Removal Of Ibuprofen Research Articles

Calcium oxide from eggshell wastes for the removal of pharmaceutical emerging contaminant: Synthesis and adsorption studies

The objective of this work is to study the removal efficiency of pharmaceutical emerging contaminant ibuprofen from aqueous environment by using cost-effective material, such as calcium oxide derived from raw eggshell wastes, it is synthesized through calcination process for removal of ibuprofen. The study of the surface morphology and functional groups of the calcium oxide as adsorbent was performed using SEM and FTIR. The study suggests that there are different factors such as contact time, pH, initial concentration and adsorbent dosage influence the adsorptive removal of ibuprofen from aqueous media. The isotherm model such as Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin were also investigated to study the adsorption equilibrium behaviors of ibuprofen uptake by using calcined eggshell, CaO. Henceforth, the highest removal efficiency of ibuprofen from aqueous solution is 93.72% at contact time of 60 min at pH 10 with initial concentration of 10 mg/L using dosage of 0.04 g. The pH study shows that ibuprofen adsorption increased with increase in pH from 4 to 10, while removal efficiency decreased at pH 14. Simultaneously, the adsorption isotherm of Langmuir model is best fitted for the adsorption process (R2 = 0.958) on monolayer adsorption. In this study, CaO is identified as an economical, high-efficiency and eco-friendly dormant adsorbent for removal of ibuprofen from aqueous environment.

Adsorptive performance of graphene oxide-activated carbon composite for simultaneous removal of diclofenac sodium and ibuprofen from aqueous solutions in batch mode

Adsorptive performance of graphene oxide-activated carbon composite for simultaneous removal of diclofenac sodium and ibuprofen from aqueous solutions in batch mode

Geopolymer-Based Materials for the Removal of Ibuprofen: A Preliminary Study.

Every year, new compounds contained in consumer products, such as detergents, paints, products for personal hygiene, and drugs for human and veterinary use, are identified in wastewater and are added to the list of molecules that need monitoring. These compounds are indicated with the term emerging contaminants (or Contaminants of Emerging Concern, CECs) since they are potentially dangerous for the environment and human health. To date, among the most widely used methodologies for the removal of CECs from the aquatic environment, adsorption processes play a role of primary importance, as they have proven to be characterized by high removal efficiency, low operating and management costs, and an absence of undesirable by-products. In this paper, the adsorption of ibuprofen (IBU), a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug widely used for treating inflammation or pain, was performed for the first time using two different types of geopolymer-based materials, i.e., a metakaolin-based (GMK) and an organic-inorganic hybrid (GMK-S) geopolymer. The proposed adsorbing matrices are characterized by a low environmental footprint and have been easily obtained as powders or as highly porous filters by direct foaming operated directly into the adsorption column. Preliminary results demonstrated that these materials can be effectively used for the removal of ibuprofen from contaminated water (showing a concentration decrease of IBU up to about 29% in batch, while an IBU removal percentage of about 90% has been reached in continuous), thus suggesting their potential practical application.

Blending polydopamine-derived imprinted polymers with rice straw-based fluorescent carbon dots for selective detection and adsorptive removal of ibuprofen

Dual-functioning probes capable of detecting and removing hazardous substances have recently received increased attention compared to exclusive sensory probes. Herein, a new composite is synthesized by blending polydopamine imprinted polymers with fluorescent carbon dots (PIP-FCDs) for the selective recognition and adsorption of Ibuprofen (IBF). IBF is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug and is excessively released in the pharmaceutical wastes. The PIP-FCDs consist of confined pockets for encasing IBF and quenches fluorescence signal when contact with the molecule. PIP-FCDs show high sensitivity (limit of detection = 1.58 × 10−5 μM) and selectivity towards IBF in the presence of other pharmaceutical drugs i.e., aspirin, ketoprofen, norfloxacin, and levofloxacin. The adsorption studies show an adsorption capacity of 209.8 mg g−1 with an extraction efficiency of around 99.9 %. Furthermore, PIP-FCDs are utilized to determine IBF levels in various aqueous pharmaceutical samples. This development provides a simple and dual-functioning probe for the detection and adsorption of IBF from various matrices.

