Hypothetical Answers Research Articles

Hypothetical Answers to Continuous Queries Over Data Streams

Answers to continuous queries over data streams are often delayed until some relevant input arrives through the data stream. These delays may turn answers when they arrive, obsolete to users who sometimes have to make decisions with no help whatsoever. Therefore, it can be useful to provide hypothetical answers—“given the current information, it is possible that \(X\) will become true at time \(t\) ”—instead of no information at all. In this work, we present a semantics for queries and corresponding answers that cover such hypothetical answers, together with an incremental online algorithm for updating the set of facts that are consistent with the currently available information. Our framework also works in a language supporting negation.

$$\mu $$XL: explainable lead generation with microservices and hypothetical answers

AbstractLead generation refers to the identification of potential topics (the ‘leads’) of importance for journalists to report on. In this article we present $$\mu $$ μ XL, a new lead generation tool based on a microservice architecture that includes a component of explainable AI. $$\mu $$ μ XL collects and stores historical and real-time data from web sources, like Google Trends, and generates current and future leads. Leads are produced by a novel engine for hypothetical reasoning based on temporal logical rules, which can identify propositions that may hold depending on the outcomes of future events. This engine also supports additional features that are relevant for lead generation, such as user-defined predicates (allowing useful custom atomic propositions to be defined as Java functions) and negation (needed to specify and reason about leads characterized by the absence of specific properties). Our microservice architecture is designed using state-of-the-art methods and tools for API design and implementation, namely API patterns and the Jolie programming language. Thus, our development provides an additional validation of their usefulness in a new application domain (journalism). We also carry out an empirical evaluation of our tool.

LLM CHATBOT TO ANSWER MINING RELATED QUERIES

The mining industry operates within a complex framework of rules and regulations that are crucial for safety, environmental compliance, and operational efficiency. However, understanding and navigating these regulations can be challenging due to their sheer volume and intricacy. To address this issue, we propose the development of a chatbot that streamlines access to mining rules and provides comprehensive information. Our chatbot leverages state-of-the-art technologies, including Langchain, FAISS (CPU), Hugging Face, Python, and Llama 2 7B Chat. The multi-step approach involves chunking relevant information, creating a vector index, and efficiently retrieving data when users pose queries. Notably, the chatbot not only retrieves existing information but also generates hypothetical answers to user questions. Key findings from our research demonstrate that the chatbot significantly enhances accessibility to vital mining regulations. By improving compliance and safety, this solution contributes to more responsible and sustainable mining practices. Key Words: Mining Regulations, Chatbot, Langchain, FAISS (CPU), Hugging Face, Python, Llama 2 7B Chat, Management Information System, Information Retrieval

Tailoring of exercise and dietary interventions to adverse effects and existing comorbidities in patients with ovarian cancer receiving chemotherapy: a clinical vignettes study among expert physical therapists and dietitians

Purpose This study aims to capture the complex clinical reasoning process during tailoring of exercise and dietary interventions to adverse effects and comorbidities of patients with ovarian cancer receiving chemotherapy. Methods Clinical vignettes were presented to expert physical therapists (n = 4) and dietitians (n = 3). Using the think aloud method, these experts were asked to verbalize their clinical reasoning on how they would tailor the intervention to adverse effects of ovarian cancer and its treatment and comorbidities. Clinical reasoning steps were categorized in questions raised to obtain additional information; anticipated answers; and actions to be taken. Questions and actions were labeled according to the evidence-based practice model. Results Questions to obtain additional information were frequently related to the patients’ capacities, safety or the etiology of health issues. Various hypothetical answers were proposed which led to different actions. Suggested actions by the experts included extensive monitoring of symptoms and parameters, specific adaptations to the exercise protocol and dietary-related patient education. Conclusions Our study obtained insight into the complex process of clinical reasoning, in which a variety of patient-related variables are used to tailor interventions. This insight can be useful for description and fidelity assessment of interventions and training of healthcare professionals.

