Hypertrophied Nuclei Research Articles

The first clawed lobster virus Homarus gammarus nudivirus (HgNV n. sp.) expands the diversity of the Nudiviridae

Viral diseases of crustaceans are increasingly recognised as challenges to shellfish farms and fisheries. Here we describe the first naturally-occurring virus reported in any clawed lobster species. Hypertrophied nuclei with emarginated chromatin, characteristic histopathological lesions of DNA virus infection, were observed within the hepatopancreatic epithelial cells of juvenile European lobsters (Homarus gammarus). Transmission electron microscopy revealed infection with a bacilliform virus containing a rod shaped nucleocapsid enveloped in an elliptical membrane. Assembly of PCR-free shotgun metagenomic sequencing produced a circular genome of 107,063 bp containing 97 open reading frames, the majority of which share sequence similarity with a virus infecting the black tiger shrimp: Penaeus monodon nudivirus (PmNV). Multiple phylogenetic analyses confirm the new virus to be a novel member of the Nudiviridae: Homarus gammarus nudivirus (HgNV). Evidence of occlusion body formation, characteristic of PmNV and its closest relatives, was not observed, questioning the horizontal transmission strategy of HgNV outside of the host. We discuss the potential impacts of HgNV on juvenile lobster growth and mortality and present HgNV-specific primers to serve as a diagnostic tool for monitoring the virus in wild and farmed lobster stocks.

Study of Physiological and Histological Changes in Male Rats (Rattus norvegicus) After Carbonated and Energy Beverages Drinking

This study was conducted to detect the effect of Pepsi cola and Tiger beverages drinking in some physiological parameters and histopathological changes in male rats , thirty two male rats were used which divided into four groups , for each group included eight animals (n=8) the first group administrated physiological saline as control group , the second group administrated (1mL) Pepsi cola , the third group administrated two doses of Pepsi cola by (1mL) in each dose and the duration between these two doses was 4 hours while the fourth group administrated (1mL) Tiger beverage. The results of present study showed a significant increasing (P?0.05) in body weight, sperm malformations, urea concentration, glucose level and triglycerides in treated groups by Pepsi and Tiger beverages compared with control group. Also, the results found a significant decreasing (P?0.05) in the sperm count , ALT , AST, ALP , albumin level and total protein of treated groups (second , third and fourth groups) compared with control group , While observed non-significant increasing in creatinine concentration and cholesterol level of treated groups (second , third and fourth groups) compared with control group . The results showed that treatment of male rats by Pepsi and Tiger beverages caused histological changes in testes such as necrosis of epithelia , destroyed and increasing the thickness of interstitial tissue , congestion and reduction of spermatocytes . In kidneys that included congestion , infiltration of inflammatory cells , reduce , absence and death of glomeruli , enlargement of Bowman's space and hemorrhage . While in liver that comprised inflammation, congestion, enlargement of sinusoids, hypertrophy of nuclei for hepatocytes and hemorrhage.

Environmentally induced nephrotoxicity and histopathological alternations in Wallago attu and Cirrhinus mrigla.

Fish kidneys are sensitive to chemical changes in the freshwater ecosystem because they are directly and constantly exposed to chemicals dissolved in the water. This study evaluated nephrotoxicity in Wallago attu and Cirrhinus mrigala harvested from the Chenab River in an area of industrial and sewage waste disposal. Induced histological alternation data were correlated to the severity of environmental degradation in order to determine whether this biological system can be used as a tool for environmental monitoring programs. Kidneys from two fish species occupying different niches were collected and stored for 24 h in 10% formalin. Control fish were collected upstream of the polluted river area. Specimens were processed using topical histological methods. The major histological alterations observed in both species were renal tubule myxospora, hyperemia, glomerulonephritis, degeneration of renal tubule cells, dilation of glomerular capillaries, presence of pycnotic nuclei in the hematopoietic tissue, epithelial hypertrophy, vacuolization, reduced lumen of renal tubules, and shrinkage of glomeruli. Renal tubular atrophy, degeneration due to extensive degranulation, necrosis of glomeruli, glomerular expansion, absence of Bowman’s space, hypertrophied nucleus, necrosis and hyalinization of the interstitium, clogging of tubules, and regeneration of tubules was also observed. Wallago attu exhibited the maximum incidence of moderate to severe changes and was defined as having the highest “histopathologic alteration index”. These severe alterations were found to be related to environmental degradation, indicating the presence of stressors in freshwater. Control groups showed normal tissue morphology in the kidneys.

