Hypercholesterolemic Rats Research Articles

Effects of Fish Oil Supplementation on Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Liver Damage in Hypercholesterolemic Rats.

Metabolic syndrome, especially its component related to dyslipidemia, is related to the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which is a disease with a significant global prevalence. Supplementation with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids emerged as a complementary therapeutic possibility for dyslipidemia, but its benefits are questioned. This paper aims at evaluating the effects of fish oil supplementation in rats with hypercholesterolemia induced by hypercholesterolemic diet (HD). The study design is based on an experimental model in which the animals were randomly divided into 3 groups: G1 (standard commercial feed + saline solution); G2 (hypercholesterolemic diet + saline solution) and G3 (hypercholesterolemic diet + fish oil) over a period of 16 weeks. Metabolic control parameters and oxidative stress biomarkers were evaluated according to standardized methodologies. The G3 group showed significantly lower values of plasma concentrations of TG, and hepatic myeloperoxidase as well as higher erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity (p < 0.05). Regarding histopathological analysis, there was lipid accumulation in the liver of animals from group G2; meanwhile, hepatocytes reorganization and expressive reduction of lipid vacuoles and hepatic TG content was observed in group G3. This study demonstrated how fish oil supplementation reduced the plasma concentration and hepatic content of triglycerides, as well as liver tissue damage in histopathological analysis.

Comparison of the antisclerotic effect of hydroalcoholic extracts of Ocimum basilicum and Otostegia persica with quinacrine by inhibition of phospholipase A2 in male Wistar rats.

Objective:Hypercholesterolemia is now considered a major risk factor for development of atherosclerosis. The phospholipase A2 superfamily of enzymes has causal involvement in atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is one of the main causes of mortality in developed countries and in some developing countries such as Iran. The present study was designed to investigate the antihypercholesterolemic and antiatherogenic potentiality of ethanolic extracts of Ocimum basilicum (O. basilicum) and Otostegia persica (O. persica) in high-fat diet-induced hypercholesterolemic rats. Materials and Methods:In this study, 35 male rats were randomly divided into 1 normal diet and 4 high-fat diet groups. After two months of high-fat diet, measurement of cholesterol and LDL showed a significant difference between the groups. The 5 groups were as follows: Healthy rats receiving physiological serum, hypercholesterolemic rats without any treatment, hypercholesterolemic rats receiving quinacrine (30 mg/kg), hypercholesterolemic rats treated with extract of O. persica (300 mg/kg), and hypercholesterolemic rats treated with O. basilicum extract (300 mg/kg). Treatment was carried out for 40 days and finally, blood samples were collected and examined for cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein, C-reactive protein, phospholipase A2, and interleukin-6 levels.Results:Treatment of hypercholesterolemic rats with ethanolic extracts of O. persica and O. basilicum did not cause significant changes in cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL or HDL levels. They caused a significant decrease in the levels of inflammatory factors of IL-6, PLA2 and CRP (p <0.05).Conclusion:Ethanolic extracts of O. persica and O. basilicum have antisclerotic effects by reducing the inflammatory factors and PLA2 activity.

Therapeutic potential of Mucuna pruriens (Linn.) on high-fat diet-induced testicular and sperm damage in rats.

Objective: Mucuna pruriens Linn., a leguminous plant, is identified as a herbal medicine for improving fertility-related disorders in the alternative and complementary systems of medicine. The study was focused on evaluating the therapeutic potential of M. pruriens on testis and sperm parameters in a high-fat-induced hypercholesterolemia model. Materials and Methods:Male rats were divided as normal-control rats (NCR); normal-control rats + M.pruriens (200 mg/kg b.w. of ethanolic extract of M. pruriens seed) treated (NCRD); hypercholesterolemic rats (HCR) and hypercholesterolemic rats + M. pruriens (HCRD). Groups were further divided into three post-exposure periods (subgroups) of 9, 18, and 36 days, and the progressive changes in testis histology and sperm were analyzed. Results:The study showed a significant impairment in testicular histoarchitecture, depletion of antioxidant enzyme levels, increased oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in the HCR group. The study indicated severe structural and functional damage in sperm parameters and diminished chromatin integrity in the HCR group. In the HCR rats, the follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone were significantly reduced. There was a significant improvement in sperm parameters and testis histology in the HCRD group. Conclusion:The study reveals the potential efficacy of M. pruriens to improve spermatogenesis, sperm parameters and hormone levels in hypercholesterolemic rats.

