Hyperplasia Group Research Articles

Neural precursor cell-expressed developmentally down-regulated 4-like: a new biomarker in the pathophysiology of endometrial cancer.

ObjectivesEndometrial cancer is the most frequent tumor of the female genital tract. Ubiquitin is a small protein (8.5 kDa) found in all eukaryotic cells, binds to substrate proteins via a three-phase enzymatic pathway referred to as ubiquitination and plays an important role in cellular stability. Neural precursor cell-expressed developmentally down-regulated 4-like (NEDD4L) functions in the last phase of this enzymatic process. In this study, we investigated NEDD4L protein expression in endometrial cancer.MethodsThe study participants were divided into patients with benign endometrial pathologies (Group 1, n = 23), patients with endometrial hyperplasia (Group 2, n = 21) and patients with endometrial cancer (Group 3, n = 20). NEDD4L expression was detected by immunohistochemical staining and H scores were calculated to standardize staining intensity. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 16.0.ResultsNEDD4L expression levels according to H scores were significantly lower in patients diagnosed with endometrial cancer compared with those with benign endometrial pathologies.ConclusionNEDD4L is involved in maintaining cell stability, and reduced NEDD4L expression as a result of gene mutation may disrupt this balance in favor of tumorigenesis.

Pro-Gastrin Releasing Peptide: A New Serum Marker for Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma

Background: Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) is thought to play a role in the metastatic process of various malignancies. The more stable precursor of GRP, pro-GRP (ProGRP), has been shown to be secreted by neuroendocrine tumors. This study was designed to assess the validity of ProGRP as a diagnostic marker in endometrioid adenocarcinomas (EAs) of the endometrium. Methods: Thirty-seven patients with a diagnosis of EA, 23 patients with endometrial hyperplasia, and 32 age-matched controls with normal endometrial histology were recruited for this study. Serum ProGRP and cancer antigen 125 (CA125) values were compared between groups. Results: Median serum ProGRP levels were significantly higher in the cancer group compared to corresponding levels in both the hyperplasia and control groups (p = 0.008 and p < 0.001 respectively; endometrial cancer: 27.5 pg/mL; hyperplasia: 16.1 pg/mL; controls: 12.9 pg/mL). Age and endometrial thickness were positively correlated with ProGRP levels (r = 0.322, p = 0.006 and r = 0.269, p = 0.023, respectively). Receiver Operating Characteristic curve analyses for EA revealed a threshold of 20.81 pg/mL, with a sensitivity of 60.7% and specificity of 81.4%, positive predictive value of 68% and negative predictive value of 76.1%. Conclusion: Significantly higher ProGRP levels were observed in patients with EA than in controls. Serum ProGRP has good diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for EA.

Multiple cytokine profiling in serum for early detection of gastric cancer.

AIMTo investigate the value of multiparameter joint analysis in the early diagnosis of gastric cancer (GC) in clinical practice.METHODSConcentrations of CEA, CA724 and three kinds of cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8) in 176 GC patients, 117 atypical hyperplasia patients, and 204 healthy control individuals were used for building the diagnostic model, then 58 GC patients, 41 atypical hyperplasia patients, and 66 healthy control individuals were enrolled independently. The joints of the indicators were analyzed by binary logistic regression analysis method.RESULTSFor discriminating the healthy control group and the GC group, IL-6 had the best diagnostic value, and the area under curve (AUC) of joint analysis was 0.95 (0.93-0.97). For the early stage and advanced stage GC, the AUC were 0.95 (0.92-0.98) and 0.95 (0.92-0.97). For discriminating the atypical hyperplasia group and GC group, CA724 had the best diagnostic value, and the AUC of joint analysis was 0.97 (0.95-0.99). For the early stage and advanced stage GC groups, the AUC were 0.98 (0.96-0.99) and 0.96 (0.94-0.98). After evaluation, for discriminating the GC, early stage GC and advanced cancer group from the healthy control group, the diagnostic sensitivity was 89.66%, 84.21% and 92.31%, respectively, and the specificity was 92.42%, 90.91% and 90.91%. For discriminating the GC, early stage GC and advanced cancer groups from the atypical hyperplasia group, the diagnostic sensitivity was 87.93%, 78.95% and 92.31%, respectively, and the specificity was 87.80%, 85.37% and 90.24%.CONCLUSIONWe have built a diagnostic model including CEA, CA724, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α. It may provide potential assistance as a screening method for the early detection of GC.

