Hyperplasia Of Lymphoid Follicles Research Articles

Oxidative Stress and Immunopathological Alterations of Clarias gariepinus Exposed to Monocyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (BTX)

This study’s goal was to assess the catfish’s response to exposure to monoaromatic petroleum hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, and xylene) and its recovery after exposure using oxidative stress, histopathological, and immunological changes as biomarkers. Four groups: one as control and other three exposed to benzene (0.762 ng/L), toluene (26.614 ng/L), and xylene (89.403 ng/L), respectively, for 30 days and then recovery period for 30 days. The levels of the cortisol, lipid peroxidation, and cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6) increased significantly (p < 0.05) after exposure to benzene and xylene compared to control. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and acetylcholinstease (Ach) decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in fishes exposed to benzene only compared to control group. While glutathione-S-transferase (GST) did not show any change in different treatment groups compared to control group. The histopathological signs of liver exposed to benzene, toluene, and xylene displayed aggregation of melanomacrophages, congestion of sinusoids, vacuolar degeneration of hepatocytes, necrotic area with inflammatory cell infiltration, and thrombus of central vein. Kidney exposed to benzene, toluene, and xylene showed dilatation of Bowman’s space with atrophy of glomerular tuft, lyses of RBCs with mononuclear cell infiltration, multifocal area of hemopoietic tissue necrosis, organized thrombus with perivascular hemorrhage, focal inflammatory cellular reaction, renal tubular necrosis, and thrombus of blood vessels. Spleen exposed to benzene, toluene, and xylene showed hyperplasia of lymphoid follicles in white pulp in a mild degree. These lesions appeared to a mild degree or disappeared completely after recovery period to BTX except spleen. In conclusion, monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (BTX) are hazardous to fish and the toxicity level was as benzene > xylene > toluene even though after recovery period.

Curcumin and cinnamon mitigates lead acetate-induced oxidative damage in the spleen of rats.

Lead toxicity is a common occupational and environmental health hazard that exerts many toxic effects on animals and humans, including immunotoxicity. Curcumin (CUR) and cinnamon (CIN) are common medicinal herbs with immunostimulatory and antioxidant properties. Therefore, this study investigated the protective effect of curcumin and cinnamon against lead acetate (LA)-induced splenotoxicity in rats via hemato-biochemical, immunological, oxidative stress marker, CYP-2E1 expression, histological, and immunohistological evaluations. Four groups of seven rats each were used: the control group received corn oil as a vehicle; the lead acetate group received (100mg/kg), the CUR + LA group received curcumin (400mg/kg) plus lead acetate, and the CIN + LA group received cinnamon (200mg/kg) plus lead acetate orally for 1 month. LA exposure induced macrocytic hypochromic anemia, leukocytosis, neutrophilia, monocytosis, and lymphopenia. Additionally, significant elevations in serum iron, ferritin levels, and transferrin saturation percentage with significant decline of total and unsaturated iron binding capacities (TIBC and UIBC), transferrin, and immunoglobulin G and M levels were recorded. In addition, lead acetate significantly upregulated splenic CYP-2E1 expression, that was evident by significant depletion of reduced glutathione (GSH) activity and elevation of malondihyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), and protein carbonyl (PC) concentrations in the spleen. Histologically, hyperplasia of lymphoid follicles, hemosiderin deposition, and disturbance of CD3 and CD68 immuno-expressions were evident in the spleen from the lead acetate group. However, curcumin and cinnamon administration restored the hemato-biochemical, immunological, and oxidative stress parameters as well as histological and immunohistological pictures toward normalcy. In conclusion, curcumin and cinnamon can partially ameliorate LA-induced oxidative damage in the spleen, possibly through their antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and gene-regulating activities.

Comparative evaluation of gold nanoparticles and Alum as immune enhancers against rabies vaccine and related immune reactivity, physiological, and histopathological alterations: in vivo study.