СУБМІКРОСКОПІЧНІ ЗМІНИ КОМПОНЕНТІВ АЕРОГЕМАТИЧНОГО БАР’ЄРУ РЕСПІРАТОРНОГО ВІДДІЛУ ЛЕГЕНЬ ЩУРІВ У РАННІ ТЕРМІНИ ПІСЛЯ ГОСТРОГО УРАЖЕННЯ ХЛОРИДНОЮ КИСЛОТОЮ

Submicroscopic studies of the respiratory part of the lungs after 2 and 6 hours after the experimental acute lung injury with hydrochloric acid established adaptive-compensatory and destructive changes in the components of the air-blood barrier.The aim of the study – to learn submicroscopic changes in the components of the air-blood barrier of the lungs in the early period after acute lung injury.Materials and Methods. The experiments were carried out on 30 white mature non-linear male rats weighing 200–220 g. The animals were divided into 3 groups: 1 – control group, 2 – hydrochloric acid damage after 2 hours, 3 – hydrochloric acid damage after 6 hour.Results and Discussion. In an experiment on mature white rats, a study was made of the submicroscopic state of the components of the air-blood barrier in the early periods after acute lung injury. It has been established that adaptive-compensatory and initial destructive changes of the alveolar epithelium and the walls of the hemocapillary take place at 2 o'clock in the experiment. The cytoplasm of respiratory epitheliocytes during this period of the experiment was focal-edematous and enlightened, organelles were destructively altered. For alveolocytes of type I, there was a significant swelling and clarification of the cytoplasm. During this period of the experiment, an increased number of actively phagocytizing macrophages appeared, which acquired a rounded shape, clearly contoured membranes of the cariolema, their invaginations were determined, and in the karyoplasm euchromatin predominated. In alveolocytes of type II, after 6 hours, the progression of destructive changes was established. For which there were peculiarity hypertrophied nuclei with deep invagination of the cariolema, in which there were few nuclear pores, locally expanded perinuclear space. In the edematous cytoplasm, organelles were found to be destructively altered.Conclusions. Acute damage to the lungs leads to a disruption of the ultrastructural organization of the air-blood barrier. Established adaptive-compensatory processes and signs of destructive changes in the alveolar epithelium and the walls of hemocapillaries, which leads to deterioration of gas-exchange processes in the lungs.

Editors' note: Teaching Video NeuroImages: Olivary enlargement and pharyngeal nystagmus

In “Teaching Video NeuroImages: Olivary enlargement and pharyngeal nystagmus,” authors Finlay and Yacovino described a 77-year-old woman with a pontine cavernoma and rhythmic contractions of the soft palate and upper larynx on videofluoroscopy. The accompanying MRI showed right inferior olivary nucleus hypertrophy. Dr. Bhattacharjee comments that the simultaneous palate–pharyngeal tremor may be due to their common innervation by the vagus nerve. He also asks about the interval between the cavernoma expansion, the radiologic signal changes, and the patient's symptoms. Authors Finlay and Yacovino clarify that the olivary hypertrophy was present on the patient's initial MRI and that the palatal tremor was diagnosed 36 months after that study. They also note that synchronic contraction additionally was seen in the bilateral eyelids in their patient, which does not support Dr. Bhattacharjee's theory of common vagus nerve innervation. Dr. Mendez-Guerrero suggests that the term pharyngeal nystagmus, coined a century ago, may be misleading as a central nystagmus now infers a vestibular nuclei or vestibular pathway impairment, which is not present in this disorder. He proposes using the term pharyngeal/laryngeal myorhythmia, denoting a slow (2–3 Hz) rhythmic movement disorder of the cranial musculature. The authors expand on the terminology mentioned by Dr. Mendez-Guerrero and on their use of Spencer's original nomenclature. In “Teaching Video NeuroImages: Olivary enlargement and pharyngeal nystagmus,” authors Finlay and Yacovino described a 77-year-old woman with a pontine cavernoma and rhythmic contractions of the soft palate and upper larynx on videofluoroscopy. The accompanying MRI showed right inferior olivary nucleus hypertrophy.