Photothermal assisted space-confined chlorine activation for removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products coupled with disinfection by-products control

The solar/chlorine process provides an energy-efficient technique for the abatement of some pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) but it is inefficient in degrading PPCPs lacking electron-donating group and suffers high formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs). In this study, a photothermal approach is developed to promote chlorine activation (photothermal/chlorine) under solar radiation to effectively remove a wide range of structurally diverse PPCPs and to control DBPs formation. To this end, a carbon black (CB) coated 3D porous melamine sponge (MS), namely CB@MS, is developed for the photothermal/chlorine application, achieving significantly enhanced PPCPs degradation with an ibuprofen (IBU) removal rate constant (0.22 min−1) 3.76 times that of the solar/chlorine process (0.058 min−1). Mechanistic investigations revealed that CB@MS confines the thermal energy within the 3D porous structure to achieve high localized heating for boosting PPCPs degradation in the confined space, which is equivalent to the thermal effect achieved by the solar/chlorine process at constant solution temperature of around 70 °C. Moreover, the photothermal/chlorine process reduces TOCl and DBPs formation by 77.6 % and 67.5 %, ascribed to adsorption by CB@MS, less chlorine exposure, and altered PPCPs degradation pathways. The broad applicability in various water matrices, and good reusability and stability of the photothermal/chlorine system also ensure its excellent practicality. This study offers in-depth mechanisms and practical insights into the development of a novel photothermal/chlorine process for PPCPs abatement and DBPs control.

Stability and kinetic insights for ibuprofen removal from aquaculture wastewater using green supported ionic liquid membranes

Pharmaceutical residues in aquaculture effluent have become a growing environmental concern due to their potential ecological impacts. Supported ionic liquid membranes (SILM) offer a promising solution for extracting micropollutants from contaminated sources. SILM was developed using Aliquat 336 in sunflower oil (SFO) as a carrier solution, specifically targeting ibuprofen (IBP) in aquaculture wastewater. Different solid supports are fabricated through the nonsolvent-induced phase separation (NIPS) process and characterized by SEM, EDX, contact angle, FTIR and porosimeter. PVDF support is selected as solid support for immobilization of the carrier solution owing to its properties of having an asymmetrical shape, thickness of 48.8 µm, porosity of 72% and contact angle of 89.0° (feed side) and 85.3° (stripping side). The percentage of carrier loss obtained was only 1.10%. The optimal conditions for IBP removal were obtained at 0.50 M Aliquat 336, with a feed phase pH of 5.5 and stripping phase pH of 8. Further tests on real aquaculture wastewater affirmed the system’s efficacy in removing IBP and maintaining the stability at least the fifth cycle of membrane reusability. This study underscores the viability of proposed SILM system in mitigating IBP from aquaculture sector.

Polyethyleneimine-functionalized magnetic sugarcane bagasse cellulose film for the efficient adsorption of ibuprofen

Polyethyleneimine-modified magnetic sugarcane bagasse cellulose film (P-SBC/Fe3O4 film) was simply fabricated for the removal of ibuprofen (IBP), a typical emerging organic contaminant. The P-SBC/Fe3O4 film exhibited an equilibrium adsorption amount of 370.52 mg/g for IBP and a corresponding removal efficiency of 92.63 % under following adsorption conditions: 318 K, pH 4, and 0.25 mg/mL dosage. Thermodynamic studies indicated that adsorption of IBP on the P-SBC/Fe3O4 film was spontaneous (∆G < 0) and endothermic (∆H > 0). The adsorption data conformed to the Freundlich isotherm model and multilayer adsorption model (two layers), and an average of 3–4 active sites on the P-SBC/Fe3O4 film share an IBP molecule. Both the EDR-IDR and AOAS models vividly described the dynamic characteristics of adsorption process. Model fitting results, theoretical calculations, and comprehensive characterization revealed that adsorption is driven by electrostatic interactions between the primary amine of P-SBC/Fe3O4 film and the carboxyl group of IBP molecule, while other weak interactions are also non-ignorable. Furthermore, quantitative calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) underscored the importance of PEI functionalization. In conclusion, P-SBC/Fe3O4 film is an environmentally friendly and cost-effective adsorbent with significant potential for effectively removing IBP, while maintaining its efficacy over multiple cycles.