RETROSPECTIVE STUDY OF THE RADIOLOGICAL FINDINGS OF THE MEDIASTINUM AFTER END-OF-TREATMENT FOR A MEDIASTINAL LYMPHOMATOUS MASS IN PEDIATRIC ONCOLOGY

Abstract BACKGROUND Reactive thymic hyperplasia, or rebound thymus, is a well-known phenomenon following chemotherapy. While rebound thymus has been described after treatment for many different malignancy, it has been more often noted after treatment for lymphomas. In children and adolescents in which the primary lymphoma was located in the mediastinum, a mediastinal mass, such as a reactive thymic hyperplasia, can be misdiagnosed as a tumor relapse. It can be difficult for the clinician to differentiate between a tumor relapse and a reactive thymic hyperplasia, which may cause unnecessary additional imaging and invasive diagnostic procedures as well as anxiety for the patient and his family. OBJECTIVES The main objective was to measure the incidence of reactive thymic hyperplasia following treatment for a paediatric mediastinal lymphoma. The secondary objectives were to describe the radiologic findings which may help differentiate thymic hyperplasia and tumor relapse and to analyse if the finding of a mediastinal mass changed the clinical management. DESIGN/METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study. The consent for reviewing medical files was obtained from the institutional ethics board. We obtained data from the archives at the Centre mère-enfant Soleil, CHU de Québec. The medical and radiologic files of 72 paediatric patients which completed two years of follow-up after the treatment for mediastinal lymphoma were reviewed. The radiologic imaging reports were analysed and the patients were classified depending if they developed a mediastinal mass during follow-up or not. If a mass was developed, its characteristics were described to differentiate between a tumor relapse and a thymic hyperplasia. Statistical analyses were performed using SAS 9.4 Statistical Software (Institute SAS, Cary, NC, USA). Descriptive analysis includes mean ± standard deviation, range and median, interquartile range for continuous variables, and frequency and percentage for categorical. Bivariate tests were used to compare the rebound thymic hyperplasia group with the group without this problem. RESULTS The patients were followed for a mean of 27.7 ± 28.0 months (95% CI 21.1–34.2) and a median of 12.6 months. Of seventy-two patients reviewed, thirty-nine (54.2%) developed a mediastinal mass at follow-up. Of them, three had a mediastinal relapse of their tumor. One patient had a lymphoma relapse located elsewhere than the mediastinum and a benign rebound mediastinal mass. Thirty-five out of the 72 patients (48.6%, 95% CI 37.3%-60%) developed a benign mediastinal mass and were diagnosed with having rebound thymic hyperplasia. Of those thirty-five patients, twelve were investigated with additional imaging, and one had a mediastinal biopsy showing true thymic hyperplasia. The other twenty-three were followed-up according to the clinician, with no modification to their follow-up because of the mediastinal mass. These results are shown in Table 2. The majority of the rebound thymic hyperplasia were a mass of triangular shape, with well-defined margins and homogenous density. It remained unchanged or minimized at follow-up, but it was noted that three patients had an augmentation of the hyperplasia at follow-up, while remaining disease-free. The age &lt;14 years old was a risk factor in our population (Hazard Ratio (HR) 1.95, p=.0491). CONCLUSION Reactive thymic hyperplasia is a common phenomenon showed in half of our cohort of patients. Some radiological findings, including triangular shape, well defined margins and mild homogenous enhancement, oriented towards a rebound thymic hyperplasia. Additional imaging study should be limited to patients whose rebound mass or symptoms make the clinician suspect a tumor relapse. A prospective cohort study with standardized care should be conducted to better characterize the rebound thymic hyperplasia and help the clinician approach a mediastinal mass at follow-up.