El Derecho constitucional, el nuevo indio y el Estado: nueva agenda para la investigación

El descubrimiento del indígena fue el mayor hallazgo de las Ciencias Sociales peruanas del siglo xx. Para el campo jurídico, sin embargo, este descubrimiento es reciente y, se podría decir casi ausente. La Antropología jurídica y de los modelos políticos pueden y deben revertir la ausencia del hecho y del sujeto indígena en las ciencias del Estado, del poder, del Derecho Constitucional. Por ello, es necesario diseñar una nueva agenda de investigación que junte aportes de estas disciplinas. Se debe explicar –desde un punto de vista interdisciplinario jurídico, sociológico, antropológico cultural, y tomando en cuenta los aportes de la ciencia política– las causas y consecuencias del Derecho Constitucional.En este artículo se bosqueja dicha agenda para dar respuesta a la pregunta metodológica general de ¿cómo ha sido y es el Derecho Constitucional respecto a la diferencia cultural de los ciudadanos? y, de manera específica intenta responder a interrogantes como: ¿cuáles han sido las bases culturales e ideológicas que han fundamentado su elaboración y desarrollo? ¿a favor de qué grupo cultural se ha construido el Derecho Político? Asimismo, se plantean las respuestas, a manera de hipótesis, para describir el discurso del Derecho Constitucional peruano respecto a la multiculturalidad de su sociedad.

Implementasi Identitas Nasional Sebagai Salah Satu Determinan Pembangunan Bangsa dan Karakter

This research was conducted with the aim of knowing national identity, supporting factors for the birth of national identity, as well as examining efforts that can be made in maintaining national identity as one of the determinants of nation and character development. In this study using qualitative research methods. At this stage the writer seeks research data directly through interviews. This activity requires an agreement on time and place with the resource person or informant. The data collection technique used in this study was structured interviews. The recording technique is done by using notes using small notes. This type of interview aims to find hypothetical answers. Structured interviews are generally used if all research samples are deemed to have the same opportunity to answer the questions posed. The advantage of this structured interview is that there are no in-depth questions that allow lies to the informants interviewed. The basis or theory of the discussion this time is obtained from the results of literature or literature studies obtained from various relevant sources such as books, journals and articles.

Implementasi Identitas Nasional Sebagai Salah Satu Determinan Pembangunan Bangsa dan Karakter

This research was conducted with the aim of knowing national identity, supporting factors for the birth of national identity, as well as examining efforts that can be made in maintaining national identity as one of the determinants of nation and character development. In this study using qualitative research methods. At this stage the writer seeks research data directly through interviews. This activity requires an agreement on time and place with the resource person or informant. The data collection technique used in this study was structured interviews. The recording technique is done by using notes using small notes. This type of interview aims to find hypothetical answers. Structured interviews are generally used if all research samples are deemed to have the same opportunity to answer the questions posed. The advantage of this structured interview is that there are no in-depth questions that allow lies to the informants interviewed. The basis or theory of the discussion this time is obtained from the results of literature or literature studies obtained from various relevant sources such as books, journals and articles.

MiR-208a in Cardiac Hypertrophy and Remodeling.

Various stresses, including pressure overload and myocardial stretch, can trigger cardiac remodeling and result in heart diseases. The disorders are associated with high risk of morbidity and mortality and are among the major health problems in the world. MicroRNAs, a class of ~22nt-long small non-coding RNAs, have been found to participate in regulating heart development and function. One of them, miR-208a, a cardiac-specific microRNA, plays key role(s) in modulating gene expression in the heart, and is involved in a broad array of processes in cardiac pathogenesis. Genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of miR-208a in rodents attenuated stress-induced cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling. Transgenic expression of miR-208a in the heart was sufficient to cause hypertrophic growth of cardiomyocytes. miR-208a is also a key regulator of cardiac conduction system, either deletion or transgenic expression of miR-208a disturbed heart electrophysiology and could induce arrhythmias. In addition, miR-208a appeared to assist in regulating the expression of fast- and slow-twitch myofiber genes in the heart. Notably, this heart-specific miRNA could also modulate the “endocrine” function of cardiac muscle and govern the systemic energy homeostasis in the whole body. Despite of the critical roles, the underlying regulatory networks involving miR-208a are still elusive. Here, we summarize the progress made in understanding the function and mechanisms of this important miRNA in the heart, and propose several topics to be resolved as well as the hypothetical answers. We speculate that miR-208a may play diverse and even opposite roles by being involved in distinct molecular networks depending on the contexts. A deeper understanding of the precise mechanisms of its action under the conditions of cardiac homeostasis and diseases is needed. The clinical implications of miR-208a are also discussed.

