IC Response Research Articles

Strategies for lot acceptance testing using CMOS transistors and ICs

Direct-correlation and simple overstress methods for estimating IC response in strategic and space environments from laboratory transistor and IC data are investigated. Transistors and ICs were irradiated at dose rates from 0.2 rad(SiO/sub 2/)/s to 10/sup 6/ rad(SiO/sub 2/)/s. Over a wide range of process conditions and hardness levels, laboratory measurements of threshold voltage shift due to oxide trapped charge correlate well with IC leakage current at high dose rates for ICs with gate-oxide-dominated response. For ICs whose response is dominated by parasitic field-oxide structures, laboratory measurements of both transistor and IC leakage currents correlate well with IC hardness at high dose rates. For dose levels up to approximately=500 krad(SiO/sub 2/), it is shown that a simple factor-of-three overtest can be used as a conservative estimate of radiation hardness for strategic applications, provided that both functional and parametric testing is performed following X-ray irradiation at a dose rate of approximately=2000 rad(SiO/sub 2/)/s. For space environments, a laboratory irradiation to 1.5 times the required system level followed by a one-week 100 degrees C biased anneal gave conservative estimates of IC hardness. >

The evaluation and comparison of ion chromatography, segmented flow analysis and flow injection analysis for the determination on nitrate in natural surface waters

A study to evaluate the comparability of IC, SFA and FIA for the determination of nitrate in natural surface waters has been completed. Assessment of method performance was based on the precision, accuracy, detection limit and analysis rate obtained from analyses of synthetic and natural samples by each technique. Precision (as RSD) and accuracy (as % recovery) for each method are typically 3 and 103% for IC, 1 and 101% for SFA and 1 and 100% for FIA, respectively. The method detection limits (expressed as mg/1 nitrate ion) were 0.007 mg/1 for IC, 0.006 mg/1 for SFA and 0.030 mg/1 for FIA. IC analysis time is 10 samples/h, however chloride and sulfate can be determined along with nitrate in a sample run. SFA and FIA can analyze 30–60 samples/h, but only nitrate can be determined. The colorimetric method responses were significantly larger than IC responses. The bias is apparently related to the sample matrix but has not been traced to any single matrix component. No relationship to dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was observed.

Cardiovascular responses to denervation of pulmocutaneous baroreceptors in toads

Toad pulmocutaneous arterial baroreceptors are connected to afferent fibers carried in the recurrent laryngeal nerves (rLNs). Bilateral rLN denervation in conscious toads (Bufo marinus) caused 34 and 78% increases in heart rate (Fh) and systemic arterial blood pressure (Pa) within 10-15 min, respectively. The variance of Pa was significantly increased 2 days after denervation, but Pa and Fh were not. In additional chronic experiments, 5 of 17 baroreceptor-denervated toads died within the 2-wk recovery period. No deaths occurred in sham-operated toads. The mean Pa, Fh, and cardiac interval (Ic), the mean variance of Pa, Fh, and Ic, and Pa and Fh responses to stress, plasma composition, and the dry-to-wet weight ratio of skeletal muscle and lung were not statistically different in denervated and sham-operated toads. However, the sensitivity of Ic to changes in Pa, exposed by intra-arterial injections of phenylephrine and nitroprusside, was attenuated in denervated toads. Postmortem examination revealed occasional pulmonary lesions, the incidence of which appeared correlated with causes of pulmonary hypertension: baroreceptor denervation and phenylephrine injections. We conclude that pulmocutaneous arterial baroreflex is tonically active but is not essential for the long-term maintenance of Pa in conscious undisturbed toads.