Evaluation of complete blood count parameters to predict endometrial cancer.

Complete blood count parameters have been introduced to be diagnostic biomarkers for many cancer-related diseases associated with inflammatory process. The aim of our study was to detect whether there is any relationship between benign or malignant endometrial pathologies and complete blood count parameters. Four hundred and sixteen patients with a complaint of abnormal uterine bleeding who admitted to Zeynep Kamil Women and Children's Health Training and Research hospital between 2013 and 2016 and undergoing endometrial biopsy were included in the study. The patients were evaluated in three groups as follows: endometrial carcinoma (n: 97), endometrial hyperplasia (n: 135), and healthy control (n: 184) groups. All patients had a complete blood count on the day of biopsy or within the week of the biopsy, and the presence of a relationship between complete blood count parameters and benign or malignant endometrial disease was investigated. Mean corpuscular volume measurements were found to be significantly higher in endometrial carcinoma (P=.018) and endometrial hyperplasia (P=.001) groups compared to the control group. While red cell distribution width measurements were found to be significantly lower in patients with endometrial carcinoma group compared to other groups (P<.01); the area under curve obtained for MPV is 58.7% to determine endometrial carcinoma. Mean corpuscular volume and red cell distribution width are bio-markers that we can use as the predictive marker in patients with endometrial carcinoma and which are cheap, repeatable, and readily obtainable from complete blood count panels and promising.

Clinical characteristics of endometrium in elder women and the diagnostic value of hysteroscopy

Objective To evaluate the value of hysteroscopy in elder women with abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) and asymptomatic postmenopausal women with a thickened endometrium. Methods Fifty-three cases in the AUB group and seventy-eight cases in the endometrial hyperplasia group underwent hysteroscopy examination and hysteroscopy-guided biopsy, then the hysteroscopic and histopathological results were compared between the two groups. Results Of the 131 cases, the normal endometrium accounted for 29.8% (n=39), endometrial polyp for 49.6% (n=65), submucous myomas for 4.6% (n=6), hyperplasia endometrii for 6.1%(n=8) and endometrial carcinoma for 9.9% (n=13). Both the AUB group and the endometrial hyperplasia group had 8 cases of endometrial carcinoma (15.1%, 6.4%, respectively). For the diagnosis of normal endometrium with hysteroscopy, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were 88%, 97%, 94% and 95%, respectively, in the AUB group, versus 82%, 95%, 86% and 93%, respectively, in the endometrial hyperplasia group. For the endometrial polyps, hysteroscopy showed a sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of 100%, 79%, 74%, 100%, respectively, in the AUB group and 98%, 88%, 92%, 97%, respectively, in the endometrial hyperplasia group. For the endometrial cancer, hysteroscopy had a sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of 75%, 100%, 100% and 96%, respectively, in the AUB group; while in the endometrial hyperplasia group, the sensitivity was 80%, the specificity and PPV were 100%, and the NPV was 99%. Conclusions In elder females, hysteroscopy allows for an accurate diagnosis in endometrial disease, and hysteroscopically directed sampling is mandatory, even if the uterine cavity appears normal at hysteroscopy, to rule out endometrial neoplasms. Key words: Hysteroscopy; Endometrial; Uterine hemorrhage

PD-1 and PD-L1 expression in thymic epithelial tumours and non-neoplastic thymus

AimsWe explored the relationships between programmed death-1 (PD-1) and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression and the pathological and clinical features of thymic epithelial tumours and thymic hyperplasia.MethodsWe evaluated PD-1 and...