Hypothetical Answers to Continuous Queries over Data Streams

Continuous queries over data streams often delay answers until some relevant input arrives through the data stream. These delays may turn answers, when they arrive, obsolete to users who sometimes have to make decisions with no help whatsoever. Therefore, it can be useful to provide hypothetical answers – “given the current information, it is possible that X will become true at time t” – instead of no information at all. In this paper we present a semantics for queries and corresponding answers that covers such hypothetical answers, together with an online algorithm for updating the set of facts that are consistent with the currently available information.

Research Regarding Development of Expert Systems for Polymeric Products Design and Manufacturing

AbstractPolymeric products design and manufacturing is a complex industrial process that combines elements of chemical composition of plastics with injection modeling technology designed to optimize economic and technical parameters. A number of risks can disrupt the proper execution of the works and consequently alter the technical and economic objectives. In this paper the results of research regarding expert system for polymeric products design and manufacturing are presented. This system determines the level of risk of the different execution stages by risk identification and qualitative assessment through a series of predefined questions and hypothetical answers.

Fusion of technology management and financing management - Amazon's transformative endeavor by orchestrating techno-financing systems

Amazon became the world R&D leader in 2017 by rapidly increasing R&D investment. Its R&D investment in 2017 was double that of 2015, 5 times that of 2012, and 10 times that of 2011. This rapid increase continued in 2018, and Amazon accomplished a skyrocketing increase in its market capitalization, closing to being the world's biggest company.Such a rapid increase in R&D and subsequent market value has raised questions about how to conduct R&D and secure a large amount of funds needed for high-risk investments. Amazon has provided hypothetical answers to both of these questions.Amazon has been conducting innovative R&D to transform routine or periodic alterations into significant improvements during the R&D process and claiming huge expenses for such transformation activities as expenses for R&D.The company's ample free cash flow generated by sophisticated cash conversion cycle (CCC) management endorsed a large amount of investment for such a high-risk strategy.Increased R&D induced business advancement and lean cost structure construction leading to a further increase in cash flow has stimulated interactions between vendors, customers, and Amazon via the Amazon marketplace. Activated interaction-accelerated CCC advancement, a subsequent free cash flow increase, and user-driven innovation have thus simultaneously accelerated R&D transformation.All of these components - R&D transformation and technopreneurial strategy consisting of technology management, as well as marketplace development and CCC-driven cash flow generation consisting of financing management - function together as a consolidated sophisticated machine. Thus, Amazon has succeeded in fusing technology management and financing management by orchestrating all techno-financing systems.In light of increasing concerns regarding R&D expansion without the dilemma of a productivity decline that most digital economies are now confronting, this paper demonstrates the above hypothetical answers.Following the authors' preceding analysis of Amazon's unique technology management toward a new concept of R&D in the digital economy, an intensive empirical analysis focusing on the development trajectory of Amazon's techno-financing system over the last two decades was conducted.An insightful suggestion as to neo-open innovation that fuses technology management and financing management is thus provided.