Assessment of Toxicity of Heavy Metal Ion Combinations on Spore Germination and Protonemal Growth of Polytrichum commune

Protonemal growth and percent of spore germination of Polytrichum commune were used to assess toxicities of the divalent ions of three heavy metals--Cu, Cd, and Zn-evaluated singly and in two- and three-way combinations of equal weight. In heavy metal rankings of toxicity and in sensitivity ofresponse, both parameters yielded comparable results. Synergistic toxic responses were generated by the Cu: Cd and Cd: Zn combinations for both parameters. The Cu: Cd: Zn response was synergistic for spore germination and additive to slightly synergistic for protonemal growth. For Cu: Zn a definite antagonistic response was obtained with spore germination, while an additive to slightly antagonistic response was generated with protonemal growth. Despite the com- parability of the results obtained with both parameters, percent of spore germination is preferable for routine use as the data are generated rapidly and the response is easily scored. In most cases assessments of toxicity are based on bioassays of substances tested singly. However, there is an increasing number of reports on the ef- fects of toxic substances tested both singly and in combination. In bioassays involving such multiple assessments there are three possible generalized tox- ic responses--additive, antagonistic, and synergis- tic. In the additive response the summation of the toxic responses to two or more substances tested separately is equal to their toxic response when they occur in combination; thus it is consistent with re- sults obtained when the compounds involved are tested separately. The remaining responses, antag- onistic and synergistic, are inconsistent with their corresponding bioassay results for single com- pounds. In the antagonistic response the combined response is less than the projected additive response and conversely, the synergistic response exceeds the projected additive response (Bliss 1939; Christen- sen et al. 1979; Francis & Petersen 1983a; Hutch-

Evaluation of dynamic fracture toughness on heavy wall ductile cast iron for container

Dynamic fracture toughness of heavy wall ductile cast iron for container of spent nuclear fuel is evaluated mainly by the developed evaluation system, that is to say, CAI system (Computer Aided Instrumented Charpy Impact Testing System). The dynamic elastic-plastic fracture toughness value ( J d ) and the stable crack growth toughness value ( T mat ) are able to be estimated reasonably by this system. Furthermore, the β IC and impact response curve methods have been applied in transition temperature region and lower temperature one, respectively. As a result, it is clarified that these methods evaluate lower bound of dynamic fracture toughness in comparison with one obtained from conventional test method. By the way, elastic-plastic fracture toughness is generally affected by the specimen size. The valid condition for the specimen size determined under dynamic loading condition appears severer than that of ASTM E813. Constant J Id value is obtained by the specimen thickness of 20 mm (net specimen thickness 16 mm) in the side grooved Charpy type specimen.

Decreased duration of pentobarbital anesthesia and increased pentobarbital metabolism in immature rats perinatally exposed to cimetidine

Cfmetldlne, a h I stam I ne H2-receptor antagon i st, lnhiblts cytochrane P-450-mediated metabolism of most drugs and prolongs the duration of their actions as an untoward effect in adult humans and experimental animals Ll-41. The antlhlstamlne is used In neonates for the prophyiaxis of stress ulceration and management of gastrointestinal hemorrhage [lo]; however, Its effect on cytochrane P-450-mediated metabol Ism of drugs in the neonatal population has not been reported. In general, the duration of the effects of drugs Is age-dependent and is usually longer In the immature of most species than In adults, In part because of the low levels and actfvlties of cytochranes P-450 characterlsflc of the immature [5-7_]. Qualitative differences In the hemoproteins may also exist between adults and the Immature L7-91. It is concelvabie, therefore, that the effects of clmetidlne on drug metabolism may differ qualitatively and quantltatlvely as a function of age. It is necessary to understand the drug Interactions caused by clmetidine In the immature because newborns are subject to inadvertent as well as Intentional exposure to multiple drugs. The present studies were undertaken to assess the effect of perlnatal exposure to clmetldine on a pharmacodynam ic response. The resu I ts show that the response var lab1 e duratlon of pentobarbltal-Induced anesthesia (DPA) was shortened in rats exposed neonata I I y to clmetidlne. This effect is In contrast with a prolongation of the parameter In animals exposed to the ant 1 h I stam I ne I ater 1 n I Ife.