The Effect of Different Levels of Flaxseed Oil on Biochemical Changes in Hypercholesterolemic Rats

Flaxseed oil has various benefits over multiple chronic diseases in humans and animals. Besides, flaxseed oil has shown the potential to avert lipid disorders. However, various researches have indicated that lower serum cholesterol in animals and human beings can be attributed to whole flaxseed oil. Therefore, this study aimed at determining the effect of different levels of flaxseed oil on biochemical changes in hypercholesterolemic rats. In this study, (24) albino mice were used and divided in

Fragrant rapeseed oil consumption prevents blood cholesterol accumulation via promoting fecal bile excretion and reducing oxidative stress in high cholesterol diet fed rats

• Long-term effect of three rapeseed oils fed in hypercholesterolemic rats was tested. • Fragrant rapeseed oils lowered plasma cholesterol and boosted fecal bile acid efflux. • Fragrant rapeseed oils altered liver redox status and increased EPA and DHA output. • Such beneficial impact probably owed to high α-linolenic acid and polyphenols levels. We investigated the compositional changes and effects of long-term supplementation on blood lipids in three rapeseed oils [refined (RO), roasted at 120 °C (FO-120) and roasted at 150 °C (FO-150)]. Sixty Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either a basal diet or one of five high-cholesterol diets comprising lard, lard with cholestyramine, or three rapeseed oils for 12 weeks. Results showed that FO-120 and FO-150 alleviated plasma total cholesterol and increased fecal bile acid excretion, but RO had no significant effect. In the liver, cholesterol synthesis and conversion mRNA expression were altered by FO-120 or FO-150 feeding, like the inhibition of Hmgcr and activation of Cyp7a1 . Furthermore, FO-120 or FO-150 increased hepatic eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid production and favorably improved hepatic redox status. Overall, the hypocholesterolemic effects may be attributed to their high levels of α-linolenic acid and polyphenols, linked closely to regulating cholesterol metabolism, promoting highly-unsaturated fatty acids synthesis, and reducing oxidative stress.

Comparison of the effects of alcoholic extract of aerial parts of Anvillea garcinii and atorvastatin on the lipid profile and thyroid hormones in hypercholesterolemic rats.

Objective:Decreased thyroid hormones along with increased blood fats and overweight, lead to atherosclerosis and eventually cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of alcoholic extract of aerial parts of Anvilea garcinii and atorvastatin on the lipid profile and thyroid hormones in hypercholesterolemic rats.Materials and Methods:In this study, 40 male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups (n=8): control, hypercholesterolemic vehicle and three experimental groups. The control group, received water and normal food daily, the hypercholesterolemic vehicle group received drug solvent (atorvastatin dissolved in distilled water) and three experimental groups received alcoholic extract of A. garcinii (100 and 300 mg/kg) and atorvastatin (10 mg/kg) as gavage. At the end of the 45- day period, blood samples were prepared from all groups and the amount of desired factors was measured and analyzed.Results:The amount of lipid profiles (cholesterol, HDL, LDL, VLDL,TG) and thyroid stimulating hormone in the vehicle group were increased compared to the control group, while the amount of these factors were decreased in the experimental groups compared to the vehicle group. Furthermore, the level of thyroid hormones in the hypercholesterolemic vehicle group was decreased compared to the control group, while the level of these hormones was increased in the experimental groups receiving the extract compared to the vehicle group.Conclusion:Alcoholic extract of A. garcinii aerial parts, may increase thyroid hormones, and sequentially reduce blood lipids; thus, it could be a good candidate for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and hypothyroidism.

Kinkan orange protects hypercholesterolemic rats against dyslipidemia and oxidative stress.

We investigated the effect of dietary supplementation with kinkan orange on growth, adiposity, metabolic parameters, and oxidative stress in rats with diet-induced hypercholesterolemia. Female Wistar rats (6-8 weeks) were fed a AIN-93M diet (Control); AIN-93M diet containing 5% kinkan orange (CTkinkan); Hypercholesterolemic diet, containing 1% cholesterol and 25% fat (Hyper); or Hypercholesterolemic diet containing 5% kinkan orange (Hyperkinkan). Hypercholesterolemic diet increased body weight, adiposity, serum alanine transaminase (ALT), creatinine, cholesterol and triglycerides, hepatic total lipids, cholesterol, and triglycerides, and hepatic oxidative stress. Supplementation with kinkan reduced the serum and hepatic lipid content, decreased serum ALT, besides improving the antioxidant status in liver tissue of hypercholesterolemic animals. Moreover, HDL-cholesterol increased in both groups supplemented with kinkan orange (CTkinkan and Hyperkinkan). Our data suggest that diet supplementation with kinkan orange may consist of a valid strategy to prevent or reduce dyslipidemia and oxidative stress in hypercholesterolemic rats.

L-Carnitine effect on induced hyperlipidemia on premature rats: fertility profile.