Perspectives of adults with Klinefelter syndrome, unaffected adolescent males, and parents of affected children toward diagnosis disclosure: a Thai experience

Little is known about disclosure of diagnosis to males with Klinefelter syndrome (KS) diagnosed before birth or during childhood, especially in Asian context. Insufficient preparation for disclosure communication could lead to the child’s depression, anxiety, or disrupted self-esteem. This is an interventional and qualitative interview study with a brief self-reported survey. The study consists of three phases. In phase I, adults with KS were asked about their experiences and viewpoints toward KS disclosure and diagnosis through individual interviews. In phase II, unaffected adolescent males were given information about KS and then asked to give hypothetical answers to a questionnaire followed by a group interview, as if they had KS. In phase III, parents of children with KS were asked to complete a questionnaire followed by a group interview which included a discussion about their disclosure plans and their concerns. The parents were provided information obtained from adults with KS and unaffected adolescent males, and were then interviewed again as a group. We found that the most hurtful issues were discovering their infertility from KS and late disclosure. From the perspective of unaffected adolescent males, early disclosure in early or mid-teens in a neutral, supportive, and relaxed manner, along with information on benefits of hormonal treatment, the assurance of biological sex as “male,” and avoidance of some sensitive words are strongly recommended, as a way to promote self-confidence and positive coping with the diagnosis. After intervention, the parents reported more confidence and less anxiety about disclosing the diagnosis to their children, and indicated that they would disclose KS at an earlier age. For unaffected adolescent males, though it is a hypothetical scenario and their reaction may differ from affected adolescents, unaffected adolescent males’ viewpoints on how they might react are more or less representative of cultural changes for the new generation, especially in the Asian context. In addition, their viewpoints influenced parents’ decision and genetic counseling plans for the diagnosis disclosure of KS to their children. We propose a preliminary guideline for KS diagnosis disclosure.

INVOLUTION IN INDONESIAN CIVILIZATION (A HISTORICAL REVIEW OF THE SOCIAL AND POLITICAL BEHAVIOR OF THE INDONESIAN SOCIETY SINCE INDEPENDENCE)

This paper begins with crucial inquiries about the process of Indonesian civilization growth: Why is the Indonesian self-identity different from those of its neighboring nations? Is there anything amiss in its process of self-making? How exactly did this nation come into being in relation with the roles of the actors involved in that process? The questions above will be responded with hypothetical answers through a historical review of the social and political behavior of the Indonesian society since its independence. Indonesia’s self-making process will be reviewed back from the period of its independence to see how its civilization grew in comparison to other nations around it. Is it true that the revolution of independence had disjointed this nation’s civilization growth process, or is there any other cause? In comparison with those of its neighboring nations, the Indonesia’s civilization growth is ratherinvolutive than evaluative, and this may not change at least for the foreseeable future. This paper aims to analyze it in a hypothetical review. The implication of this paper is the suggestion for Indonesian nation to be alert of the potential continuation of conflicts that may perpetuate the involution process, which can hamper Indonesia’s civilization growth.

Why Is There Always Energy for Dancing?

This essay undertakes to illuminate the work of Randy Martin by surveying a range of theories offering hypothetical answers to the question of why dance seems to generate more energy than it demands, an experience often reported by those who engage in it. Coming from the disparate disciplines of social history, psychology, neurobiology, phenomenology, and aesthetics, these theories do not necessarily conflict with one another nor do they agree about dance's energizing capacity. Taken together, however, they lend greater insight into Martin's concept of “mobilization,” and the analysis of them answers Martin's call to evaluate dance from within the presumption of conditions of abundance rather than scarcity.

Enhancing gender equity through evidence‐based policymaking? Theorizing and tracing the use of systematic knowledge in family and tax policy reforms

How can evidence—systematically generated substantive knowledge—be used to reach policy outcomes that promote gender equity? Initial hypothetical answers to this question are derived from three distinct theories of the policy process: the Rational Policy Cycle (RPC), the Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF), and the Multiple Streams Approach (MSA). With the help of these theoretical frameworks, we trace the use of evidence in four case studies in the fields of family and tax policy in Swiss Cantons. These empirical studies reveal that, within a policy process which follows the Rational Policy Cycle, evidence documenting existing deficits and studies indicating the efficiency of proposed measures are crucial for a progressive outcome. Attempts to promote policies that enhance gender equity by linking them to dominant topics like economic competitiveness are not successful as long as no strong evidence is provided and such a linkage can also be used for promoting policies that undermine gender equity. Finally, in a battle between rival advocacy coalitions, evidence that indicates the correspondence between a proposed policy and constitutional norms seems to be most powerful.