Meningoencephalitis in farmed monosex Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) caused by Streptococcus agalactiae

Abstract Aquaculture of tilapia is a new research venture in India. With intensification in farming practices, tilapia are increasingly susceptible to bacterial infections. This article describes the isolation and identification of pathogenic bacteria from cultured monosex Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), that experienced moderate to severe mortalities in West Bengal, India between September and August 2014 and histopathological alterations in various organs. Gram-positive diplococci, identified as Streptococcus agalactiae with Streptococcus identification kits and 16S rDNA sequencing analysis, were isolated from the brain, operculum, and kidney. Other bacteria from the kidney were identified as Aeromonas sobria, A. caviae, Klebsiella pneumoniae ssp. pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Enterobacter cloacae. Staphylococcus epidermis was isolated from opercular hemorrhages. Histological sections of the infected tilapia brain revealed meningoencephalitis and granulomatous lesions. Sections from other organs indicated congestion, hemorrhagic and hyperplastic cells, necrosis, vacuolation, hemosiderin deposition, hypertrophic nuclei, melanomacrophage aggregation, and ruptured veins. This report is the first description of S. agalactiae as a primary pathogen causing meningoencephalitis in cultured tilapia in India.

CARCINOMA EX PLEOMORPHIC ADENOMA OF A MINOR SALIVARY GLAND: A CASE REPORT

Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma is a rare and aggressive malignancy that usually develops in primary or recurrent pleomorphic adenoma. A 55-year-old male patient presented a swelling on the palate with 2 years history of evolution, reporting difficulty in adaptation of upper dentures. Intraoral examination revealed a mass covered with non-ulcerated mucosa of firm consistency, non-tender. The lesion was completed excised and sent to microscopic evaluation. Histopathologic examination revealed a neoplastic lesion characterized by proliferation of cells, resembling myoepithelial cells, disposed in lumen structure bounded by eosinophilic, cuboidal, intercalated duct-like cells, embedded in a myxoid background stroma. Capsular integrity was incomplete with infiltration by islands of atypical cells with hyperchromatic and hypertrophic nucleus, amid necrosis areas suggesting malignancy. The diagnosis of carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma was established. The patient is on follow-up of 1 year and there are no signs of recurrence.

Early evidence for a virus-like agent infecting the pest snail Theba pisana (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) in Southern Italy.

The Mediterranean land snail Theba pisana (Mollusca: Helicidae) is an introduced agricultural pest in many countries around the world, including Australia, Israel, USA and South Africa. In addition, this snail is an intermediate host of parasites of importance in both human and veterinary medicine. In this study, a natural population of T. pisana snails on the Domitian coast of Italy was surveyed following a mass mortality event. By light microscopy, 30% of the collected individuals showed in the calcium cells of the digestive gland the presence of hypertrophied nuclei containing eosinophilic to weakly basophilic inclusion bodies. Ultrastructural examination by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed nuclear inclusions constituted by a reticulated stroma into which unenveloped, roundish virus-like particles (38±4nm in diameter) were present. To the best of our knowledge this could be the first evidence for a virus-like agent infecting the gastropod T. pisana, which may open new biocontrol perspectives of the this pest worldwide.

Histopathological and Ultrastructural Alterations in Some Organs of Oreochromis niloticus Exposed to Glyphosate-based Herbicide, Excel Mera 71.