This study was designed to investigate the effect of hypercholesterolemia on the reproductive performance of premature male rats and to evaluate the influence of L-Carnitine (CAR) in maintaining their fertility. Sixty rats were divided randomly into three groups. Control group (CG n=20 rats), cholesterol feeding group 1 (CFG1 n=20 rats) fed 1.5% cholesterol with diet for one month, and cholesterol feeding group 2 (CFG2 n=20 rats) fed 1.5% cholesterol with diet + CAR 150 mg/kg body weight (B.W.) given by water for one month. Results showed a significant increase in body weight of CFG1 compared with CG and CFG2. The lipid profile of CFG1 after one month of feeding cholesterol showed a significant increase in serum cholesterol and triglyceride compared with CG and with the group that watered by CAR and CFG2. Results of sperms parameters in CGF2 showed a significant increase in sperms count with sperms live percentage and a significant decrease in sperms abnormalities percentage compared with CGF1 and CG. The hormonal profile showed a significant decrease in serum testosterone levels in rats from CFG1 compared with CFG2 and CG. In conclusion, CAR is a powerful antioxidant that can maintain the parameters of sperms of hypercholesterolemic premature rats, which may enhance the fertilizing ability of subfertile rats that may occur due to hyperlipidemia.

Pineapple fruit improves vascular endothelial dysfunction, hepatic steatosis, and cholesterol metabolism in rats fed a high-cholesterol diet.

Hypercholesterolaemia is a significant risk factor for developing vascular disease and fatty liver. Pineapple (Ananas comosus), a tropical fruit widely cultivated in Asia, is reported to exhibit antioxidant and cholesterol-lowering activity; however, the potential hypolipidaemic mechanisms of pineapple fruit remain unknown. Therefore, we aimed to identify the anti-hypercholesterolaemic mechanism of pineapple fruit and to study the effect of pineapple fruit intake on hypercholesterolaemia-induced vascular dysfunction and liver steatosis in a high-cholesterol diet (HCD)-fed rats. Male Sprague Dawley rats were fed with standard diet or HCD, and the pineapple fruit was orally administered to HCD-fed rats for 8 weeks. At the end of treatment, vascular reactivity and morphology of aortas, as well as serum nitrate/nitrite (NOx), were determined. Liver tissues were also examined for histology, lipid content, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR) activity, and protein expression of cholesterol metabolism-related enzymes. Results showed that pineapple fruit reduced the levels of hepatic cholesterol and triglycerides, and improved histological characteristics of a fatty liver in HCD-fed rats. Pineapple fruit also increased serum NOx, restored endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation, and reduced structural alterations in aortas of rats fed the HCD. In addition, a reduction of HMGCR activity and the downregulation of hepatic expression of HMGCR and sterol-regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBP2), as well as the upregulation of hepatic expression of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) and LDL receptor (LDLR) were found in pineapple fruit-treated hypercholesterolaemic rats. These results indicate that pineapple fruit consumption can restore fatty liver and protect vascular endothelium in diet-induced hypercholesterolaemia through an improvement of hepatic cholesterol metabolism.

Functional Effect of Lesser Yam Symbiotic Yoghurt on Hypercholesterolemia Wistar Rats

Synbiotic lesser yam yoghurt is fermented drink made from the mixture of cow’s milk and lesser yam extract which has functional benefits. Lesser yam yoghurt contains lactic acid bacteria, lactic acid, inulin, and soluble fiber which can improve the lipid profile of hypercholesterolemia sufferers. This study aims to determine the effect of the intake of lesser yam yoghurt on the lipid profile of hypercholesterolemia wistar rats. This study used nested randomized design with two factors, the first factor was a feeding group (0,1,2,3,4 ml/day, while the second factor was the time of blood collection (0, week 1 and week 2). The data obtained were analyzed by using ANAVA and further test DMRT (Duncan Multiple Range Test) with a level of 5%. The results showed that giving lesser yam yoghurt for 2 weeks had a significant effect on the lipid profile improvement. Rats from 4 ml of yoghurt treatment experienced a decrease in total serum cholesterol by 48.4%, triglyceride levels by 35.8% and LDL levels by 65,5% and an increase in serum HDL levels by 150.3%. So it can be concluded that the intake of synbiotik lesser yam yoghurt has functional benefits in improving the lipid profile of hypercholesterolemia rats.

Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Walnut Leaves on Lipid Profile and Atherogenic index in Hypercholesterolemic Rats

