Ice Particles Research Articles

Effect of source strength on the simulation of jet dispersion and hazard distances during accidental release of liquid CO2

Accidental release of liquid CO2 can pose a certain risk to people, animals and equipment near release points. In addition to asphyxiation, cryogenic burns and dry-ice inhalation are potential risks that must be considered. In this study, a source model was established considering the formation of dry ice, which can quickly provide the inlet boundary condition for the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model to simulate the jet dispersion of liquid CO2. The size distribution of the dry ice particles was described by the Rosin-Rammler expression. The effects of size distribution, initial pressure, liquid mass fraction and orifice size on the temperature, velocity, CO2 concentration, mass flow rate (nonsublimated dry ice) and survival distance were analysed. A quantitively risk assessment (QRA) method was used to evaluated the joint impact of source strength, dose-effect and impingement distance. The hazard distances associated with asphyxiation, cryogenic burn and dry ice inhalation were assessed. The results showed that the prediction errors of the mass flow rate using the source model were lower than 20 %. The temperature, velocity and CO2 concentration predicted by the CFD model agree well with the experimental results. The hazard distance was very dependent on and sensitive to the source strength and dose-effect.

Friction behaviors and flow resistances of rock-ice avalanches

Rock-ice avalanches have high mobility and enormous destructive potential. However, the friction behaviors and flow resistance during the transition of flow regimes of the rock-ice avalanche remains an unsolved problem. Based on a series of measurements of normal, shear stress and pore water pressure at the rotating drum in a temperature-controllable laboratory, we quantify the influence of the ice content, particle size, drum velocity, and meltwater on the friction behaviors. The findings reveal that ice acts as a low-friction particle, leading to a significant reduction in frictional resistance of both particle-particle and particle-base. Furthermore, meltwater lubricates the particles and provides buoyancy, which also increases the mobility of the rock-ice avalanche. In addition, the augmentation of flow resistance is attributed to the increased particle size and drum velocity, thereby intensifying shear motion. In order to propose an unify theoretical model to calculate the flow resistance of rock-ice avalanche in various flow regimes. A heuristic model that relies on the extended dynamics theory is modified and can be well described the flow resistance of the tests involved in this paper. This study in the friction behaviors and flow resistance depending on the internal/external factors may be considered in hazard assessments of rock-ice avalanches in cold high-mountain regions.

Chemical characterization and speciation of the soluble fraction of Arctic PM10

The chemical composition of the soluble fraction of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) and how these components can combine with each other to form different species affect the chemistry of the aqueous phase dispersed in the atmosphere: raindrops, clouds, fog, and ice particles. The study was focused on the analysis of the soluble fraction of Arctic PM10 samples collected at Ny-Ålesund (Svalbard Islands, Norwegian Arctic) during the year 2012. The concentration values of Na+, K+, NH4+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Fe3+, Al3+, Cl−, NO2−, NO3−, SO42−, PO43−, formate, acetate, malonate, and oxalate in the water-soluble fraction of PM10 were determined by atomic spectroscopy and ion chromatography. Speciation models were applied to define the major species that would occur in aqueous solution as a function of pH (2–10). The model highlights that (i) the main cations such as Na+, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ occur in the form of aquoions in the whole investigated pH range; (ii) Cu2+, Zn2+, and, in particular, Fe3+ and Al3+ are mostly present in their hydrolytic forms; and (iii) Al3+, Fe3+, and Cu2+ form solid hydrolytic species that precipitate at pH values slightly higher than neutrality. These latter metals show interesting interactions with oxalate and sulfate ions, too. The speciation models were also calculated considering the seasonal variability of the concentration of the components and at higher concentration levels than those found in water PM extracts, to better simulate concentrations actually found in the atmospheric aqueous phase. The results highlight the role of oxalate as the main organic ligand in solution.Graphical

Under cover ice transport processes under equilibrium and non-equilibrium conditions