Potential of the ImageJ software in the differentiation of various types of canine lymphadenopathies with fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC)

This study was designed to evaluate the potential of the ImageJ software in the differentiation of various types of lymphadenopathies with fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). For this purpose, the samples of enlarged mandibular lymph node were selected from 46 dogs suspected of lymphadenopathy and 10 healthy dogs as a control. The target tissues were obtained from the animals by fine needle aspiration and lymph node removed by surgery. The samples were then prepared for cytological and histological study. Finally, the ImageJ software was used to evaluate the quantitative nuclear morphometric parameters. The data obtained from nuclear parameters (diameter, circularity, area, and perimeter) revealed a significant difference between the control group and the hyperplasia and lymphoma groups. There is also a significant difference between the lymphoma and hyperplasia groups (P < 0.05). These results indicated that cytology is a fast, easy, and cost-effective method for the diagnosis of lymph node lesions and cytomorphologic assessment by image analysis software can increase the diagnostic accuracy.

Expression and clinical significance of SERPINA3 and EFEMP2 in endometrial carcinoma

Our study aimed to investigate expression and clinical significance of serpin peptidase inhibitor clade A member 3 (SERPINA3) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) containing fibulin-like extracellular matrix protein 2 (EFEMP2) in endometrial carcinoma. A total of 180 patients treated in our hospital from January 2015 to April 2017 were selected as subjects. Positive expression of SERPINA3 was found in 48 cases (80%) in the cancer group, in 6 cases (10%) in the hyperplasia group, and in no case in the control group. The expression of SERPINA3 in the cancer group was significantly higher than that in the hyperplasia group and control group ( P &lt; 0.05). Positive expression of EFEMP2 was found in 10 cases (16.7%) in the cancer group, in 27 cases (45%) in the hyperplasia group, and in 42 cases (70%) in the control group. The expression of EFEMP2 in the cancer group was significantly lower than that in the hyperplasia and control groups ( P &lt; 0.05). The protein expression of SERPINA3 in the cancer group was significantly higher than that in the hyperplasia and control groups ( P &lt; 0.05). The protein expression of EFEMP2 in the cancer group was significantly lower than that in the hyperplasia and control groups ( P &lt; 0.05). The expression of SERPINA3 and EFEMP2 in cancer tissues was related to the degree of tumor differentiation, clinical classification, and lymph node metastasis ( P &lt; 0.05), but not related to age and tumor size ( P &gt; 0.05). SERPINA3 was highly expressed while EFEMP2 was low expressed in endometrial cancer patients. The expression of SERPINA3 and EFEMP2 in cancer tissues was related to the degree of tumor differentiation, clinical classification, and lymph node metastasis and was hopeful to be one of the detection indexes of endometrial carcinoma.

Predictive Value of Hematological Inflammatory Markers in Endometrial Neoplasia

Objective:To investigate the predictive role of neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and the platelet lymphocyte ratio (PLR) as hematological inflammatory markers in cases of endometrial hyperplasia and cancer.Material and Method:This retrospective study was performed between 2005-2015 with 247 cases of 83 endometrial adenocarcinoma (group 1), 64 of endometrial hyperplasia (group 2) and 100 controls (group 3) who underwent a curettage due to abnormal uterine bleeding and had a normal histopathology in our tertiary clinic. The cases were chosen from patients without chronic diseases, that do not have infection or medication that could affect the systemic inflammatory response. Pre-intervention blood parameters were taken into account. The neutrophil/ lymphocyte and platelet/lymphocyte ratios were and statistical comparisons of the groups were conducted.Results:The age distribution of 247 patients was between 26 and 85 years, and the mean age was 48.8 ± 8.92.The median age was 54 in group 1, 46 in group 2 and 45 in group 3. The age was significant between group 1 and the other groups (p=0.001). Some 71% of the cases were premenopausal and 29% were postmenopausal, the latter being significantly more frequent in group 1 (62.7%; p=0.001). Of the cases with endometrial hyperplasia, 42 (65.6%) had simple and 22 (34.4%) have atypical-complex lesions. The median NLRs in groups 1, 2, and 3 were 2.15, 2.10, and 1.92, respectively, with median PLRs of 135.1, 134.0 and 145.6. There was a statistically significant difference between the NLR measurements of the cases from different groups (p=0.048; p<0.05). The NLR value for the endometrial adenocarcinoma group was significantly higher than for the control group (p=0.033; p<0.05). The optimum cut-off value was calculated to be ≥4, at which sensitivity was 20.5%, specificity 99%, positive predictive value (PPV) 94.4% and negative predictive value (NPV) 60%.Conclusion:The value of NLR ≥4 has predictive significance in distinguishing endometrial pathologies before intervention in patients with abnormal uterine bleeding. Simple, cheap and easy-to-perform, the NLR can be used as a potential hematological marker for endometrial malignancy.