Oreochromis niloticus was exposed to glyphosate-based herbicide Excel Mera 71 for 30 days under field and laboratory conditions to investigate the histopathological and ultrastructural responses in gill, liver, and kidney. Gill displayed degenerative changes in the pillar cells of gill epithelium, curling of secondary lamella, and appearance of globular structure in laboratory condition under light microscopy. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) observations revealed loss of microridges, disappearance of normal array of microridges, and damage in stratified epithelial cells under both the conditions, while severe vacuolation and necrosis were prominent under transmission electron microscopic (TEM) study in the laboratory condition. In liver, excess fat deposition and acentric nuclei in the laboratory condition were prominent under light microscopic and SEM study. TEM study showed necrosis in mitochondria, cytoplasmic vacuolation, degeneration in endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and reduced amount of glycogen droplets, but under field condition, lesions were less. Kidney showed fragmented glomerulus, excessive fat deposition, and hypertrophied nuclei under light microscope, while topological study showed shrinkage of glomerulus and degenerative changes under laboratory condition. TEM study also confirmed necrosis in mitochondria, dilation and fragmentation of ER, and appearance of severe vacuolation in the laboratory study, but no significant alterations were observed in field under SEM and TEM study. Therefore, the present study depicts that Excel Mera 71 caused comparatively less pathological lesions under field than laboratory condition, and finally, these responses could be considered as bioindicators for toxicity study in aquatic ecosystem.

Distribución, ciclo de vida y alteraciones histológicas de Heterodera sp. en zanahoria, en Puebla

<p>En el 2009 se encontró en el Valle de Tepeaca, Puebla, un nematodo formador de quistes del género Heterodera asociado a zanahoria. A la fecha se desconoce la distribución en algunos municipios productores, su ciclo de vida y las alteraciones histológicas en las raíces de plantas infectadas. Durante 2008 a 2016 se muestrearon 28 parcelas con zanahoria de seis municipios del Valle de Tepeaca. Se separaron las raíces y en ellas se buscaron hembras blancas adheridas, del suelo se extrajeron los quistes. En invernadero se sembró zanahoria cv. Mexicana en suelo naturalmente infestado, las raíces se tiñeron con fucsina ácida-lactoglicerol para conocer el tiempo de desarrollo de cada fase del ciclo. Para describir las alteraciones en raíces infectadas, éstas se incluyeron en parafina con lo que se hicieron cortes, se tiñeron con fucsina-verde rápido para su análisis. Heterodera sp. se encontró en el 93 % de las parcelas y completó su ciclo en 73 días a 20-25 ºC. Las alteraciones histológicas mostraron la presencia de sitios de alimentación (sincitios) con citoplasma denso y granuloso, con núcleos hipertrofiados, disolución y engrosamiento de paredes celulares, ubicados principalmente en la corteza y cilindro vascular. Además hubo presencia de zonas lignificadas con hiperplasia e hipertrofia.</p>

Implementation of the mixed linear models in experimental infections with WSSV in the withe shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

The White Spot Syndrome Virus has been very detrimental for the shrimp industry. Up to date there is no cure for the disease, thus, it is necessary to implement reliable experimental strategies to evaluate the effect of drugs and the host response during the prognosis of the disease. In this study, we evaluated two ways of infection with WSSV (200 copies WSSV-DNA) (injection and immersion), at constant temperature (26 ± 0.5ºC), in juveniles of Litopenaeus vannamei (4.8 ± 0.38 g) in intermolt stage. In the infection by injection, the organisms were lethargic with reddish appearance 2 days after infection and mortality (100%) was observed within 2-5 days: 63% organisms with light degree of infection [20 copies of DNA & 1-5 Cowdry A-type inclusions in hypertrophied nuclei (CAI)/200 fields], 21% had moderate infection (200 copies of DNA & 1-2 CAI/20 fields) and 16% severely infected (2000 copies of DNA & more than 10 CAI/field). No mortality was observed in the controls. In the infection by immersion, the signs of WSSV were observed 3 days after infection: 38% of mortality was observed during 3-9 days: 25% of the organism with light degree of infection (20 copies of DNA & 1-2 CAI/20 fields), 5% moderately infected (200 copies of DNA & 1-2 CAI/20 fields) and 8% with severe infection (2000 copies of DNA & 1-5 CAI/2 fields. The other 62% organisms were necropsied at day 12 and tested positive to the WSSV-PCR (light infection = 20 copies of DNA), but did not show CAI by histology. No mortality was observed in the controls. For the statistical analysis, the data did not fit the criteria of independence and linearity needed for the analyses of variance, thus we used instead the mixed linear models and were able to observe a better prediction: in the injected organisms, the mortality reached the highest peak at day 5 after infection. In the organisms infected by immersion, the highest peak or mortality was observed at day 9 after infection. The analysis of variance of Kenward-Roger indicated significant differences between the days of mortality (F = 20.1, P = 0.001), as well as among the ways of infection (Random analysis) (P = 0.007).