The transport of ice particles beneath a stable ice cover (referred to as cover load transport), and the processes leading to ice deposition and erosion are highly dynamic and complex. Based on the strong analogous relationship between bed load and cover load transport processes, knowledge from bed load transport research can be used when developing experiments for cover load transport processes. This paper presents a detailed experimental study of cover load transport rate in a laboratory flume with simulated ice particles and a simulated ice cover. The effect of the particle shape and size on cover load transport rate is quantified using the buoyant velocity and its velocity coefficient. The critical dimensionless flow strength is identified as an important parameter which determines the incipient motion of the under cover ice particles, and was calculated using hydraulic measurements obtained through laboratory experiments. A new cover load transport formula is introduced based on regression analysis of experimental data for a wide range of dimensionless flow strength conditions. The impact of incoming ice supply rate on the under cover ice transport rate was also investigated by altering the ice supply rate to the flume. A control volume analysis of ice discharge underneath the ice cover is used as the approach to quantify the dimensionless ice transport rate at different sections of the flume. The concept of equilibrium ice transport rate is introduced based on the experimental observations with variable incoming ice supply rates. The experimental observations on the impact of incoming ice supply were supported by an analysis of field data from Hequ Reach, China (Sun et al., 1986; Wang, 1992). The introduction of a cover load transport formula developed exclusively with simulated ice particles that have similar physical properties to ice forming in a natural environment, and the discussion on equilibrium ice transport rate are important contributions to advance the present understanding on under cover ice transport processes.

Characterization of corrosion products formed on Q235 carbon steel and T2 copper in the Antarctic atmosphere

This study delves into the intricate corrosion behavior of ferrous and non-ferrous alloys in the challenging Antarctic marine atmosphere. Despite the harsh conditions and exceptionally low anthropogenic emissions in Antarctica, materials are still susceptible to severe corrosion. The investigation focuses on two materials: Q235 carbon steel and T2 copper. Both display distinct corrosion cases between their skyward and groundward sides due to the abrasive impact of persistent strong winds carrying ice particles and grit. Electrochemical reactions at the anode and cathode drive surface corrosion processes, involving Cl− and SO42−, ultimately leading to the formation of various corrosion products. The study highlights the role of sulfur-containing aerosols, Methanesulfonic acid (MSA) and non-sea-salt sulfate (nss-SO42-) in corrosion processes, as well as the interaction between Cl− and copper in forming corrosion products. The findings emphasize the complex interplay of environmental factors like wind, ice cover, and aerosols with materials, leading to diverse corrosion products and surface transformations. Further research is crucial to gain a comprehensive understanding of corrosion challenges in extreme environments like Antarctica and to develop effective mitigation strategies.

Responses of Simulated Arctic Mixed-Phase Clouds to Parameterized Ice Particle Shape

Abstract In simulations of Arctic mixed-phase clouds, cloud persistence and the liquid water path (LWP) are sensitive to ice particle number concentrations. Here, we explore sensitivities of cloud microphysical properties to the dominant ice particle shape (dendrites, plates, columns, or spheres) using the SCALE-AMPS large-eddy simulation model. AMPS is a bin microphysics scheme that predicts particle shapes based on the inherent growth ratio (IGR) of spheroids, which determines vapor depositional growth rates along the a and c axes, and the rimed and aggregate mass fractions. We examine the impacts of various IGR values on simulations of clouds observed during the M-PACE and SHEBA experiments. Under M-PACE (SHEBA) conditions, LWP varies between 49 (1.1) and 230 (6.7) g m−2, and the ice water path (IWP) varies between 3 (0.03) and 40 (0.12) g m−2, depending on the ice shape. The lowest LWP and the highest IWP are obtained when columnar particles dominate because their low terminal velocities and large capacitance and collisional area result in large vapor deposition and riming rates, whereas the highest LWP and lowest IWP are obtained when spherical particles dominate because their vapor deposition and riming rates are low. Because ice particle shape significantly influences simulated Arctic mixed-phase clouds, reliable simulations require accurately estimated IGR values under various atmospheric conditions. Finally, comparisons between the simulation results and observations show that the size distribution larger than 2000 μm is better reproduced when the increase in rimed mass that causes ice particles to become spherical is suppressed. Significance Statement Atmospheric models have difficulties in reproducing Arctic mixed-phase clouds because of uncertainties in the parameterization of microphysical processes. This is the first study to use a large-eddy simulation model implemented with a habit-predicting bin microphysics scheme to demonstrate the important role of ice particle shape on the microphysical properties of both heavy-riming and no-riming mixed-phase clouds. We found the vapor deposition and riming rates to be greatly influenced by ice particle shape. By comparing the ice particle size distribution, mass–diameter relationship, and area ratio between simulation results and observations, we show that a hexagonal ice shape model and a riming model that simply converts ice crystals to graupel may not accurately reproduce actual heavy-riming clouds.