Evaluation of Toll-Like Receptor Expression with Clinicopathologic Variables in Endometrium Cancer.

Objectives:Clinical evidence supports the association of toll-like receptor (TLR) with abnormal cell proliferation and cancer. In this study, we investigated the expression of TLRs 2, 4, 5, and 6 in healthy endometrium and endometrium cancer to study the relationship of these receptors’ expression with carcinogenesis.Methods:Patients who had undergone a hysterectomy owing to endometrium cancer (group 1, 66 patients), endometrial hyperplasia (group 2, 14 patients), and other reasons besides endometrium cancer (group 3, 20 patients as controls) were included. The cases in the first group were classified by histological type of the cancer, stage, grade, and size of the tumor. In all the cases, expressions of TLRs 2, 4, 5, and 6 were assessed, and the relationship of these receptors with clinicopathologic signs was analyzed. For immunohistochemical staining, nuclear and cytoplasmic stainings were considered positive. A Chi-squared test was used to assess the correlation of the groups. A p<0.05 was considered significant.Results:The mean ages of patients in groups 1, 2, and 3 were 59.8 (range 33–83), 48.3 (range 40–59), and 53.4 (range 38–84) years, respectively. All types of TLRs were highly expressed in both types of endometrium cancer (groups 1 and 2). TLR expression was observed with a ratio of 87.9% in group 1, 100% in group 2, and 35% in group 3. There was a statistically significant association of TLR 2 among the three groups (p=0.000). TLR 6 expression in both group 1 and group 2 was significantly higher than that in the control group (p=0.000, p=0.000, respectively). In addition, TLR 6 was higher in cases with late-stage cancer (p=0.033). Regarding tumor grade and the size of the tumor, no association was found between TLR 2 and TLR 6.Conclusion:TLR 2 and TLR 6 were significantly more expressed in cases with endometrium cancer and endometrial hyperplasia. In addition, the presence of TLR 6 may indicate the presence of late-stage endometrial cancer.

Is oxidative stress measured by thiol/disulphide homeostasis status associated with prostate adenocarcinoma?

Aim of the studyWe aim to examine the relation between thiol/disulphide homeostasis and transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy (TRUS-Bx) results and evaluate whether it was effective on the distinction of benign and malign prostate disease.Material and methodsThe study included 29 men histopathologically diagnosed as prostate adenocancer (Pca) (group 1), 30 men having benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) (group 2) and age match 30 healthy individuals in the control group (group 3). Thiol/disulphide homeostasis was measured using a novel automatic and spectrophotometric method.ResultsAmong the three groups, a statistically significant difference was detected among native thiol, total thiol levels and disulphide/total thiol, disulphide/native thiol and native thiol/total thiol ratios which are thiol/disulphide homeostasis parameters apart from disulphide (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.001 respectively). Additionally, no significant difference was detected in albumin and total protein levels among the groups (p = 0.223, p = 0.316 respectively). Serum native and total thiol levels were high and disulphide level was low in group 1 when compared to the group 2 (p = 0.003, p = 0.007, p = 0.265 respectively). In addition, serum native thiol, total thiol and disulphide levels were low in group 1 when compared to the group 3, but while low native and total thiol levels were significant, low disulphide levels were not found significant (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p = 0.331, respectively).ConclusionsThiol/disulphide homeostasis was found to be disturbed in Pca patients detected with TRUS-Bx. This is suggesting serum native thiol, total thiol level and ratios provides a novel biomarker for the role for oxidative stress in disease etiopathogenesis.