The Coupling of the Neuronal Muscarinic Receptor to Responses

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors are plasma membrane proteins that bind the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and by their conformational changes elicit spe­ cific biological events within cells. They are pharmacologically defined by their binding selectivity for a specific class of drugs, among which are the agonists muscarine and oxotremorine and the various atropine-like antagonists. Muscarinic receptors mediate various types of responses in cardiac muscle, in numerous smooth muscles, in exocrine glands, throughout the peripheral and central nervous system, and in some kinds of cultured nerve cells. Usually two or three subtypes of muscarinic receptors exist, distinguished by their relative binding affinity for agonists (I). Though the types of biological responses among these tissues are varied. the respective proteins that bind the agonist appear to be similar or identical in binding properties and molecular size. It is probably their coupling to unique tissue-specific effectors that gives rise to varied responses. Responses mediated by muscarinic receptors are slow in onset and develop­ ment and thus are distinctly different from nicotinic responses, but like nicotin­ ic responses they can desensitize. In the brain, where the muscarinic receptor is the predominant cholinergic receptor, its activation can lead to either excitation or inhibition of neurons (2). In the cerebral cortex, for example, pyramidal cells become depolarized from decreases in potassium (K+) conductance (3),

Effect of Cyclic AMP and Cyclic GMP on Thromboplastin (Factor III) Synthesis in Human Monocytes In Vitro

Human monocytes in vitro respond to various agents (immune complexes, lectins, endotoxin, the divalent ionophore A 23187, 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol 13-acetate [TPA], purified protein derivative [PPD] of Bacille Calmette-Guerin) with an increased synthesis of the protein component of thromboplastin. The effect of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP on this response has been studied. Dibutyryl-cyclic AMP, prostaglandin E1 and the phosphodiesterase inhibitors 3-butyl-1-methyl-xanthine (MIX) and rac-4-(3-butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone (Ro 20-1724), separately and in combination have a pronounced inhibitory effect on the response to immune complexes and PPD, and a moderate effect on the response to endotoxin and lectins. The effect on TPA response and on the response to A 23187 was slight. Dibutyryl-cyclic GMP (1 mM) gave a slight inhibition of the TPA and IC response, but had essentially no effect on the response to other inducers. The intracellular cAMP level increased when monocytes were incubated with IC, TPA or A 23187 followed by a decrease to basal levels within 1-2 hr, whereas lectin (PHA) and PPD did not induce such changes. The cAMP response to endotoxin varied. Stimulation with IC induced an increase in monocyte cGMP levels, whereas the other stimulants did not cause such changes.

Rorschach simulation of mental illness and normality by psychotic and nonpsychotic legal offenders.

The ability of subjects, within four diagnostic classifications, to alter Rorschach responses as a result of varied instructions was investigated. Forty-eight prison inmates at the Utah State Prison and the Forensic Unit at the Utah State Hospital were selected on the basis of their being in one of four diagnostic groups: (a) nonschizophrenic, (b) latent schizophrenic, (c) residual schizophrenic, (d) schizophrenic-psychotic. Subjects were administered the Rorschach twice, once with the instruction to respond as if they were normal and well-adjusted, and once with the instruction to respond as if they were seriously mentally ill or psychotic. A counter-balanced design was used. The variables and ratios ep, bl, P, IC, and dramatic responses were changed as a result of instructions. In addition, there were significant differences on 21 of 48 variables within the four diagnostic groups. An independent judge accurately differentiated protocols according to instructions and diagnostic groups. When subjects were simulating normality, more popular responses were given. When mental illness was simulated, there were more dramatic responses including the use of blood, mutilation, and hatred. Finally, it should be noted that the different diagnostic groups accounted for many more significant findings than did the varied instructions, reaffirming the discriminative ability of the Rorschach irrespective of instructions.