A Pathway for Collisional Planetesimal Growth in the Ice-dominant Regions of Protoplanetary Disks

We present a semi-analytic model for the growth, drift, desorption, and fragmentation of millimeter- to meter-sized particles in protoplanetary disks. Fragmentation occurs where particle collision velocities exceed critical fragmentation velocities. Using this criterion, we produce fragmentation regions in disk orbital radius–particle size phase space for particles with a range of material properties, structures, and compositions (including SiO2, Mg2SiO4, H2O, CO2, and CO). For reasonable disk conditions, compact aggregate H2O, CO2, and CO ice particles do not reach destructive relative velocities and are thus not likely to undergo collisional fragmentation. Uncoated silicate particles are more susceptible to collisional destruction and are expected to fragment in the inner disk, consistent with previous work. We then calculate the growth, drift, and sublimation of small particles, initially located in the outer disk. We find that ice-coated particles can avoid fragmentation as they grow and drift inward under a substantial range of disk conditions, as long as the particles are aggregates composed of 0.1 μm-sized monomers. Such particles may undergo runaway growth in disk regions abundant in H2O or CO2 ice, depending on the assumed disk temperature structure. These results indicate that icy collisional growth to planetesimally relevant sizes may happen efficiently throughout a disk’s lifetime, and is particularly robust at early times when the disk’s dust-to-gas ratio is comparable to that of the interstellar medium.

Effects of Inhomogeneous Ice Particle Habit Distribution on Passive Microwave Radiative Transfer Simulations

Effects of Inhomogeneous Ice Particle Habit Distribution on Passive Microwave Radiative Transfer Simulations

Steady-State Supersaturation Distributions for Clouds under Turbulent Forcing

Abstract The supersaturation equation for a vertically moving adiabatic cloud parcel is analyzed. The effects of turbulent updrafts are incorporated in the shape of a stochastic Lagrangian model, with spatial and time correlations expressed in terms of turbulent kinetic energy. Using the Fokker–Planck equation, the steady-state probability distributions of supersaturation are analytically computed for a number of approximations involving the time-scale separation between updraft fluctuations and phase relaxation, and droplet or ice particle size fluctuations. While the analytical results are presented in general for single-phase clouds, the calculated distributions are used to compute mixed-phase cloud properties—mixed fraction and mean liquid water content in an initially icy cloud—and are argued to be useful for generalizing and constructing new parameterization schemes. Significance Statement Supersaturation is the fuel for the development of clouds in the atmosphere. In this paper, our goal is to better understand the supersaturation budget of clouds embedded in a turbulent environment by analyzing the basic equations of cloud microphysics. It is found that the turbulent characteristics of an air parcel substantially affect the cloud’s supersaturation budget and hence its life cycle. This is also shown in the context of mixed-phase clouds where, depending on the turbulent regime, different liquid-to-ice ratios are found. Consequently, the theoretical approach of this paper is crucial to develop tools to parameterize small-scale atmospheric features, like clouds, into global circulation models to improve climate projections for the future.

Melting of a single ice microparticle on exposure to focused near-IR laser beam to yield a supercooled water droplet.

We observed for the first time that a single ice microparticle supported on a substrate melted photothermally to form a supercooled water droplet on exposure to tightly focused illumination with a 1064-nm laser beam that generated a point heat source. In situ Raman micro-spectroscopy clearly showed the formation of liquid water at the expense of ice. The observation of this melting is only possible when the experiment is performed with micrometer-sized ice particles. A previous attempt to melt millimeter-sized ice through photothermal heating of gold nanoaggregates fell short of expectations because only vapor formation, rather than liquid water formation, has been postulated. Our observation is significant because thermal confinement in a microscale compartment using a water-air interface as a heat-insulated wall can achieve particle temperatures above the melting point of water, whereas, in an unlimited space of ice, heat transfer from the heating center to the surroundings causes steep temperature decays, resulting in limited temperature increase.