Incidence of simultaneous infection of infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in Litopenaeus vannamei

Infectious diseases caused by viruses are quite common in pond cultivated shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. The present investigation reports a rare consortium of two viruses i.e. infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in adult Litopenaeus vannamei. Collections of diseased and normal shrimps were carried out in eighteen ponds from the farms of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Among the eighteen ponds, nine ponds were found to have infected shrimps either by WSSV or by IHHNV, but interestingly only one pond had the shrimps infected by both the viruses. Shrimp infected only with WSSV exhibited white spot on the carapace. IHHNV infected shrimps showed its principle symptoms including abbreviated rostrum, deformed cuticle and short antennae. Co-infected shrimps showed only symptoms of WSSV; IHHNV symptoms were latent. In histological study, the symptoms for both viral infections were evident such as hypertrophied nuclei and inclusion bodies in the shrimp gill tissues. Further transmission electron microscopic (TEM) examination revealed the presence of both WSSV and IHHNV in the same infected gill of L. vannamei. The unusual infections by both viruses was further confirmed by PCR. This study documents the concurrent occurrence of two different viruses in the gill tissue and their pathogenesis in L. vannamei.

Cardiovascular Histopathology of a 11-Year Old with Mucopolysaccharidosis VII Demonstrates Fibrosis, Macrophage Infiltration, and Arterial Luminal Stenosis.

Mucopolysaccharidosis type VII (MPS VII) is caused by β-glucuronidase deficiency, resulting in lysosomal accumulation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and multisystemic disease. We present cardiovascular gross and histopathology findings from a 11-year-old MPS VII male, who expired after developing ventricular fibrillation following anesthesia induction. Gross anatomic observations were made at autopsy; postmortem formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples of the carotid artery, aorta, myocardium, and valves were sectioned and stained with hematoxylin-eosin, Verhoeff-Van Gieson, CD68, and trichrome stains. Gross heart findings include an enlarged, dilated heart, mitral valve prolapse with thick, shortened chordae tendinae, and thickened aortic valve cusps. The aorta contained raised intimal plaques mimicking conventional atherosclerosis. Cardiac myocytes included hypertrophic nuclei, subendocardial fibrosis, and increased interfascicular collagen. Coronary lumens were 40-70% stenosed by fibrointimal hyperplasia containing storage material-laden cells, CD68+ macrophages, and fragmented elastin laminae. Similar findings were visualized in aortic intimal plaques. We confirm that arterial plaques, elastin fragmentation, and activated CD68+ macrophage infiltration occur in human MPS VII, consistent with previously observed findings in murine and canine MPS VII. We also confirm ultrasonographically observed carotid intimal-medial thickening is an in vivo correlate of histopathologic vascular fibrointimal hyperplasia. MPS VII patients should be regularly monitored for cardiac disease, with methods such as Holter monitors and stress testing; MPS VII-directed treatments should effectively address cardiovascular disease.

Histological characteristic of interrenal and chromaffin cells in relation to ovarian activities in Mystus vittatus (Bloch) during growth, maturation, spawning and post-spawning phases

The histological status of adrenocortical tissues and the correlated seasonal changes in ovarian activities in Mystus vittatus was performed. The tubules and nests of interrenal and chromaffin cells were located in cephalic kidney around the main branches of posterior cardinal vein. Various female germ line cells were identified in the ovary based on size, distinctive features and histoarchitechture of the cells. However, on the basis of relative abundance and size of the different oocytes, the event of oogenesis has been found to occur in four distinct phases, including growth, maturation, spawning and post-spawning. The cytoplasmic features and the architecture of the interrenal and chromaffin cells varied during different phases of the reproductive cycle. During growth and maturation phases, the amount of cytoplasmic granules of interrenal cells increased than chromaffin cells that was in coincidence with the increase of early and late perinucleolar oocytes followed by highest frequency percentage of oocyte at stages IV and V. The cytoplasmic mass of interrenal cells was gradually elevated along with hypertrophied nuclei from the end of maturation and spawning phases also correlated with the increased frequency of mature oocytes. Therefore, gradual accumulation of cytoplasmic granules in the interrenal cells was noticed during post-spawning phase. The cytological variations in the interrenal and chromaffin cells harmonized with constitution of different ovarian cells during different reproductive phase in M. vittatus .