Insight into roles of carbon anodes for removal of refractory organic contaminants in electro-peroxone system: Mechanism, performance and stability

Electro-peroxone (EP) is a novel technique for the removal of refractory organic contaminants (ROCs), while the role of anode in this system is neglected. In this work, the EP system with graphite felt anode (EP-GF) and activated carbon fiber anode (EP-ACF) was developed to enhance ibuprofen (IBP) removal. The results showed that 91.2% and 98.6% of IBP was removed within 20 min in EP-GF and EP-ACF, respectively. Hydroxy radical (O⋅H) was identified as the dominant reactive species, contributing 80.9% and 54.0% of IBP removal in EP-ACF and EP-GF systems, respectively. The roles of adsorption in EP-ACF and direct electron transfer in EP-GF cannot be ignored. Due to the differences in mechanism, EP-GF and EP-ACF systems were suitable for the removal of O⋅H-resistant ROCs (e.g., oxalic acid and pyruvic acid) and non-O⋅H-resistant ROCs (e.g., IBP and nitrobenzene), respectively. Both systems had excellent stability relying on the introduction of oxygen functional groups on the anode, and their electrolysis energy consumption was significantly lower than that of EP-Pt system. The three degradation pathways of IBP were proposed, and the toxicity of intermediates were evaluated. In general, carbon anodes have a good application prospect in the removal of ROCs in EP systems.

Reviving the Potential of Vermiculite-Based Adsorbents: Exceptional Ibuprofen Removal on Novel Amide-Containing Gemini Surfactants.

In this study, we introduce a novel series of gemini surfactants with amide groups (HDAB, HDAHD, and HDAPX) and use these surfactants to decorate sodium vermiculite (Na-Vt) for the adsorption of Ibuprofen (IBP) from wastewater. Exceptional IBP uptake on organo-vermiculites (organo-Vts) is obtained, with maximum adsorption capacities reaching 249.87, 342.21, and 460.15 mg/g for HDAB-Vt, HDAHD-Vt, and HDAPX-Vt (C0 = 500 mg/L, modifier dosage = 0.2 CEC), respectively. The adsorption of IBP is well fitted by pseudo-second-order, intraparticle diffusion, and Freundlich isotherm models, verifying chemical adsorption processes with multilayer arrangement of IBP in organo-Vts. Thermodynamically, the removal of IBP on HDAHD-Vt is exothermic, while the endothermic nature aptly describes the adsorption process of HDAB-Vt and HDAPX-Vt. Moreover, organo-Vts can be stably regenerated in three cycles. Outstanding adsorption performance of organo-Vts is attributed to synergistic effects of the partition process and functional interaction, which are influenced by the steric hindrance and chain configuration of the modifier. A combined evaluation of adsorption tests and fitting calculations is employed to reveal the adsorption mechanism: (i) the incorporation of amides into the alkyl chain significantly enhances the utilization of the interlayer space in organo-Vts. (ii) Smaller steric hindrance and higher rigidity of the modifier spacer contribute to improved adsorption performance. The findings in this study rekindle interest in Vt-based adsorbents, which demonstrate comparable potential to other emerging adsorbents that are yet to be fully explored.

Green Synthesis of Er-Doped ZnO Nanoparticles: An Investigation on the Methylene Blue, Eosin, and Ibuprofen Removal by Photodegradation.

We present a study on the green synthesis of undoped and Er-doped ZnO compounds using Mangifera indica gum (MI). A set of tests were conducted to assess the structure of the material. The tests included X-ray diffraction, Raman, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Optical properties were studied using diffuse reflectance and photoluminescence. Morphological and textural investigations were done using SEM images and N2 adsorption/desorption. Furthermore, photocatalytic tests were performed with methylene blue (MB), yellow eosin (EY), and the pharmaceutical drug ibuprofen (IBU) under UV irradiation. The study demonstrated that replacing the stabilizing agent with Mangifera indica gum is an effective method for obtaining ZnO nanoparticles. Additionally, the energy gap of the nanoparticles exhibits a slight reduction in value. Photoluminescence studies showed the presence of zinc vacancies and other defects in both samples. In the photocatalytic test, the sample containing Er3+ exhibited a degradation of 99.7% for methylene blue, 81.2% for yellow eosin, and 52.3% for ibuprofen over 120 min. In the presence of methyl alcohol, the degradation of MB and EY dyes is 16.7% and 55.7%, respectively. This suggests that hydroxyl radicals are responsible for the direct degradation of both dyes. In addition, after the second reuse, the degradation rate for MB was 94.08%, and for EY, it was 82.35%. For the third reuse, the degradation rate for MB was 97.15%, and for EY, it was 17%. These results indicate the significant potential of the new semiconductor in environmental remediation applications from an ecological synthesis.