Selected abbreviations and new terms in breast pathology — a guide for clinicians

The aim of this article is to present briefly new pathological entities which are recently increasingly commonly used in pathology reports, as well as to discuss their clinical consequences. The new WHO classification of breast diseases includes, inter alia , invasive carcinoma of no special type: this is not a specific entity, but rather a group of malignancies without specific features. The lobular hyperplasia group includes a classical variant and a pleomorphic variant of lobular carcinoma in situ, as well as atypical lobular hyperplasia. The ductal hyperplasia group, according to the current revision of the WHO classification of breast diseases, encompasses: typical (i.e. non-atypical) ductal hyperplasia, columnar cell change, columnar cell hyperplasia, atypical ductal hyperplasia. The mesenchymal breast hyperplasia group includes pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia. We briefly discuss the above mentioned entities together with their respective clinical and therapeutic consequences.

MMP26: A potential biomarker for prostate cancer.

The application of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in the screening and diagnosis of prostate cancer (PCa) has improved the clinical management of PCa patients. However, the PSA assay has been faced with criticism due to its potential association with over-diagnosis and subsequent overtreatment of indolent patients. Matrix metalloproteinase-26 (MMP26) is a member of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and has been reported to be highly expressed in many cancers. This investigation evaluated the potential of serum MMP26 as a biomarker for PCa. The level of serum MMP26 was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 160 subjects including PCa group (n=80), benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) group (n=40) and control group (n=40). Furthermore, we evaluated the expression of MMP26 in tissues by immunohistochemistry. The results showed the serum MMP26 levels were significantly higher in PCa group than in BPH group and control group. Similarly, the MMP26 protein was positive in PCa tissues and negative in BPH tissues and control tissues. In conclusion, these results suggested MMP26 could be used as a potential serum biomarker in the diagnosis of PCa.

Role of adrenal vein sampling in differential diagnosis of primary aldosteronism subtypes

Objective: To investigate the role of adrenal vein sampling (AVS) in identifying the subtype of primary aldosteronism (PA). Methods: AVS was performed in 50 patients who were confirmed as PA between September 2010 and September 2016 in Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital. Clinical, biochemical and follow-up data were reviewed retrospectively. Bilaterally simultaneous catheterization without cosyntropin stimulation and contemporaneous cortisol measurement during AVS were used. Selectivity index (SI)≥1.5 suggested that the sample was from the adrenal vein.Lateralization index (LI) ≥2 suggested unilateral disease.Clinical data was further compared and the AVS findings were analyzed. Results: AVS was successful performed in 41 cases of 50 patients, and the success rate was 82%. According to the results of AVS and postoperative pathology, 41 cases were divided into aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA)/unilateral adrenal hyperplasia (UAH) group (24 cases) and idiopathic hyperaldosteronism (IHA) group (17 cases). Compared with IHA group, patients with APA/UAH showed longer duration of hypertension[10.0 (5.0, 13.0) y vs 4.0 (2.0, 8.0) y, P=0.046], higher proportion of hypokalemia (95.8% vs 64.7%, P=0.009). Furthermore, patients with APA/UAH demonstrated lower plasma renin activity (P=0.089), higher plasma aldosterone concentration and aldosterone to renin ratio (ARR) (both P<0.05). The diagnostic concordance between CT and adrenal vein sampling was only 48.8%(20/41). Conclusions: The application of bilaterally simultaneous catheterization and contemporaneous cortisol measurement improves success rate and diagnostic accuracy of AVS. AVS is useful in subtype diagnosis of PA with equivocal imaging findings.

EVALUATION OF THE WOUND HEALING ACTIVITY OF CAESALPINIA BONDUCELLA AND CYCLEA PELTATA EXTRACTS IN EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED DIABETIC RATS