Hematological and Histological Changes in Prussian Carp Carassius gibelio Infected with Cyprinid Herpesvirus 2.

Outbreaks of cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2) disease, also known as herpesviral hematopoietic necrosis, among cultured Prussian Carp Carassius gibelio has occurred each year in Jiangsu province, China, since 2009. In autumn 2014, hematological, blood biochemical, and histological changes in naturally infected moribund Prussian Carp were investigated after CyHV-2 was confirmed as the sole etiologic agent by etiological analyses. Total erythrocyte count, total leukocyte count, hemoglobin concentration, and thrombocyte count were significantly reduced (P < 0.01), whereas erythrocyte osmotic brittleness was significantly increased (P < 0.01) in infected fish compared with control fish. In addition, monocyte count was higher (P < 0.01) and lymphocyte count was lower (P < 0.01) in diseased fish than in control fish. The blood biochemical analyses indicated significant increases (P < 0.01) in the activities of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase as well as in the levels of total protein, globulin, total bilirubin, creatinine, and urea along with significant decreases (P < 0.01) in glucose and albumin in the diseased group. Histopathological examinations indicated that the kidneys and spleens of moribund Prussian Carp were the most severely lesioned organs, followed by the gills and hearts. Hypertrophied nuclei with marginated chromatin also appeared in the hearts and renal tubular epithelia from diseased fish. Pathological analysis of blood cells showed that approximately 78% of erythrocytes and 94% of leukocytes were lesioned with different levels of degeneration and necrosis in the diseased group. These previously unreported observations may be useful in the diagnosis of CyHV-2 disease. Received May 11, 2015; accepted March 24, 2016.

Effects of Farnesol on the Ultrastructure of Brain and Corpora Allata, Sex Hormones and on some Oxidative Stress Parameters inLocusta migratoria(Orthoptera: Acridiidae)

Farnesol, at 0.06 × 104 ppm concentration was tested against the fifth nymphal instar of Locusta migratoria induced antifeedant activity by 33.6 % and 45 % to males and females, respectively. Ultrastructural studies, using transmission electron microscopy, revealed marked pathological changes in the neurosecretory cells in brain and corpora allata (CA) cells of treated nymphs. The brain neurosecretion was held inside the neurosecretory cells whose axons did not liberate normally, leading to the accumulation of neurosecretory granules inside. These cells appeared ruptured and irregular. Corpora allata cells had hypertrophied nuclei, numerous lysosomes, malformed mitochondria, Golgi bodies and some other intracellular organelles in the gland cells. Multivesicular bodies were scattered and intercellular spaces appeared within the cell matrix. The haemolymph testosterone and progesterone levels were significantly decreased in the fifth nymphal instar treated with farnesol. Moreover, haemolymph and brain super...

Hepatic Parameters of Marine Fish Rachycentron canadum (Linnaeus, 1766) Exposed to Sublethal Concentrations of Water-Soluble Fraction of Petroleum

Hepatic Parameters of Marine Fish Rachycentron canadum (Linnaeus, 1766) Exposed to Sublethal Concentrations of Water-Soluble Fraction of Petroleum The aim of this paper was to evaluate the liver histological changes, hepatosomatic index and condition factor, as well as the activity of the enzymes alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase after sublethal exposure 0.3 ppm of water-soluble fraction (WSF) of petroleum the period from 7 and 14 days. Observed an increase of hepatosomatic index after 7 and 14 days and reduced condition factor at 14 days of exposure, increased AST activity in serum at 14 days of exposure and liver histological alterations in 7 and 14 days, such as hypertrophy of nucleus of the hepatocytes, increase of density of the hepatic blood vessels, disarrangement of hepatic cords, cell atypia contour, intense cytoplasmic and nuclear vacuolization and hyperemia. We concluded that the evaluation of hepatosomatic index, histopathological alterations and activity of enzymes aspartate aminotransferase (AST) are sensitive to exposure to WSF, being good biomarkers. It is concluded, also, that the sub-lethal exposure to 0.3ppm WSF change of hepatic parameters of the fish species Rachycentron canadum, affecting the functioning of the biotransformation system. Knowledge of the changes and their adaptations will serve as the basis for the conservation of the species and more effective environmental monitoring