Unveiling the mechanism of enhanced water purification by F-Fe-Zn-MCM-41 in O3/PMS

To break the restriction of SO52- as the essential initiator in O3/PMS reaction during water purification, F-Fe-Zn-MCM-41 (FFeZn-M) was designed to enhance ibuprofen (IBP) degradation during O3/PMS process. The great electronegativity difference between Fe and Zn created an electron flow from Zn to Fe, which was further enhanced by electron withdrawing Si-F group. FFeZn-M changed the traditional interaction between PMS and O3. PMS would be adsorbed on the surface of Zn and acted as an electron donor. Meanwhile, O3 received electrons from Fe site and was activated into ROS. With •OH and 1O2 as the main ROS, FFeZn-M/O3/PMS process achieved the complete IBP removal and a 60.9% mineralization rate, which was significantly higher over those of FFeZn-M/O3 and FFeZn-M/PMS processes. FFeZn-M/O3/PMS behaved better at weak acidic and neutral condition rather than the basic condition required by conventional O3/PMS process. This study offered a novel catalyst design strategy for O3/PMS.

Removal of Ibuprofen and Diclofenac using Azadirachta indica leaves extract modified with Iron oxide

Plant-based adsorbents have the potential to replace commonly used chemical adsorbents due to their cost effectiveness, eco-friendly and non-toxic properties. In this study, the adsorption potential of green synthesized iron-oxide particles, using neem (Azadirachta indica) leaves extract, was evaluated as a novel adsorbent for the removal of ibuprofen and diclofenac. The optimization of treatment factors for experimental design was undertaken via the Taguchi method. The adsorbent’s characterization was performed by the employment of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy. Four adsorption factors were kept under consideration during experimental runs for each drug; initial concentration (10–40 ppm), contact time (10–40 min), pH level (3–9), and adsorbent dosage (0.1–0.4 g/L). Maximum removal efficiency as indicated by the results, was 81.89% for ibuprofen and 80.82% for diclofenac, achieved at optimum conditions of pH 5, 40 ppm initial concentration, 40 min contact time, and 0.3 g/L adsorbent dose. Among the adsorption factors, pH and initial concentration were observed to exert the greatest influence on the removal efficiencies for both drugs. The maximum adsorption capacity of adsorbent was 81.96 mg/g and 81.46 mg/g for diclofenac and ibuprofen, respectively. Freundlich isotherm fitted best to the removal both pharmaceutical compounds. The adsorbent used in this study demonstrated significantly higher removal potential and adsorption capacity for diclofenac and ibuprofen as compared with previously used adsorbents.

REMOVAL OF IBUPROFEN FROM WATER USING MAGNETIC Fe3O4-Ag2O/CELLULOSE AS AN ADSORBENT

Ibuprofen is widely used to reduce minor aches and fevers from a various condition such as the common flu. The increase in the waste of ibuprofen may cause contamination and raise a serious problem in the water effluence. It is needed to reduce the waste of ibuprofen by the adsorption process. Both cellulose from empty fruit bunch and modified bimetal oxides Fe3O4-Ag2O were synthesized and characterized as magnetic Fe3O4-Ag2O/cellulose adsorbent. The BET surface area was 177.7 m2 /g with a predominantly mesoporous structure. SEM EDX spectra proved an unsmooth adsorbent with irregular-sized particles. FTIR spectra at 552-693 nm are assigned to Fe-O and Ag-O stretching vibration. XRD pattern analysis shows the crystallized size is 34.16 nm. The highest removal efficiency of ibuprofen was obtained at acidic conditions (pH = 2), a concentration of 200 ppm, and a contact time of 120 min. The equilibrium adsorption data proved that the Freundlich isotherm is more favorable than the Langmuir isotherm model. The kinetic model showed that the pseudo-first-order is a more suitable model than the second-pseudo-order. The result of the experimental data proved that the Fe3O4-Ag2O/cellulose will be a potential adsorbent for ibuprofen removal.