Tail pinch vs. cervical probing: Opposite effects upon intracranial reinforcement in female rats

Tail pinch, that is, the application of mild pressure to the base of a rat’s tail for a brief period, has been shown to facilitate a variety of dopamine (DA) dependent motivated behaviors, among them feeding, sexual activity, and intracranial reward (intracranial self-stimulation, ICS). Antelman, Caggiula, and their co-workers have presented a theory of nigro-neostriatal function in which tail pinch and cervical probing, a procedure consisting of the brief application of mild pressure against the wall of the cervix, respectively facilitate and inhibit behavioral activity through opposite effects upon DA cells within the substantia nigra (A9). We tested this model further using A9 implanted female rats responding for ICS. Tail pinch facilitated ICS response rates, while cervical probing reduced them. This is consistent with previously reported behavioral and electrophysiological evidence and with the hypothesized model in which increased and decreased nigrostriatal function serves to activate or suppress behaviors.

Tail pinch facilitation of self-stimulation in the rat-Dependence upon dopamine and independence of opiates

We have previously demonstrated that adult male Sprague-Dawley rats which are chronically maintained upon a schedule of intracranial reward (ICS) show elevated rates of response after a mild tail pinch. Both dopamine and opiates have been implicated in the mediation of other stress induced behavioral alterations, and may therefore also possibly be involved in the ICS effect. The present report replicated the initial finding of tail pinch induced facilitation of ICS, and further demonstrated that while opiate blockade failed to affect the ICS response dopaminergic blockade in fact inhibited it. These findings suggest neuropharmacological specificity for stress related behavioral change, and further implicate dopamine in stress responses.

Transient Response of GaAs IC's to Ionizing Radiation

Transient responses of GaAs E-JFET planar integrated circuits caused by a 25 ns wide ionizing radiation pulse from a LINAC were measured. Present technology circuits with 2.5 ?m channel length devices have a measured logic upset level of about 1 × 1010 rad(GaAs)/s and a survival dose rate of approximately 1 × 1011 rad(GaAs)/s. A theoretical analysis for logic upset dose rate and a correlation of experimental results with theory is presented. For E-JFET devices with a channel length of 1 ?m, a logic upset dose rate of 1 × 1011 rad(GaAs)/s is predicted.

The influence of environmental agents on prostaglandin biosynthesis and metabolism in the lung. Inhibition of lung 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase by exposure of guinea pigs to 100 per cent oxygen at atmospheric pressure

Enzymes in the 100 000g supernatant fraction of guinea-pig lungs, in the presence of NAD-+, converted PGF-2 alpha (prostaglanding F-2 alpha) into a less-polar compound. The u.v. spectrum of this metabolite showed a strong absorption band at 230 nm, which is characteristic of a carbonyl group in conjugation with a double bond. Reduction of this metabolite with NaBH4 resulted in a compound that behaved like PGF2 ALPHA on t.l.c. and g.l.c. From this evidence we concluded that PGF2alpha is metabolized in vitro to 15-oxo-PGF2 alpha by the NAD-+-dependent prostaglandin dehydrogenase system of guinea-pig lung. The effect of exposure of the animal to SO-2 and O2 on the rate of prostaglanding biosynthesis and catabolism by lung fractions in vitro was studied. Exposure of guinea pigs to 500 p.m. of SO2 for 5h or to 50p.p.m for 9 days (6h/day) did not alter the production or degradation of prostaglandings by lung fractions in vitro. In contrast, exposure of guinea pigs to 100% O2 for 48 h inhibited the rate of prostaglanding metabolism in vitro by 60-70% without significantly altering the rate of biosynthesis by lung fractions. Inhibition of prostaglandin dehydrogenase activity in vitro by lung fractions after exposure of the animal to O2 was dependent on the duration of exposure. Gluthathione S-aryltransferase and catechol O-methyltransferase activites of guinea-pig lung 100 000g supernatant were unaltered by exposure of the animal to O2. Thus it appears that inhibition of pulmonary prostaglandin dehydrogenase by exposure of the animal to O2 is not the result of a general toxic response. It was postulated that the inhibition of prostaglanding dehydrogenase may occur after exposure of the animal to other oxidant gases.