Objective: The present study was conducted to verify the effect of Caesalpinia bonducella and Cyclea peltata extracts on experimentally induced excision wounds in diabetic rats.Methods: Methanolic and ethyl acetate extract of test sample in PEG base was applied and observed for wound healing effect for a period of 15 d.Results: The data demonstrated statistically significant wound contraction up to 98% in the treated sample as compared to 90% in diabetic control group. The results correlated (r ³ 0.95) with fasting blood glucose level, indicating the deleterious effect of hyperglycemia in wound healing. Histopathological studies indicated moderate granulation with marked epithelial enclose and moderate hyperplasia in groups treated with high dose (100 mg/kg BW) of methanolic extract of aerial part of Cyclea peltata and root of Caesalpinia bonducella. Conclusion: From the study, it can be hypothesized that tested plant extracts favours wound healing in diabetic animals and paves the way for the more detailed study of the phytochemical constituent for therapeutic applications. The present investigation adds to the existing knowledge in the field of therapeutic medicine and may even become the base for the development of herbal based gel formulations or ointments for treating wounds in diabetic patients and thereby continuous usage of synthetic drugs, its associated side effects could be avoided.

MicroRNA-466 with tumor markers for cervical cancer screening.

Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women in the world. In this study, we explore tumor markers and microRNA-466 combination for cervical cancer screening. Tumor markers were measured by the methods of electro-chemiluminescent immunoassay and enzyme immunoassay. The microRNA-466 was performed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Among normal group, hyperplasia group and cancer group, the CEA expression levels were 2.26 ng/ml, 3.85 ng/ml and 16.08 ng/ml, respectively. While the CA125 expression levels were 13.61 u/ml, 27.32 u/ml and 44.93 u/ml, respectively. The SCCA expression levels were 13.61 ng/ml, 27.32 ng/ml and 44.93 ng/ml, respectively. The expression levels of tumor markers were all gradually increased with the development of cervical lesions. The expression levels of microRNA-466 in cervical cancers (0.62) were greater than that in normal (0.076) and hyperplasia (0.24). The expression of microRNA-466 was correlated with lymphnode metastasis (P=0.000). There is a lower overall survival rate of patient with large tumor or lymphnode metastasis. Thus, the combination of tumor markers and microRNA-466 can be useful for early detection of cervical cancer and indicators for advanced stage and prognosis of the disease.

Depressive symptoms are found to be potential adverse effects of androgen deprivation therapy in older prostate cancer patients: A 15-month prospective, observational study.

To evaluate the association between androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) and depression and to identify the risk factors for depressive symptoms among prostate cancer (PCa) patients who received ADT. We conducted a prospective, longitudinal, controlled study and assessed 3 groups of older patients: the ADT group (men who were presented with maximum androgen block); the radical prostatectomy (RP) group (PCa control group: men who underwent RP without ADT); and the benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) group (men who had BPH). All patients completed the demographic questionnaire at baseline and the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) at pretreatment baseline, 1month, 6months, 9months, 12months and 15months. A total of 146 patients completed the study during the 15-month follow-up. The Self-Rating Depression Scale scores of the 3 groups showed significant differences at 1month (P<.001), 6months (P=.009), 9months (P<.001), 12months (P<.001), and 15months (P<.001). At 9months, 12% of the men in the ADT group, 4.3% in the RP group, and 2% in the BPH group showed depressive symptoms, and there were no significant differences (P=.095). However, there were significant differences among the 3 groups relative to the incidence of depressive symptoms at 12 and 15months (P<.001, P=.007, respectively). The analysis of the ADT subgroup indicated that alcohol consumption (odds ratio=6.868; P=.046; 95% CI, 1.038-45.443) and smoking (odds ratio=13.661; P=0.013; 95% CI, 1.722-108.386) increased the risk for developing depressive symptoms. Androgen deprivation therapy use does significantly increase the depressive scores and enhance the incidence of depression among PCa patients who received ADT. Smoking and alcohol consumption are associated with depressive symptoms among PCa patients receiving ADT.

Association between protocadherin 8 promoter hypermethylation and the pathological status of prostate cancer.