Bentonite Modified with Surfactants—Efficient Adsorbents for the Removal of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs

Organobentonites have been applied for the removal of two common non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, ibuprofen (IBU) and diclofenac sodium (DS), from aqueous solutions. Two surfactants, one with and the other without benzyl group (octadecyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride, ODMBA, and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide, HDTMA), in amounts equivalent to 50, 75, and 100% of the cation exchange capacity of bentonite were used for the preparation of organobentonites. Successful modification of bentonite was confirmed by several methods: X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), point of the zero charge (pHPZC), determination of exchanged inorganic cations in bentonite, determination of textural properties, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Kinetic and thermodynamic data on the adsorption of IBU and DS showed that drug adsorption was controlled by the type and the amount of surfactant incorporated into the bentonite and by their arrangement in the interlayer space and at the surface of organobentonites. The adsorption of both drugs increased with an increase in the amount of both surfactants in organobentonites. The presence of the benzyl group in organobentonites enhanced the adsorption of IBU and DS and was more pronounced for IBU. Drug adsorption fits the pseudo-second-order kinetic model the best. The thermodynamic data revealed that the adsorption process was endothermic in nature and with increase of the amount of both surfactants drug adsorption processes were more spontaneous. The results obtained from this study revealed that adsorbents based on surfactants modified bentonite are promising candidates for IBU and DS removal from contaminated water.

Graphene and its derivatives used in the removal of ibuprofen from contaminated water

Graphene and its derivatives used in the removal of ibuprofen from contaminated water

REMOVAL OF DRUGS FROM AQUEOUS MATRIXES USING A REVERSE OSMOSIS MEMBRANE

Pollution of water bodies by micropollutants is a problem of growing concern, especially regarding contamination with drug residues and metabolites. The presence of these substances in surface waters is related to deleterious consequences for the population and the environment. The incorrect disposal of drug residues and the low efficiency of conventional water treatment methods require the use of alternative methods, such as the use of membrane separation processes for the treatment of effluents. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of a reverse osmosis membrane for the removal of ibuprofen and diclofenac sodium from an aqueous matrix. For this, permeation tests were performed with aqueous solutions of diclofenac and ibuprofen at a concentration of 10 mg∙L-1, alone and together. The hydraulic permeability of the membrane and the drug rejection efficiency were evaluated. The presence of drugs in the solution had little influence on the hydraulic permeability of the membrane. The minimum removal efficiency of both substances was greater than 98.5 %, generating a permeate stream practically free of drugs, whether evaluated separately or in the same solution. These results indicate the operational robustness of the membrane since neither the permeability nor the rejection were altered by the fact that we have the two drugs combined, in addition to demonstrating the potential use of reverse osmosis as a treatment method for the removal of residues and traces of drugs and other difficult-to-treat organic substances in aqueous matrices.

Research progress on biochar-based material adsorption and removal of ibuprofen

Ibuprofen, commonly used for pain relief, inflammation, and to reduce high fever, etc., is a widely available over-the-counter drug. In recent years, due to the excessive use of ibuprofen, its presence in the aquatic environments has shown a significant increasing trend, raising concerns about potential risks to environmental safety, which attracted people’s close attention. Notably, biochar, known as an environmentally friendly functional material, had been widely studied and applied for the removal of ibuprofen in water environments. According to current reports, the adsorption capacity value of biochar for IBP is between 9.69–309 mg/g, and the adsorption mechanism mainly includes π-π stacking, hydrogen bonding, pore filling, etc. In response to this research hotspot, this study reviewed the most recent research progress on the adsorption of ibuprofen using biochar-based materials, including the modified preparation process of biochar and the adsorption mechanism of IBP on various modified biochar surfaces. Additionally, potential challenges and future development directions for the practical applications of biochar were discussed and proposed.

