and cultural/social entities affording opportunities for action. At a certain level of analysis, the products of such action, appear to be perfectly identical entities, fungibles. There are no fungibles in nature. They must therefore be thought of as constituents of iconic models. Our scheme for critically examining the practices of investigators is meant to ensure the intelligibility both of the relevant discourse and the trustworthiness of the practices of the discipline in question. The Third Wittgenstein's ‘hinges’ that function as necessities and yet are vulnerable to empirical assessment provide a generic frame for analyses of human practices.

Modeling and simulation of high redundancy actuator for fault-tolerance

The High Redundancy Actuator (HRA) deals with the intrinsic fault-tolerance actuation by having a large number of small actuation elements coupled in series and parallel configuration. Each actuation element is a linear Electromechanical Actuator (EMA) and these actuators work collectively to form a single HRA. The mathematical modeling and simulation of a HRA having nine actuation elements in 3×3 series-in-parallel configuration are discussed in the present work. The performance of single actuation element as well as 3×3 HRA are projected under both healthy and faulty conditions. Mathematical modeling equations of single actuation element were solved in MATLAB/Simulink module and based on the results obtained, an iconic model of HRA with series-in-parallel configuration was modeled in Simulink/Simscape module. The simulation results are observed in open-loop and closed-loop control of actuation elements under both healthy and faulty conditions. It was observed that there is no sudden failure of actuation, but there is a graceful degradation in the performance of actuation depending upon the number of faulty elements. However, the actuator was in working condition even after three actuation elements are failed.

Development of a high redundancy actuator with direct driven linear electromechanical actuators for fault-tolerance

The High Redundancy Actuator (HRA) deals with the intrinsic fault-tolerance actuation by having a large number of small actuation elements coupled in series and parallel configuration to form as a single actuator. There is a wide range of actuation elements that are suitable for a HRA, but the present work focused on a direct-driven linear Electromechanical Actuator (EMA). The actuation elements are connected in 3×3 series-in-parallel configuration in the HRA. The mathematical modeling of a single EMA was derived and the equations were solved using MATLAB/Simulink module. Based on the results obtained from the mathematical model, an iconic model of HRA with nine actuation elements was modeled using Simulink/simscape module. The performance of the 3×3 HRA was projected in both open and closed-loop under healthy and faulty conditions. It was observed that there is no sudden failure of actuation, but there is a graceful degradation in the performance of actuation depending upon the number of faulty elements. However, the actuator completes the required task even after the failure of three actuation elements within the HRA.

Thermosphere-Ionosphere-Electrodynamics General Circulation Model for the Ionospheric Connection Explorer: TIEGCM-ICON.

The NASA Ionospheric Connection explorer (ICON) will study the coupling between the thermosphere and ionosphere at low- and mid-latitudes by measuring the key parameters. The ICON mission will also employ numerical modeling to support the interpretation of the observations, and examine the importance of different vertical coupling mechanisms by conducting numerical experiments. One of these models is the Thermosphere-Ionosphere-Electrodynamics General Circulation Model-ICON (TIEGCM-ICON) which will be driven by tidal perturbations derived from ICON observations using the Hough Mode Extension method (HME) and at high latitude by ion convection and auroral particle precipitation patterns from the Assimilative Mapping of Ionospheric Electrodynamics (AMIE). The TIEGCM-ICON will simulate the thermosphere-ionosphere (TI) system during the period of the ICON mission. In this report the TIEGCM-ICON is introduced, and the focus is on examining the effect of the lower boundary on the TI-system to provide some guidance for interpreting future ICON model results.

Exploring the dimensions of place branding: an application of the ICON model to the branding of Toronto

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the place branding dimensions of a city undergoing a concerted effort to build a distinctive brand for itself.Design/methodology/approachA qualitative, exploratory approach is adopted, applying the ICON model of place branding to the multistakeholder city branding strategy of Toronto. A combination of interviews, participant observation, content analysis and professional reflection inform the study.FindingsToronto’s emergence as a creative city with global standing has been achieved, in part, through a holistic and collaborative approach that is integrated, contextualized, organic and new.Practical implicationsPlace and destination promoters are offered a practical application of the ICON model of place branding, informing future initiatives and offering insight into good practice.Originality/valueViewed through the lens of the ICON model, the paper provides insights into the collaborative and innovate practices that characterize effective city branding.

Projects-Based Mid-Assessment Model of English at the Junior High School Grade 7

This article offers a project-based model of mid-term assessment for junior high school gradeseven. The model was proposed to help English teachers in assessing their students? learningprocess and learning results according to Curriculum 2013. English teachers still finddifficulty creating an authentic and holistic assessment due to the time limitation. Theresearch questions are first, whatthe model of project-based mid-term assessment of Englishat the junior high school grade 7 look likes and second, how the project-based mid-termassessment support teachers to conduct mid-term assessment. Thisis R D research, which has two goals: the research goal and project goal. First, theresearch goal is to present the iconic model version of authentic mid-term assessment ofEnglish learning. The project goal is to develop the authentic mid-term assessment of Englishlearning for junior high school students and to understand the teachers? perceptions of thisassessment. The results of the pilot study showed that this model was authentic and holistic.However the proposed model still needs revisions in order to become more effective inassessing students? learning process.Keywords: assessment model, project-based, senior junior high school

Moodle-Based Learning Model for Paragraph Writing Class

Todays language classroom is vastly different from that of the twentieth century. The trends in language learning are moving forward in a way as to empower language learners to interact with others. Time and place boundaries are transcended by internet-based media to facilitate the interaction they are eager to make. Language teachers must now be able to utilize internet for language learning, especially in writing class because most learners assume that writing skill is the hardest part of language to learn, which require learners to practice intensively in order to gain mastery. Moodle (Modular, Object-Oriented, Dynamic, and Learning Environment) is one of many internet-based media through which teachers can work with students, whether in distance mode or as a supplement to face-to-face teaching. There are four basic things teachers and students can do with Moodle, namely: storing, communicating, collaborating, and evaluating. Considering those potentials, this research aimed at developing a Moodle learning model of Paragraph Writing at the university level. The result of the research was the theoretical model and the iconic Moodle learning model. The theoretical model presents the Moodle features that were selected according to their suitability with the theory of paragraph writing as well as with the CALL principles and Gagnes nine events of instruction. The iconic model was developed by making some revisions based on the results of the expert validation and the user validation. The iconic learning model could be accessed on www.writing2pbi.mdl2.com.DOI: https://doi.org/10.24071/llt.2015.180201