Kinesin superfamily proteins and the regulation of microtubule dynamics in morphogenesis.

Kinesin superfamily proteins (KIFs) are microtubule-dependent molecular motors that serve as sources of force for intracellular transport and cell division. Recent studies have revealed new roles of KIFs as microtubule stabilizers and depolymerizers, and these activities are fundamental to cellular morphogenesis and mammalian development. KIF2A and KIF19A have microtubule-depolymerizing activities and regulate the neuronal morphology and cilia length, respectively. KIF21A and KIF26A work as microtubule stabilizers that regulate axonal morphology. Morphological defects that are similar to human diseases are observed in mice in which these KIF genes have been deleted. Actually, KIF2A and KIF21A have been identified as causes of human neuronal diseases. In this review, the functions of these atypical KIFs that regulate microtubule dynamics are discussed. Moreover, some interesting unanswered questions and hypothetical answers to them are discussed.

Reading the right to the city. Part two: Organisational realities

Based on reports on Right to the City Alliances in Spain, Germany, France, Hungary, the USA, Portugal and Greece, this paper puts together questions on organizational issues that have been raised and suggests some hypothetical answers. The issues dealt with include target constituency, problem focus, organizational base, internal organization, strategies and tactics, historical setting, role of the state, motivations and guiding theory.

How different are real and hypothetical decisions? Overestimation, contrast and assimilation in social interaction

Decision researchers conduct laboratory experiments of choice between real rewards, but also often rely on asking people to provide hypothetical answers to fictitious situations. Applying results from such studies to real-world situations requires understanding how decision making in cases involving real rewards correspond to decisions with hypothetical rewards. This article reports two key differences between hypothetical and real decisions in social dilemmas. First, hypothetical and real decisions cause different cognitive biases in social dilemmas: hypothetical judgements and choices stem from perceptual processes and cause contrast effects; while judgements and actions in real interaction are biased by assimilation processes involved in action selection and learning. Second, without the corrective real social interaction, people overestimate theirs and others propensity to act cooperatively. However, individuals are more confident in their predictions during real interaction, which suggests that such metacognitive judgments can predict actual behaviour and also signal when respondents provide biased responses. Overall, our results call into question established methodologies that rely on hypothetical answers, and indicate that people should be observed and measured in real or incentivised social interactions.

Comparative Law and Legal Science

This paper argues that it is useful for law students to gain some knowledge of comparative law for the following reasons: 1. A lawyer who has familiarised him or herself with the law of foreign jurisdictions is less likely to experience the 'threshold of the unfamiliar.' 2. Occasionally legal decision makers base their decisions on comparative considerations. 3. The study of comparative law broadens one’s horizon and makes it easier to relativise one’s parochial law. Moreover, the national law can be seen as one possible solution to societal problems, and not anymore as the legal structure of human society. 4. Comparative law can be a useful heuristic tool. It allows legal scientist to generate more easily valuable hypothetical answers to research questions. 5. Depending on the type of research questions one tries to answer and on one’s view of the law, comparative law can also play a role in scientific method.Such a role is indisputable for some kinds of explanation of the law’s contents (legal transplants). Comparative law in a broad sense may provide data which are relevant for questions of evaluative legal science. Comparative law can play a role in descriptive legal science too, for instance if one takes law to be the best possible regulation for collective enforcement.

The Firm as an Inspector: Private Ordering and Political Rules

With increasing fragmentation of worldwide production chains and the corresponding contracting relations between companies, the “firm as an inspector” has become a frequent phenomenon. Buyer firms deploy supervising activities over their suppliers' products and production processes in order to ensure their compliance with regulatory standards, thereby taking on tasks commonly performed by public authorities. Why would a firm engage in such activities? In this article we will analyze the conditions under which firms play the role of an inspector vis-à-vis their sub-contractor firms to guarantee compliance with quality and environmental regulations. We develop a theoretical argument based on transaction cost economics and institutionalism to offer hypothetical answers to this question and provide an empirical assessment of our hypotheses.