Efficient catalytic ozonation for ibuprofen through electron-deficient/rich centers over cerium-manganese doped carbon

The sluggish Me(n+m)+/Men+ redox cycle greatly restrained the catalytic ozonation performance of metal-based catalysts. To break this bottleneck, we adopted an interfacial oxidation reaction to create electron-deficient/rich centers within carbon skeleton derived from MOF (C-MOF) by utilizing the electronegativity difference between cerium (Ce) and manganese (Mn), and evaluated its catalytic ozonation activity with ibuprofen (IBP) as model pollutant. XPS, H2-TPR, LSV and EPR characterizations as well as DFT calculation demonstrated that there existed electron-deficient Ce sites and electron-rich Mn sites on CeOx/MnOx/C-MOF. Under the co-function of Ce and Mn sites, CeOx/MnOx/C-MOF/O3 process achieved 100% IBP removal in 90 min, which was 3.1 times of sole ozonation process. IBP could be absorbed at the electron-deficient Ce center and directionally donate its electron to the O3 around electron-rich Mn center. Singlet oxygen (1O2) played the major role in IBP degradation. Cl−, HCO3−, NO3− and SO42− demonstrated limited inhibitions on IBP degradation. This work provided a sustainable strategy for breaking the rate-limiting step in the traditional catalytic ozonation.

In situ preparation of biochar/Bi4O5Br2 composite for ibuprofen removal under the synergistic effect of adsorption and photocatalysis and the underlying mechanism

The utilization of biochar to ameliorate the photocatalytic activity of a photocatalyst has been deemed as an effective route. In this work, a novel porous biochar/Bi4O5Br2 (pBC/Bi4O5Br2) composite was successfully synthesized for the removal of ibuprofen. The results demonstrate that the pBC/Bi4O5Br2 composite exhibits remarkable efficiency in ibuprofen removal. Notably, 20 % pBC/Bi4O5Br2 composite exhibits the highest photocatalytic activity, degrading up to 90 % of ibuprofen within 75 min light irradiation. Besides, the degradation constant of the 20 % pBC/Bi4O5Br2 composite is approximately 1.2 times that of the single Bi4O5Br2. Our investigation into photoelectrochemical properties reveals that the improved removal performance of pBC/Bi4O5Br2 composite results from the synergistic interplay between adsorption and photocatalysis. This synergy leads to enhanced charge separation, improved light utilization ability, and the provision of more active sites to facilitate the photocatalytic reaction. Additionally, the degradation pathway and mechanism of the pBC/Bi4O5Br2 composite were elucidated using HPLC–MS, capture experiments, and ESR measurements. The results indicate that the predominant active species involved in the removal are superoxide radicals (·O2−), hydroxyl radicals (·OH) and hole (h+). Furthermore, the results revealed that the optimal pH for this reaction is 7, and the degradation efficiency of ibuprofen is inversely related to the dosage of ibuprofen while being positively related to the photocatalyst dosage.

High efficiency removal of ibuprofen in water using activated carbon derived from Radix Angelica Dahurica residue

AbstractThe exploitation and utilization of Traditional Chinese medicine have annually produced 30 million tons of waste residues including Radix Angelica Dahurica residue (RAR), which raised environmental concerns. Meantime, the non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug of ibuprofen (IBP) is an emerging contaminant in the aquatic environment, annually producing up to 9000 tons in China. After extracting the active substance, RAR is prepared as activated carbon (AC) for the purification of IBP wastewater. Two kinds AC modified without (RAR‐AC) and with phosphoric acid (M‐RAR‐AC) were characterized by FT‐IR, TG, BET and SEM. The phosphoric acid activation contributed to the high BET surface area (564.9914 m2 g−1) and large total pore volume (0.4894 cm3 g−1). M‐RAR‐AC showed 7.7 folds (15 min) and 2.7 folds (30 min) higher extent of IBP removal compared to commercial activated carbon (C‐AC). The enhancement of IBP removal with M‐RAR‐AC was investigated further by varying initial pollutant concentration, absorbent dosage, temperature, pH and rotating speed. Especially, temperature nearly has no effect on IBP removal by M‐RAR‐AC. Isotherm and kinetic studies suggested IBP was adsorbed on the heterogeneous surface in multilayer form and chemisorption played the dominant role in IBP removal. IBP removal of 93.3 ± 0.1% and 64.2 ± 2.8% was achieved for first and fifth cycle, respectively. The IBP removal on M‐RAR‐AC may be accomplished by a variety of interactions such as electrostatic attraction, pore‐filling, hydrogen bonding, and π‐π interaction. These findings provide new insights into the utilization of RAR for preparing AC and highlight the potential applications for treating industrial wastewater.