MAVEN/IUVS Observations of OH Prompt Emission: Daytime Water Vapor in the Thermosphere of Mars

AbstractWe report the highest altitude detection of water vapor on Mars to date. The daytime limb observations by the Imaging Ultraviolet Spectrograph (IUVS) on the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) spacecraft are of hydroxyl (OH) prompt emission near 308 nm, which is excited directly from the photodissociation of water vapor by the solar Lyman‐α flux. Average IUVS daytime water vapor densities near 130 km are 3 × 107 cm−3 around perihelion. The water vapor densities diurnally vary with a peak near midday and no detection at sunrise and sunset. To evaluate the large daytime water vapor densities for self‐consistency, we also report the simultaneous observation of OH solar fluorescence emission near 308 nm in the thermosphere, which enables the retrieval of OH densities. Using a one‐dimensional photochemical model initialized with the daytime IUVS water vapor densities, modeled peak OH densities are in good agreement with the observed IUVS peak OH densities. Because the observed thermospheric temperatures are controlled by solar insolation and cross the water frost point during the day, we suggest that the IUVS observed water vapor is created by the daily sublimation of water ice particles supplied from below. We discuss the implications of the IUVS observations on the present day loss of water vapor from Mars in the form of atomic hydrogen.

Modelling the seasonal cycle of Uranus’s colour and magnitude, and comparison with Neptune

ABSTRACT We present a quantitative analysis of the seasonal record of Uranus’s disc-averaged colour and photometric magnitude in Strömgren b and y filters (centred at 467 and 551 nm, respectively), recorded at the Lowell Observatory from 1950 to 2016, and supplemented with HST/WFC3 observations from 2016 to 2022. We find that the seasonal variations of magnitude can be explained by the lower abundance of methane at polar latitudes combined with a time-dependent increase of the reflectivity of the aerosol particles in layer near the methane condensation level at 1 – 2 bar. This increase in reflectivity is consistent with the addition of conservatively scattering particles to this layer, for which the modelled background haze particles are strongly absorbing at both blue and red wavelengths. We suggest that this additional component may come from a higher proportion of methane ice particles. We suggest that the increase in reflectivity of Uranus in both filters between the equinoxes in 1966 and 2007, noted by previous authors, might be related to Uranus’s distance from the Sun and the production rate of dark photochemical haze products. Finally, we find that although the visible colour of Uranus is less blue than Neptune, due to the increased aerosol thickness on Uranus, and this difference is greatest at Uranus’s solstices, it is much less significant than is commonly believed due to a long-standing misperception of Neptune’s ‘true’ colour. We describe how filter-imaging observations, such as those from Voyager-2/ISS and HST/WFC3, should be processed to yield accurate true colour representations.

Quantifying the spatial inhomogeneity of ice concentration in mixed-phase stratiform cloud using airborne observation

The distribution of ice particles strongly affects the microphysical processes in mixed-phase clouds, but the inhomogeneity of ice distribution is not well understood. In this paper, based on airborne in-situ measurements from three flights on May 31, 2021 in Hulun Buir, China, the inhomogeneity and clustering of ice distribution in a stratiform cloud is quantitatively analyzed using the pair correlation function (PCF). The results show that ice clusters on scales of a few kilometers dominate the inhomogeneity of the ice distribution. Due to the cumulative impact of ice clusters on different scales, the probability of finding relative high ice concentration within a lag of 80 m can be enhanced by 0.1 to 3.5 times. On average, the scale of ice cluster is ∼100 m for a sampling distance of 1 km, and increases to 3.2 km for a sampling distance of 20 km. It is also found that the ice growth is not fast enough to cluster the ice water content (IWC), and the inhomogeneity of IWC is strongly influenced by ice generation in addition to ice growth in the observed cloud. The results are helpful to better understand the distribution of ice in mixed-phase cloud, and provide potentially important information to improve the parameterizations of microphysics in models.

Experimental investigation of an ice particle impinging on a flat plate

In the present study, we experimentally investigated the impinging process of an ice particle on a flat plate. A parameter study of impact velocity and impact angle of the ice particle was carefully carried out. Besides, the variations of fragments distribution and the mean dimensionless equivalent diameter of fragments were also analyzed. The results showed that the dimensionless equivalent diameters of most fragments concentrated in the range from 0.03 to 0.06. The relative frequency of the dimensionless equivalent diameter in the range from 0.03 to 0.06 increased with the dimensionless time, while the relative frequencies of the other ranges decreased. According to the results of Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) tests, the log-normal distribution was more suitable for our experimental results. However, as for the current impact velocities and impact angles, no clear relationship was found between the parameters of the log-normal distribution and the experimental conditions. In addition, the mean dimensionless equivalent diameter of fragments generally stabilized after a certain period of time, which gradually extended as the impact angle decreased. The effect of the impact angle on the change of the mean dimensionless equivalent diameter of fragments was not monotonous. Finally, based on the dimensionless parameter reported by Hauk et al. (2015), a new correlation of mean dimensionless equivalent diameter of fragments was proposed, which agreed well with our experimental results.