The present study aimed to compare the immune-enhancing potential of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to Alum against rabies vaccine and the related immunological, physiological, and histopathological effects. Alum and AuNPs sole and in combination with rabies vaccine were used at 0.35 mg/mL and 40 nM/mL, respectively. Rats used were categorized into six groups (20/each): control rats, rabies vaccine, aluminum phosphate gel, rabies vaccine adsorbed to Alum, AuNPs, and rabies vaccine adjuvant AuNPs. Liver and kidney functions were in the normal range after AuNPs and Alum adjuvanted vaccine compared to control. Interleukin-6 and interferon-γ levels were significantly increased in groups immunized with Alum and AuNPs adjuvanted vaccine, the peak level was in the case of AuNP adjuvanted vaccine on the 14th day. Ninety days post-vaccination, total immunoglobulin G (IgG) against adjuvanted rabies vaccine showed a significantly elevated anti-rabies IgG with AuNPs and Alum adsorbed vaccine compared with unadjuvanted one. The total antioxidant capacity, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase activities were significantly increased post-adjuvanted AuNPs adjuvanted vaccine vaccination than in Alum adsorbed vaccine, while MDA was significantly decreased. The histopathological examination revealed detectable alterations post-AuNPs and Alum adjuvanted vaccine immunization compared with liver and kidney profiles post-administration of unadjuvanted and non-immunized groups, meanwhile, splenic tissue revealed hyperplasia of lymphoid follicles indicating increased immune reactivity. The AuNPs are promising enhancers of the immune response as Alum, and the undesirable effects of AuNPs could be managed by using suitable sizes, shapes, and concentrations.

Colonic Lymphoid Follicle Hyperplasia after Gastrectomy in Rats.

Nodular lymphoid hyperplasia (NLH) of the human colon has been associated with multiple diseases and symptoms. Causes include food allergies, infections, inflammatory bowel disease, and immunodeficiency, and gastrectomy is not usually considered to be the etiology. Nine rats two weeks after total gastrectomy and 12 control rats were sacrificed and submitted for histological examination. In the gastrectomy group, we found lymphoid hyperplasia throughout the entire colon mucosa. The cross-sectional area of lymphoid follicles was increased to be five-fold larger than that in the rats in the control group (sham surgery). Lymphoid follicles were classified into primary and secondary follicles according to the presence/absence of germinal centers; the gastrectomy group had a significantly larger number of secondary follicles. When T cell and B cell classification of lymphocytes was performed, there was no difference between gastrectomy and control groups at T:B = 40:60. When the lymphoid follicles were classified, the proportion of T lymphocytes increased in the secondary follicle (T:B = 40:60) compared with in the primary follicle (T:B = 20:80). Gastrectomy significantly activated lymphocytic intestinal immunity by altering the intestinal environment, causing colonic NLH. Gastrectomy in rats is a good animal model for the study of NLH in colorectal diseases.

Dynamics of morphological manifestations of the experimental acute aspiration bronchopneumonia development.

Background. Currently, there is a need to create an experimental model for reproducing the main pathogenetic mechanisms of COVID-associated lungs damage. The first stage of such a model may be reproducing acute aspiration bronchopneumonia in rats. Objective. Examine the dynamics of morphological changes in the lungs in the development of experimental acute aspiration bronchopneumonia. Methods. The group of laboratory Wistar rats (n=25) in compliance with bioethical norms under typoental anesthesia was carried out operational intervention with the introduction of a sterile capron thread 2.5 cm long and a thickness of 0.2 mm to a depth of 2.5 cm. In the control group included 5 false-controlled animals. At 7, 14, 21, 28 and 56 days, the animals were derived from the experiment, morphological studies were carried out with the painting serial sections with hematoxylin-eosin. Results. On the 7 day, the morphological picture testified to the development of the acute stage of exudative inflammation with the full-blood of vessels, microtrombosis, dyslectasis, hyperplasia of alveolocytes II type. After 14 days, the proliferative stage was formed with alveolocytes hyperplasia, the epithelium of bronchi, as well as fibroblasts with the formation of sharp peribronchial and alveolar abscesses. After 21 days, the development of the lungs fibrosis with the organization of acute peribronchial and alveolar abscesses was noted, peribronchial and intraalveoli pronounced interstitial edema and the reactive hyperplasia of lymphoid follicles of a mixed nature. After 28 days, bronchopneumonia was organized in the form of fibrosis parenchyma, sections of chronic productive inflammation with the formation of resorbative granuloms; sections of the blood vessels hyalinose. For 56 days, these phenomena were progressed before the development of dense fibrosis (carnification) with sections of chronic abscesses with a formed by a connective tissue capsule, the development of vascular hyalinose. Conclusion. Thus, the model of acute aspiration bronchopneumonia reproduces the dynamics of morphological manifestations of acute lung damage, which is the basis for the development of pathogenetic therapy fields.