English

A chronic complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), diabetic neuropathy, causes neurodegeneration leading to the development of neuropathic pain and sensation loss, particularly in the hands and arms. The cervical enlargement of the spinal cord sends the nerve supply to the hands and arms. Moreover, astrocytes effectively provide structural and functional maintenance of neurons in the spinal cord. Nevertheless, there is very little research concerning the ultrastructural changes of diabetic spinal astrocytes in the cervical enlargement. Thus, in this study, the ultrastructural changes of protoplasmic and fibrous astrocytes in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic and control rats using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were examined and compared. Thirteen male diabetic and six male control rats were intraperitoneally administered with either STZ in citrate buffer or only the buffer solution, respectively. Rats were sacrificed at four (short term) and twenty-four weeks (long term) after induction of DM. Then, the cervical enlargements were collected for TEM processing. Under TEM, the morphologies of protoplasmic and fibrous astrocytes were similarly changed in each group. In the short-term DM model animals, hypertrophic nuclei with heterochromatin clumping were seen in both types of astrocytes. The rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER), Golgi complexes, and mitochondria were distended. Moreover, augmented glial fibrils were seen in astrocytic processes. In the long-term diabetes, increased heterochromatin clumping with severely disrupted nuclear membranes was seen in both types of astrocytes. The rER, Golgi complexes, and mitochondria were extremely degenerated. Disruptions of astrocytic processes were also observed. These results indicate that DM leads to abnormalities of both protoplasmic and fibrous astrocytes, which are possibly involved in the impairment of neuronal function that causes diabetic neuropathy. Thus, this basic knowledge can support better understanding of the pathogenesis in diabetic neuropathy. &nbsp; Key words: Astrocytes, cervical enlargement, spinal cord, diabetes mellitus, streptozotocin.

Histological and Ultra Structural Changes in the Mantle of Perna indica (Brown Mussel, Kuriakose and Nair, 1976) Infested by Bioeroding Sponges

The effect of boring sponge infestation on histology and ultra structure of mantle tissue in Perna indica was studied. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) of the mantle tissue infested by boring sponges indicates that they cause irreparable damage to the cell organelles. The variations in the anatomy of the various cell organelles are discussed. Increased cellular autophagy, haemocytosis, hypertrophy of nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum, vesicle formation in nucleolus and whorl formation of mitochondria are noted in sponge infested specimens. The most consistent change was dystrophy of mantle in ultra thin sections. Sponge infested tissues also exhibited histopathological changes like degeneration of the mantle and infiltration of haemocytes.

EN

Present study was conducted to find out the effect of various botanical extract on the tissue, cellular an d sub cellular level and histopathology of silkworm, findings of the present study gives useful data concerning the changes in the insect. Three plant s extract viz Azadirachta indica, Ocimum sanctum and Parthenium hysterophorus were used as experimental while untreated leaves consider as control. These botanicals were sprayed on the tukra (Pink mealy bug) infected mulberry leaves and feed to silkworm (CSR2 bivoltine hybrid). Findings of the study suggested no change in the fat body of the silkworm feed on the botanical sprayed leaves and it was with normal vacuolization cytoplasm of cells. While hypertrophied nucleus fat body and voculated cytoplasm was reported in the silkworm fed on the tukra infected chawki leaves. The outer layers of the nucleolus were reported somewhat hypertrophied and cytoplasm was reported vacuolate with mild degeneration of cell in silkworm fed on the tukra infected leaves. Silk worm fed leaves revealed almost similar changes to that of normal and there was no change in botanical sprayed fed larvae. The impact in tissue of the silkworm when fed with normal and crude botanical extracts against mealy bugs shows normalcy, but in the t ukra infected mulberry leaves fed by silk worms the tissues sho ws slight degenerative with nutritional impact upon them. Mude Jagadish Naik* and Angothu Samba Naik