Unraveling the Fate of Impacted Ice Particles and the Consequences for Plume Fly‐Through Missions

AbstractPlanetary exploration mission concepts that include flying directly through material for collection and/or analysis are becoming increasingly common, with Enceladus water ice particles offering a particularly high‐value target. Despite this interest, understanding and predicting what happens to ice samples upon impacting a surface at the high‐ and hyper‐velocities expected for these missions remains a critical knowledge gap. We describe a set of custom simulations using the Hot Optimal Transportation Meshfree method that was implemented to better understand ice impacts. We then compare the simulations with relevant experimental results from the Aerosol Impact Spectrometer. These simulations and experiments illustrate the complex relationship between different energy dissipation mechanisms and how they affect the fate of the particle. These results highlight the importance of understanding the implications of this complex physics on successful sample collection and transfer in order to achieve the scientific goals of the mission.

Is there H2O stacking disordered ice I in the Solar System?

Water ice exists in large quantities across the Solar System, and it is involved in a wide range of atmospheric and geological processes. Here we focus on the question if stacking disordered ice I (ice Isd) is present in the Solar System. The conditions required to form ice Isd are described and we argue that previous descriptions of ‘cubic ice’ (ice Ic) in the literature may in fact have been concerned with ice Isd. In contrast to the stable hexagonal ice I (ice Ih) and ice Ic, ice Isd is a highly complex material that encompasses a wide range of possible stacking regimes and structures. The most fundamental quantity to describe a given ice Isd sample is its cubicity which reflects the fraction of cubic stacking. Following an introduction into the characterisation techniques used to identify and characterise ice Isd, we discuss the various environments in the Solar System where ice Isd may exist and the relevance its existence may have. This includes the atmospheres of the inner planets, various icy moons as well as comets and other icy objects in the far reaches of the Solar System. The details of the stacking disorder may contain information about the formation and thermal history of ice Isd samples. This offers the exciting prospect of using ice Isd as a marker material for atmospheric and geological processes. The crystallographic space group of ice Isd allows polar structures which could be an important factor for the accretion of ice particles in space. We conclude that ice Isd should exist at several locations in the Solar System and in potentially large quantities. The definitive identification of ice Isd in a natural environment is a next major milestone in our understanding of the importance of water ice across the Solar System.

Radial compositional profile of Saturn's E ring indicates substantial space weathering effects

Abstract Saturn's large and diffuse E ring is populated by microscopic water ice dust particles, which originate from the Enceladus plume. Cassini’s Cosmic Dust Analyser sampled these ice grains, revealing three compositional particle types with different concentrations of salts and organics. Here, we present the analysis of CDA mass spectra from several orbital periods of Cassini, covering the region from interior to Enceladus’ orbit to outside the orbit of Rhea, to map the distribution of the different particle types throughout the radial extent of the E ring. This will provide a better understanding of the potential impact of space weathering effects on to these particles, as the ice grains experience an increasing exposure age during their radially outward migration. In this context, we report the discovery of a new ice particle type (Type 5), which produces spectra indicative of very high salt concentrations, and which we suggest to evolve from less-salty Enceladean ice grains by space weathering. The radial compositional profile, now encompassing four particle types, reveals distinct radial variations in the E ring. At the orbital distance of Enceladus our results are in good agreement with earlier compositional analyses of E ring ice grains in the moon's vicinity. With increasing radial distance to Saturn however, our analysis suggests a growing degree of space weathering and considerable changes to the spatial distribution of the particle types. We also find that the proportion of Type 5 grains – peaking near Rhea's orbit – probably reflects particle charging processes in the E ring.