Morphological features of the large intestine in experimental acute generalized peritonitis against the background of streptozotocin-induced diabetes

The work is a fragment of the research project “Pathogenetic features of the allergic and inflammatory processes course and their pharmacocorrection”, conducted by the Department of Pathological Physiology, Danylo Halytskyi Lviv National Medical University (state registration No. 0116U004503).&#x0D; The aim of the work: to study the morphological features of the colon in the dynamics of the development of experimental acute peritonitis on the background of streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus.&#x0D; Materials and Methods. The experiment used 48 white male rats. Diabetes mellitus in experimental animals was simulated by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (Sigma) at a rate of 60 mg/kg, acute disseminated peritonitis – the introduction of 0.5 ml of 10 % filtered fecal suspension into the abdominal cavity. A morphological study of the colon in animals removed from the experiment on the first, third and seventh days of acute peritonitis on the background of concomitant diabetes mellitus was performed.&#x0D; Results and Discussion. Morphological examination of the colon of animals on the first day of experimental acute peritonitis in conditions of concomitant streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus revealed an increase in the size of the crypts due to stroma edema and lymphohistiocytic infiltration, slight perivascular edema in the subclavian edema. On the third day, thickening of the mucous membrane of the colon, a sharp increase in the depth of the crypts, uneven blood supply to the vessels in the submucosal layer with a predominance of perivascular edema were verified. On the seventh day, a decrease in the thickness of the mucous membrane due to the expansion of the crypts was visualized. Part of the epitheliocytes was in a phase of increased secretory activity, the other part was dystrophically altered, which stimulated increased lymphocytic and histiocytic infiltration.&#x0D; These changes were accompanied by activation of reactive processes and hyperplasia of lymphoid follicles on the first day of peritonitis on the background of streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus, and as the severity of purulent inflammation – hypoplasia of the lymphoid tissue and a decrease in local reactivity(the third and seventh days of the development of acute peritoneal burning in conditions of combined pathology).

Endoskopik Atrofik Gastrit Görünümünün Histopatolojik Karşılığının Değerlendirilmesi: Sistematik İnceleme

Objective: Atrophic gastritis (AG), which is defined as the loss of gastric glands, can be precancerous. The objective of this study is examination of histopathological correlation of our patients with AG, considered according to endoscopic findings and determination of the other concomitant pathological findings. Material and Methods: Biopsy was performed in the atrophic areas and/or different areas on a total of 201 patients during gastroscopic evaluation due to the pre-diagnosis of AG between 2013 and 2014 in our clinic. Their pathological evaluation was performed and the cases of these patients were examined retrospectively. Endoscopic diagnosis of AG was made based on observation of the gastric mucosa as pale compared to the normal gastric mucosa and the separation of this area from the normal gastric mucosa, which can be defined as an endoscopic atrophic border with the prominence of submucosal thin vascular structures. Diagnosis of AG was pathologically defined as loss of glands. Results: The average age of the total 201 patients, who were 133 (67%) women and 68 (33%) men, was 69 years. Endoscopic and histological AG correlation in the whole group was 63 (31%). Considering the gastric localisation of the cases with confirmed diagnosis of AG in histopathological examination; it was determined that 89% affect the proximal, 9% the distal and 2% the distal and proximal together. Intestinal metaplasia (IM) was accompanied in 68% of cases with chronic active gastritis (21%) and neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia (NEHD) (14%). Chronic active gastritis was detected in 32% and IM 17% in cases without histopathological AG. While Helicobacter pylori positivity was 6% in those with histopathologically AG, it was 24% in those without AG (p=0.003). When evaluated in terms of accompanying pathological findings, NEHD, IM and lymphoid follicle hyperplasia were found with a higher rate in patients with histopathologically AG, and found statistically significant. Conclusion: Pathological examination must be performed if AG is suspected in endoscopy. While IM and NECH were more commonly concomitantly observed in patients with AG in pathological examination, the rate of H. Pylori was lower compared to the patients who did not have AG.