Untersuchungen zum Photoreceptorproblem beim tonischen Blaulicht-Effekt der Starklichtbewegung des Mougeotia-Chloroplasten

Summary If irradiated simultaneously from different directions with blue light of high intensity and with red light of low intensity, the chloroplasts of Mougeotia are oriented by red rather than by short wave length light. The main effect of blue light seems to be, in this case, to change the chloropla sts from a positive to a negative phototact ic response, oriented by phytochrome. Thus, the additional given blue light has a tonic effect, i. e. independent of its direction (SCHONBOHM, 1966 b, 1967 a). It seems to be possible, that the difference between the action spectra of the high intensity movement of Mougeotia-chloroplasts (SCHONBOHM, 1963) and the action spectra of chloroplast movements of other objects (HAUPT, 1963; HAUPT and SCHONBOHM, 1970) is caused by the fact that both photoperception in phytochrome and photoperception in a yellow pigment arc represented by the action spectra of chloroplast movement of Mougeotia obtained when irradiating only with a single radiation source. In the following experiments we will record action spectra for the tonic blue light effect only; we have to take care of the action-dichroism, which we have found in former investigations (SCHCNBOHM, 1968). Polarized red light vibrating perpendicularly (r ⊥ or parallel (r ∥) to the cell axis is given simultaneously with blue light (bl). The following results have been obtained in the present investigations. 1. a) The action spectrum for the tonic effect of unpolarized blue light (bl *. with r ⊥ does not differ remarkably from the action spectra for the high intensity movement induced by blue light only (ef. fig . 2 with fig. 1). b) If we compare the action spectra for the effect of unpolarized blue light (bl *. with or without r ⊥ with the action spectra for the tonic effect of polarized blue light (bl ∥. with r ⊥) in the latter we can see a pl ateau reaching from ca. 450 nm to 470 nm instead of one peak near 465 nm (fig. 4). In the latter action spectra we do not find a relativel y high peak in the near ultraviolet as we did in the former action spectra (bl *, with or without r ⊥). 2. a) It has been demonstrated that polarized blue light (λ : ca. 400-500 nm) is tonically much more effective, if vibrating parallel to the cell axis (bi ∥, with r ⊥ than if vibrating perpendicularly (bl ⊥, wirh r ⊥) (fig. 3). b) This action dichroism is inverse, if Mougeotia is irradiated with ultraviolet light (λ = 363 nm) rather than with polarized visible blue light (λ > 400 nm) (fig. 7). c) If the wavelength of the blue light is longer than 400 nm the action dichroism for the tonic blue light effect remains constant during the whole day, whereas it is changing in a diurnal rhythm in near ultraviolet light (fig. 8). d) Action dichroism for the tonic blue light effect of the high intensity movement of Mougeotia-chloroplasts cannot be caused by an action dichroism of a countercurrent «low intensity movement» which is induced simultaneously by the same intensities of polarized blue light as are needed for high intensity movement (ef. fig. 9 and 10).

Reflex discharges into thoracic white rami elicited by somatic and visceral afferent excitation.

1. Reflex discharges in white rami (WR) were elicited by single-shock stimulation of dorsal roots (DR), splanchnic (SPL) and intercostal nerves (IC).2. The reflexes have been compared in anaesthetized cats with intact neuraxis, after mid-brain transection and after high cord transection. The brain stem can maintain moderate inhibition of the WR responses, but strong inhibition of IC responses. After cord transection all reflexes are released again.3. Stimulation of ventromedial medullary reticular substance could completely, and independently, inhibit maximal SPL-to-WR and IC-to-WR reflexes.4. Carotid sinus distension did not reduce WR responses, indicating that the major part of the volley is not in vasoconstrictor fibres.5. Central delay of DR-to-WR responses is longer than delay of DR-to-IC responses and is unchanged by transections of the neuraxis at mid-brain or high spinal levels.6. There was no facilitation of WR responses by a prior conditioning volley in the visceral or somatic afferent pathway in contrast to early facilitation of the IC responses.