Promoter hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes has been confirmed to serve a pivotal role in tumorigenesis. Protocadherin 8 (PCDH8), a novel tumor suppressor gene, has been reported to be inactivated by promoter hypermethylation a number of cancer types, including bladder cancer and renal cell carcinoma. The aim of the present study was to investigate the occurrence of PCDH8 hypermethylation in prostate cancer and its potential as a novel biomarker of prostate cancer. The transcriptional levels of PCDH8 were examined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 82 prostate cancer tissues as well as 30 prostate hyperplasia tissues, and verified the protein level by western blot analysis of representative samples. PCDH8 expression levels were found to be reduced to 0.30±0.10 in 70.7% (58/82) of prostate cancer tissues. To identify the possible reason for mRNA downregulation, the methylation status of the PCDH8 promoter was assessed in prostate cancer tissues and prostate hyperplasia tissues by methylation-specific PCR (MSP). A total of 47 prostate cancer patients who exhibited reduced PCDH8 expression (57.3%; 47/82) also showed promoter hypermethylation (47/58). None of the samples (0/30) in the benign prostate hyperplasia group were positive on MSP. Furthermore, the associations between the methylation status of the PCDH8 promoter and various clinicopathological features of prostate cancer were analyzed, revealing that the methylation status of PCDH8 was closely associated with tumor size, tumor shape (papillary/non-papillary), tumor stage and tumor grade (all P<0.05), while there were no correlations with the age of the patients or the number of tumors (P>0.05). Additionally, patients with hypermethylation of the PCDH8 gene promoter had a relapse rate of 36.17% and a mortality rate of 29.79%, which were significantly higher than the hypermethylation-negative patients (P<0.05), indicating a poorer prognosis. Therefore, the methylation status of the PCDH8 gene in prostate cancer may be an important marker for use in the early diagnosis and prediction of prognosis in prostate cancer.

Effectiveness of radiotherapy + ozone on tumoral tissue and survival in tongue cancer rat model

ObjectiveThe objective of this study is to examine therapeutic effect of the combination of radiotherapy and ozone which features increasing of the destruction of cancer cells by increasing oxygen level of the body on advanced tongue cancer induced in rats. MethodsA total of 36 female rats were included in this study as 4 groups.Group 1 (Cancer, n=8): 4NQO.Group 2 (Cancer+Radiotherapy, n=10): 4NQO+Radiotherapy.Group 3 (Cancer+Ozone+Radiotherapy, n=10): 4NQO+Ozone+Radiotherapy.Group 4 (Cancer+Ozone, n=10): 4NQO+Ozone.Group 5 (Control, n=8): Physiological saline solution.At the end of the week 20, rats in Groups 1 and 5 were sacrified. The rats in Groups 2,3 and 4 were waited until oral food intake was disrupted. The necessary applicatione were then carried out and survivals were evaluated. Each rat was sacrified after death. Tongues of the rats were excised, stained with hematoxylin & eosin and histopathologically evaluated. ResultsHistopathologic evaluation: The model that we applied was seen to achieve success in Group 1 in which 7 of the rats developed squamous cell carcinoma and one rat developed dysplasia at the end of the week 20. In Group 2 squamous cell cancer was seen in 6 and dysplasia in 4 rats. Six rats presented normal tongue tissues and 4 rats developed hyperplasia in Group 3.In Group 4; 3 rats had squamous cell cancer, 2 rats dysplasia, 3 rats hyperplasia and 2 rats had normal tissue. In Group 5, normal tongue tissues were observed in all rats. A significant histopathological improvement was observed in Group 3 compared to Group 2 (p<0.05). Histopathologic scorings were similar in Groups 3 and 5 (p>0.05). No statistically significant difference was found in histopathologic scorings between Group 1 and Group 2 (p>0.05). A significant improvement was observed in Group 4 compared to Group 1 (p<0.05). Group 3 showed a significant histologic improvement compared to Group 4 (p<0.05).Evaluation of survival: Survival times were found as 3.4±1.3 days, 76.4±14.9days and 76.4±14.9 days in the Groups 2, 3 and 4; respectively. Survival was significantly longer in Group 3 than in Groups 2 and 4 (p<0.05). Survival was significantly longer in Group 4 compared to Group 2 (p<0.05). ConclusionIn this study, demonstrated that radiotherapy plus ozone application both provided histopathological improvement and prolonged survival in advanced tongue cancer rat model.