Probiotic Efficacy of Microencapsulated Saccharomyces cerevisiae on Gastrointestinal Tract Integrity in Rats

Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a probiotic has been prescribed for prophylaxis and treatment of gut infected diseases. This study was designed to assess the effects of encapsulated S. cerevisiae on gastrointestinal tract properties in the animal model. In rats, after 8-week feeding by encapsulated and unencapsulated S. cerevisiae, the mount of the IgA protein was determined by ELISA. Rats were euthanized, and the liver, kidney, and intestinal tract were collected for histological analysis. The consumption of S. cerevisiae could increase IgA levels in comparison with the control group. This increase was significant in the lower parts of the small intestine (p&lt;0.05). In histopathological evaluations; Liver microscopic examination showed fatty change and margination of Kupffer cells as well as their hyperplasia and hypertrophy, which is a mark for liver regeneration in both groups that received microencapsulated and free probiotic. In spleen structure, in both groups, mild inflammation of the spleen tissue in the form of accumulation of red pulp of erythrocytes, hypercellular of this tissue was observed due to hyperplasia of lymphoid follicles and hyperplasia and hepaticophyta of retinal cells and macrophages. The lymphatic structure of the spleen showed relatively intense hyperplasia. In the colon structure, in both groups, hyperplasia of goblet calls along with slight infiltration of inflammatory cells was noted. Calcium alginate encapsulation considerably improves the yeast viability in simulated gastric juice and simulated intestine juice situations. Also, S. cerevisiae has positive profits in suitable food absorption and then decreasing diarrhea and other similar gastrointestinal disorders.

Acute Appendicitis Remains a Great Mimicker – The Pitfalls in the Differential Diagnosis and Tactics - A Case Report

Summary Acute appendicitis (AA) is the most common non-traumatic abdominal emergency. Despite the improved knowledge, experience, and technological advance, its diagnosis remains a challenge. Herein we report an example of a difficult diagnosis of acute appendicitis and comment on the possible pitfalls in the differential diagnosis and surgical tactics. We present the case of a 41-year-old man who had been admitted to another hospital with an initial diagnosis of acute appendicitis and changed to Crohn’s disease (CD). Because of a pelvic abscess, percutaneous drainage had been performed. Thrombosis of the right femoral vein had been diagnosed and treated accordingly. In an improved condition, he was referred for elective operation with a final diagnosis of neuroendocrine tumour based on cytology. At laparotomy, the appendix was found densely adherent to the right external iliac vein with a well-demarcated tumour (1 cm) at the base. Appendectomy with partial resection of the caecum with a linear stapler was performed. The histological examination revealed acute to chronic appendicitis with lymphoid follicle hyperplasia at the base. The case illustrates the necessity for broad differential diagnosis in AA and the possibility of severe vascular complications in complicated AA. Taking a detailed history and CT are of paramount importance for an accurate preoperative diagnosis, especially of CD. All emergency surgeons should also be familiar with the scenario of unexpected findings at laparotomy, especially with the management of CD and the algorithms for treatment of appendiceal malignancies. The mini-invasive drainage of right iliac fossa abscess allows for optimizing the patient’s condition and may help to avoid unnecessary extensive resections.