Microphysics of Heavy Rain Associated With the Eyewall and Inner Rainbands of Typhoon Meranti (2016)

AbstractHeavy rain in a tropical cyclone (TC) tends to occur in its eyewall and inner spiral rainbands. The distinct dynamical and thermodynamical structures between TC eyewall and inner rainbands were argued to be responsible for different rain microphysics by previous studies. Thus, this study investigated the microphysical characteristics of heavy rain (≥10 mm hr−1) associated with the eyewall and inner rainbands of Typhoon Meranti (2016), based on the joint observations of two disdrometers and a dual‐polarization radar (DPR) as well as automatic weather stations in Fujian province of China. The surface disdrometer observation showed that the eyewall rain has a larger mean raindrop diameter and a smaller mean concentration than the inner‐rainband rain. In general agreement with the disdrometer observation, the DPR observation confirmed larger sizes of raindrops near the ground in the eyewall. However, the vertical profiles of polarimetric variables showed larger values almost throughout the atmosphere in the eyewall, namely that more efficient ice‐ and warm‐cloud processes are evident for the production of ice and rain particles. This result looks contradictory to the lower concentration of the eyewall rain than the inner‐rainband rain as measured by surface disdrometers. This is because stronger updrafts observed in the eyewall not only facilitate the production and growth of hydrometeors, but also prevent small raindrops from falling to the ground. Consequently, the surface rain in the eyewall has larger raindrop diameter and lower concentration than that in the inner rainbands, despite a larger number of ice and rain particles in the atmosphere.

A neural-network-based method for generating synthetic 1.6 µm near-infrared satellite images

Abstract. In combination with observations from visible satellite channels, near-infrared channels can provide valuable additional cloud information, e.g. on cloud phase and particle sizes, which is also complementary to the information content of thermal infrared channels. Exploiting near-infrared channels for operational data assimilation and model evaluation requires a sufficiently fast and accurate forward operator. This study presents an extension to the method for fast satellite image synthesis (MFASIS) that allows for simulating reflectances of the 1.6 µm near-infrared channel based on a computationally efficient neural network with the same accuracy that has already been achieved for visible channels. For this purpose, it is important to better represent vertical variations in effective cloud particle radii, as well as mixed-phase clouds and molecular absorption in the idealized profiles used to train the neural network. A new approach employing a two-layer model of water, ice and mixed-phase clouds is described, and the relative importance of the different input parameters characterizing the idealized profiles is analysed. A comprehensive data set sampled from Integrated Forecasting System (IFS) forecasts together with different parameterizations of the effective water and ice particle radii is used for the development and evaluation of the method. Further evaluation uses a month of ICOsahedral Non-hydrostatic development based on version 2.6.1 (ICON-D2) hindcasts with effective radii directly determined by the two-moment microphysics scheme of the model. In all cases, the mean absolute reflectance error achieved is about 0.01 or smaller, which is an order of magnitude smaller than typical differences between reflectance observations and corresponding model values. The errors related to the imperfect training of the neural networks present only a small contribution to the total error, and evaluating the networks takes less than a microsecond per column on standard CPUs. The method is also applicable for many other visible and near-infrared channels with weak water vapour sensitivity.

Study on spray cooling characteristics of dry ice particles for IGBT in high-speed trains{fr}Etude des caractéristiques de refroidissement par pulvérisation des particules de glace sèche pour l'igbt dans le train à grande vitesse

Aiming at the high efficiency cooling problem of IGBT(Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor) module of traction converter for high-speed Train, a method of spray cooling with natural dry ice particles was proposed. The heat sinks with pin-fin and straight-fin structure were designed, and the heat sinks with optimum structure size selected by simulation were developed, and the heat sinks were provided with visual shells, as well as single outlet, double outlet and four outlet of the three different ways of outlet. The gas-solid two-phase flow, heat and mass transfer characteristics of dry ice particles in the heat sinks were studied by means of simulation and experiment. By comparison, it is found that the flow and heat transfer in the pin-fin heat sink have a good cooperation, and it is most suitable for the IGBT module with spray cooling of dry ice particles, which can reduce the temperature of IGBT from 70 ℃ to 55 ℃ in 75 s, compared with the fin-free heat sink, the heat transfer performance is improved by 12 %, and the double-outlet pin-fin heat sink has the best effect, the temperature difference of the heat transfer substrate is 19.8 ℃, and the average temperature of the heat transfer substrate is only 22.5 ℃ compared with that of the open type, which is 27.3 ℃ lower. Double outlet dry ice particles spray pin-fin heat sink is an efficient heat sink, thermal resistance is only 0.066 K/W, it can meet the current practical application of high-speed train cooling needs, solve the problem of heat dissipation of IGBT module for high-speed train, it lays a foundation for the development of dry ice particles spray heat sink.