Morphological Characteristic Subcapsular Area of Lymph Nodes in Immune Response

Characteristics of the subcapsular region of lymph nodes (LN) with reactive hyperplasia in various types of immunomorphological reactions. The LN were obtained after surgery and diagnostic lymphadenectomy from 50 patients with various types of reactive hyperplasia, and researched. As a control, LN were obtained from 10 almost healthy persons who died from accidental causes (forensic autopsies). The subcapsular regions of LN were investigated with histological, immunohistochemical, electron microscopic, and morphometric methods at different variants of immunomorphological reactions: (1) hyperplasia of the paracortical zone with a high content of T cells; (2) hyperplasia of lymphoid follicles with the presence of reactive centers, a high content of B cells, and plasmatization of the cortical plateau and cords; (3) sinus histiocytosis with an increase in the number of macrophages in the LN; (4) the combination of the first three reactions. The subcapsular region, which includes the subcapsular sinus and the adjoining cortical zone, reacts to antigenic stimulation in any variant of immunomorphological reactions in case of reactive hyperplasia of the LN. The most expressed changes in this area are observed in cases with a predominance of B cell humoral immune response in the LN, which is morphologically represented by hyperplasia of lymphoid follicles, high B cell content, and plasmatization of cords. With this pattern of LN in the subcapsular sinus, the total number of CD45(+) lymphocytes, CD20(+) B cells, BLA-36(+) of their activated forms, and CD10(+) immunoblasts increased. Both in the subcapsular sinus and in the adjoining cortical zone, the proliferative activity of cells, determined by Ki-67 expression, increased. It also contained a large number of plasma cells (10.6 ± 1.09%), which significantly exceeded this value, in both the control and other observed groups. Their high antibody-forming ability was confirmed immunohistochemically by detecting the λ- and κ-chains of immunoglobulins, as well as by electron microscopy, which revealed expanded tanks of the granular endoplasmic reticulum in the cytoplasm of these cells. The subcapsular region of the LN is mainly a B-dependent region that is responsible for the humoral immune response in any type of reactive hyperplasia of LN, as well as a traditional B-dependent zones (lymphoid follicles and cords).

BCL6 BTB-specific inhibition via FX1 treatment reduces Tfh cells and reverses lymphoid follicle hyperplasia in Indian rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta).

The BTB domain of B-cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6) protein was identified as a therapeutic target for B-cell lymphoma. This study compared the pharmacokinetics (PK) of the BCL6 BTB inhibitor (FX1) between mice and macaques, as well as evaluating its lymphoid suppressive effect in uninfected macaques with lymphoid hyperplasia. Eight uninfected adult Indian rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) were used in the study, four animals carrying lymphoid tissue hyperplasia. Plasma FX1 levels were measured by HPLC-MS/MS. Lymph node biopsies were used for H&E and immunohistochemistry staining, as well as mononuclear cell isolation for flow cytometry analysis. Inhibition of the BCL6 BTB domain with FX1 led to a reduction in the frequency of GC, Tfh CD4+ , and Tfh precursor cells, as well as resolving lymphoid hyperplasia, in rhesus macaques. B-cell lymphoma 6 inhibition may represent a novel strategy to reduce hyperplastic lymphoid B-cell follicles and decrease Tfh cells.

The ameliorating effect of some immune-stimulants on bursal and tracheal lesions of broiler chickens challenged with ND virus

BackgroundNowadays, immuno-stimulants have great importance in improving the immune system and minimising the effect of infectious diseases in poultry flocks. This study was designed to demonstrate the impact of using different immune-stimulants on the reduction of the harmful implications of virulent ND virus through evaluation of histopathological lesion scores on bursa and trachea of vaccinated and infected broiler chickens with Newcastle disease (ND).ResultsEighty Ross breed broiler chicks at the age of 1 day were randomly divided into four groups, each group formed of 20 birds. Group I was vaccinated against AI, ND and IBD and used as a control. Groups II, III and IV were immunised as group I and also had immuno-stimulant supplement, Imutrix® (oregano oils plus ß-glucan), Evit liquid® (Vitamin E plus selenium) and Immunair 17.5 (Propionibacterium acnes and E. coli lipopolysaccharides), respectively. All groups were experimentally infected with virulent ND virus at the age of 28 days. The morbidity rates for groups I, II, III and IV were 15%, 5%, 5% and 10% respectively. Histopathological examination of bursa revealed hyperplasia of lymphoid follicles in group I which became more evident in groups II, III and IV. Group III showed hyperplasia of tracheal epithelium with lymphocytes and heterophils infiltration in lamina propria. CD79A-positive cells were significantly higher in bursa of group III in comparison to other groups during an immunohistochemical examination.ConclusionIt was concluded that Evit liquid® (vitamin E plus selenium) supplementation might have potent immunomodulatory effect in chickens.

Alleviation of Lead-Induced Immunotoxicity by Moringa oleifera in Albino Rats

The existing study was designed to evaluate the ameliorative influences of Moringa oleifera on several immune parameters in male rats subsequent to lead administration. Twenty eight adult male rats were randomly assigned equally into 4 groups; control group was given distilled water. Lead treated rats were administrated a dose of 44 mg of lead acetate/kg BW. Moringa group was treated with 50 mg/ kg BW of Moringa oleifera leaf extract. Lead and moringa treated group was given a dose of 44 mg/kg of lead acetate and 50 mg/ kg of moringa extract. Treatments were given orally by gavage tube for one month. By the termination of the experimental period, rats were immolated; spleen and thymus weights were recorded in addition to the collection of blood and tissue samples. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interferon gamma (IF-γ), interlukin-2 (IL-2) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were assayed in serum. Complete blood picture was evaluated for rats. Body weight gain was reduced significantly (P<0.05) in lead and moringa treated rats in comparison to control. A significant (P<0.05) increase in spleen weights was observed in lead and moringa co-administered group compared to moringa treated group. Lead administration produced higher (P<0.001) levels of TNF-α, IL-2 and IF-γ compared to that in other groups. In contrary, the level of TAC was significantly (P<0.001) reduced in lead treated rats. A significant (P<0.01) reduction in RBCs and low level of hemoglobin (P=0.07) were observed in lead-treated rats. Spleen of rats receiving lead showed widespread hyperplasia of lymphoid follicles in white pulp and hemosiderin pigment in red pulp. Thymus of rats receiving lead showed marked proliferation in the cortical region. Spleen and thymus of rats receiving lead showed a higher (P<0.01) immune reactivity for NF-κB and CD8+ parallel to that in other groups. In conclusion, the administration of Moringa oleifera extract ameliorates the immunotoxicity induced by lead exposure in rats.

СРАВНИТЕЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ ГИСТОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ И ИММУНОГИСТОХИМИЧЕСКОЙ КАРТИНЫ ЛИМФАТИЧЕСКИХ УЗЛОВ ПРИ ВИЧ-ИНФЕКЦИИ

Background. Structural changes in the lymph nodes (LNs) in HIV infection correspond to the clinical syndrome – persistent generalized lymphadenopathy (PGL), which is a fairly reliable clinical sign of HIV infection. As a result of prolonged PGL in the germinal centers of the lymph nodes, cytopathic destruction of immunocompetent cells occurs, leading to their involution. The goal is to establish histological and immunohistochemical parallels in LN at different clinical stages of HIV infection. Material and methods. The object of the study was 48 LNs of various locations from 13 dead HIV-infected patients in Svetlogorsk district of Gomel region in 2018, as well as 4 LNs after an excisional biopsy of 4 patients from this region. Before immunohistochemical examination (IHC), all histological preparations were studied by light microscopy using staining with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), which enabled to assess the state of structural elements in the lymph nodes. IHC of lymph nodes was performed using the following antibodies (manufactured by Roche Diagnostics, USA): rabbit monoclonal primary antibodies to CD3 (2GV6), CD4 (SP35), CD10 (SP67), bcl-2 (SP66), as well as mouse monoclonal primary antibodies CD20 (L26), CD21 (2G9). The IHC study was performed using a VentanaBenchMark GX IHC / ISH automatic immunohistostainer. Results. In most cases, the relationship and the coincidence of histological and immunohistochemical changes in the LNs taking into account the stage of PGL were established. The revealed changes corresponded to successive stages of PGL from severe hyperplasia of lymphoid follicles with wide germinal centers at the initial stages of infection to hypoplasia of reproduction centers and complete atrophy of lymphoid follicles (lymphocytic depletion), which is reflected in the illustrations. The reproducibility control of the results of the PGL stages according to the IHC results was 100%, in contrast to light microscopy, the results of which corresponded to the PGL stages in 82.3%. Conclusions. The histological picture of LNs in patients with HIV infection in most cases correlates with the immune status data, but it does not have absolute value in the diagnosis of PGL stage. The IHC study has higher reliability and reproducibility than a histological study in determining the stages of PGL. A complex method of histological and immunohistochemical studies improves the quality of diagnosis of HIV infection in general.

Pathological lesions in the lungs of red deer Cervus elaphus (L.) induced by a newly-described Dictyocaulus cervi (Nematoda: Trichostrongyloidea)

The large lungworms of the genus Dictyocaulus are causative agents of parasitic bronchitis in various ungulate hosts, including red deer. Recently, the red deer-derived lungworm D. cervi was described and separated from D. eckerti. Little is known of the transmission patterns, epidemiology, geographical distribution and pathogenicity of D. cervi. Histological examinations were performed on 22 formalin-fixed lung tissue samples of hunted red deer. Exclusively, D. cervi adults were derived from 15 red deer and confirmed molecularly (GenBank accession: MH183394). Dictyocaulus cervi infection was associated with various degrees of lung pathology, including interstitial pneumonia, bronchitis and bronchiolitis with an influx of eosinophils, lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages; massive hyperplasia of lymphoid follicles within bronchiolar tissue, and hyperplasia of the bronchial and bronchiolar epithelium. Furthermore, emphysema, atelectasis and lung tissue congestion were noted. Interestingly, interstitial and subpleural fibrosis was seen in adult Dictyocaulus-negative samples, suggesting either a prepatent phase of Dictyocaulus infection or infection/coinfection with protostrongylid nematodes.

EFFECT OF DEFFERENT LEVELS OF TURMERIC SUPPLEMENTATION WITH DIET ON HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE TO NEWCASTLE AND INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE VIRUS AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL CHANGES OF SOME INTERNAL ORGAN OF BROILER CHICKENS

In this study, evaluated the effect of turmeric dietary addition on immune response against the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and Infectious bursal disease (IBDV). and histopathological changes in some internal organs was evaluated in 42 day old broiler chicks. ninety-six Ross broiler chicks were reared from 1 to 42 days old and divided randomly into four groups, Feed and drinking water were offered ad libitum. Group1 (G1) received turmeric (0.2%), while group2 (G2) received turmeric (0.4%), Group3 (G3) received turmeric (0.6 %) and group4 (G4) was the control positive received basal diet . At the end of the trial five birds from each treatment were slaughtered for assessment of histological section, take same of organ (liver , spleen , and bursa of Fabricius) at 42 day. Results of ELISA test titer revealed differences among various treatment groups at the end of the experiment. mean ELISA test values of G2 revealed a higher significant at (P&lt; 0.05) in antibody titers in comparsion with other groups and control. specimen from liver ,spleen and bursa of fabricius were dissected out for histopathological examination and results of microscopic section showed increase in immune response of G2 chicken : of microscopic sections of G2 histopathological changes in the liver tissue revaled mamefisted by focal mononuclear cells aggregation and proliferation of kupffers cells and slight congestion of blood sinusoids and congestion of portal bloob vessels with few infiltration of inflammatory cells .The intrahepatic bile ductless exhibited dilation and hyperplasia of their epithelial linings with slight per portal fibrosis compared with G1,G3 which showed no clear histopathological changes. The microscopic examination of the spleen revaled range from mild (G1 and G3) to moderate hyperplasia of lymphoid follicles in (G2) . histopathological changes in the bursa of fabricius were characterized by moderate follicular hypertrophy especially in G2 as compared with other treated group's and control .

Microscopic changes induced by Cr-Vi in spleen of albino mice

Chromium is believed to be an essential trace element in human nutrition. Evidence suggests that it plays an important role in normal carbohydrate metabolism. It was found that patients receiving long-term total parenteral nutrition (TPN) without chromium developed glucose intolerance, weight loss and peripheral neuropathy Chromium is present in a normal diet at trace (but essential) levels. Occupational exposure is related to the industrial uses of chrome compounds in production and use of steels, pigments, leather tanning and wood preservation solutions, plating chemicals, and cement. Toxicity is predominantly associated with industrial exposures. Hexavalent chromium compounds appear to have greatest toxicity and almost all tissues of body are affected. To evaluate the effects on lymphoid tissue, present study was carried out. The mice of experimental group (2wks, 4wks, 6wks and 8wks) were injected Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) intraperitoneally according to experimental design. The drug caused slight to marked hyperplasia of lymphoid follicles and dilatation of sinuses of red pulp depending upon duration of exposure. Aggregates of hemosidrin-laden macrophages were also seen indicating heamolytic effects on RBCs.

Correlation of the three-dimensional ultrasound findings with pathology in patients with deep pelvic infiltrating endometriosis submitted to surgery

ObjectiveThis study aims to correlate the findings of the three-dimensional anorectal ultrasonography (3D-AUS) with pathological findings in patients with deep pelvic infiltrating endometriosis. MethodsProspective study of a series of 40 patients with deep pelvic infiltrating endometriosis diagnosed by three-dimensional anorectal ultrasonography and who were submitted to a laparoscopy. The specimens were examined histologically and compared with the results of the three-dimensional anorectal ultrasonography. The research was conducted between March 2008 and March 2011. ResultsThe results of the examinations were: 72.5% of patients (n=29) with endometriosis, 12.5% (n=5) with nonspecific chronic inflammatory reaction, 5% (n=2) with nonspecific fibrous tissue, 2.5% (n=1) with adenomyoma, 2.5% (n=1) with colonic mucosa with foci of recent hemorrhage, edema of lamina propria and superficial erosions, 2.5% (n=1) with hyperplasia of lymphoid follicles, and the remaining 2.5% (n=1) with peritoneal tissue within normal limits. ConclusionWe conclude that the use of three-dimensional anorectal ultrasonography in patients with deep pelvic infiltrating endometriosis aid in the diagnosis of rectal lesions, when compared with the pathological findings of surgical specimens.

Diffuse Nodular Lymphoid Hyperplasia Associated With Giardia Infection

30 y.o M presented with nausea, vomiting, weight loss and diarrhea for three weeks. The patient had no other systemic symptoms. His medical history was notable for occasional upper respiratory infections and prior episodes of spontaneously resolved diarrhea over the last several years. Family history was unremarkable. Labs were notable for microcytic anemia. Initial stool studies and fecal WBC were negative. CT imaging was notable for mesenteric lymphadenopathy and inflammation of the small bowel concerning for enteritis. Endoscopic evaluation revealed mucosal abnormalities (fig 1-2) which were biopsied. Pathology revealed lymphoid hyperplasia with villous blunting. Subsequent stool studies were positive for Giardia. Immunoglobulin testing was notable for low IgG and IgA levels consistent with CVID. The patient was placed on Flagyl and had resolution of symptoms after completion of therapy.Figure 1Figure 2Discussion: Diffuse nodular lymphoid hyperplasia of the gastrointestinal tract is a rare, benign, usually asymptomatic, disorder of unclear pathogenesis. A common hypothesis is that an intestinal antigenic trigger leads to repetitive stimulation and hyperplasia of lymphoid follicles. DNLH is most commonly characterized by multiple small nodules in the small intestine, although it can be found anywhere along the GI tract. DNLH has been most strongly associated with common variable immunodeficiency and Giardia, although there have been reported links with HIV, IgA deficiency, celiac disease, H. pylori, EBV, and CMV. Common clinical presentations are nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, obstruction, with or without malabsorption and weight loss. DNLH is diagnosed by endoscopy and confirmed by histology showing hyperplastic lymphoid follicles. It is important to perform immunologic screening after the diagnosis of DNLH. DNLH is found in 20% of CVID patients. Despite appropriate antibiotic therapy, lymphoid hyperplasia and symptoms may persist. Although DNLH is often a benign course, patients with this disease may have an increased risk of intestinal lymphoma. For this reason, more investigation is warranted in regard to possible surveillance modalities and intervals.

Superficially located enlarged lymphoid follicles characterise nodular gastritis

Nodular gastritis is a form of chronic Helicobacter pylori gastritis affecting the gastric antrum and characterised endoscopically by the presence of small nodular lesions resembling gooseflesh. It is generally accepted that hyperplasia of lymphoid follicles histologically characterises nodular gastritis; however, quantitative analysis in support of this hypothesis has not been reported. Our goal was to determine whether nodular gastritis is characterised by lymphoid follicle hyperplasia.The number, size, and location of lymphoid follicles in nodular gastritis were determined and those properties compared to samples of atrophic gastritis. The percentages of high endothelial venule (HEV)-like vessels were also evaluated.The number of lymphoid follicles was comparable between nodular and atrophic gastritis; however, follicle size in nodular gastritis was significantly greater than that seen in atrophic gastritis. Moreover, lymphoid follicles in nodular gastritis were positioned more superficially than were those in atrophic gastritis. The percentage of MECA-79 HEV-like vessels was greater in areas with gooseflesh-like lesions in nodular versus atrophic gastritis.Superficially located hyperplastic lymphoid follicles characterise nodular gastritis, and these follicles correspond to gooseflesh-like nodular lesions observed endoscopically. These observations suggest that MECA-79 HEV-like vessels could play at least a partial role in the pathogenesis of nodular gastritis.