Aims: To determine the effect of Ethanolic extract of walnut leaves on lipid profile i.e seum total cholesterol, triglycerides, Low density and high-density lipoprotein. Atherogenic index in Hypercholesterolemic rats was calculated using serum TC/HDL and LDL/HDL ratios. Methodology: Total 30 male Sprague Dawley rats were further divided into three groups (C, HC and EE) comprising ten rats per group. Group 1 (Control group, C). Group 2 (Hypercholesterolemic control, HC) and Group 3 (Ethanolic Extract Group EE) were fed high fat diet for 8 weeks before administration of walnut leaf extract. Ethanolic extract (EE) of walnut leaves was given in a dose of (200mg/kg) through gavage needle once daily for four weeks. Blood Sampling was done at the beginning (Baseline, after week 8 and week 12 to perform lipid profile. Results: Serum mid- cholesterol levels (08 weeks) in HC were significantly raised to 164±7.90 mg/dl (p&lt;0.001) as compared to 57.75±6.64mg/dl), which confirmed the development of hypercholesterolemia. Post-cholesterol levels of EE (after 12 weeks) was decreased to 52.8±4.42 mg/dl compared with 153.2±5.92 mg/dl in HC group in (p&lt;0.001). Group 3 had significantly lower levels of of serum triglycerides, LDL and high levels of HDL cholesterol (p&lt;0.001) as compared to HC group 2 and 12 weeks versus 8 weeks of EE of walnut supplementation. The atherogenic index calculated by serum TC/HDL and LDL/HDL ratios were significantly reduced (p&lt;0.001). Conclusion: Ethanolic extracts of walnut leaves have hypolipidemic effects decreasing serum cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, serum TC/HDL and LDL/HDL ratios while elevating the good cholesterol HDL. Keywords: Atherogenic ratio, Cholesterol, Dietary Lipids, Lipoprotein metabolism, Walnut supplementation

Green Walnut Husk Ameliorating the Adverse Effects Induced by High Fat Diet in Rats

This study was designed to investigate the ameliorating effect of methanolic extract of green walnut husk (GWH) in hypercholesterolemic rats. A total of thirty male Albino Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus domestica) were divided randomly into six equal groups. Group 1, negative control, fed on a standard rat diet whereas groups 2–6, hypercholesterolemic rats, fed a high-fat diet (1% cholesterol in a standard diet). Group 2, positive control, was left untreated, whereas the groups 3–5 treated orally with methanolic extract of GWH at 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg/day BW, respectively. Group 6, treatment control, received atorvastatin intraperitoneally at a dosage rate of 0.8 mg/kg/day. The treatment lasted for 84 days. Lipid profiles, biomarkers for liver and kidney functions, some hematological parameters, and liver histopathological assessment were performed. No significant variation was observed on lipid profile values after 42 days of GWH intake; while after 84 days, there was significant reduction (P&lt;0.05) in cholesterol, LDL, and triglycerides and significant increase (P&lt;0.05) in HDL. On day 42, the GWH intake revealed no ameliorating effect on ALT, AST, ALP, serum creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN); while on day 84, the GWH at 400 and 800 mg/kg BW reduced liver injury enzymes and serum creatinine levels but not the BUN. The GWH showed no significant effect on RBC, HGH, HCV, MCH, and MCHC counts; however, the WBCs count of all experimental groups showed significant (P&lt;0.05) increase when compared to negative control. In comparison with other experimental groups, the 800 mg/kg GWH group and the treatment control group exhibited significant decrease (P&lt;0.05) in HCT. The histopathological findings of the liver showed that the 800 mg/kg BW dosage rate of GWH was efficient in ameliorating the adverse tissue changes noticed in the positive control and other experimental groups. It can be inferred that GWH at dosage rate 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg BW have a potential antidyslipidemic effect in dose and period dependent manner. Further investigation to identify the safety of GWH for long standing using against hyperlipidemic patients is required.

The possible alleviating effect of garlic supplement on the neural retina in a rat model of hypercholesterolemia: a histological and immunohistochemical study.

The purpose of this work was to prove that oxidative stress is the main mechanism responsible for retinal neurodegenerative changes, subsequent apoptosis, and inflammatory cytokine release in rats fed with a high cholesterol diet (HCD) and determine the role of garlic in alleviating these changes. Forty rats were equally divided into four groups: control, garlic-treated (positive control), HCD, and HCD + garlic-treated (HCD + G). By the end of the experiment (24 weeks) blood samples were collected for assessment of serum lipid profile, oxidative stress parameters, and plasma levels of IL-6 and TNF-α. Both eyes of the rats were enucleated; one was used for light microscopic examination and the other for electron microscopic examination. There was a significant increase in the levels of serum lipids, oxidative stress parameters, IL-6 and TNF-α, and area of expression of caspase-3 in the HCD group compared to both the control and HCD + G groups. Histological examination revealed degenerative changes in all layers of the neural retina in the HCD group. Garlic administration resulted in a significant improvement in the biochemical, immunohistochemical, and histological characteristics of hypercholesterolemic rats. These findings support the hypotheses that garlic has strong antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory properties. Garlic ameliorates the neurodegenerative changes in the neural retina of hypercholesteremic rats.

Protective properties of sardine and chickpea protein hydrolysates against lipoprotein oxidative damages and some inflammation markers in hypercholesterolemic rats

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the effect of sardine (SPH) and chickpea protein hydrolysates (CPH) on oxidant stress and inflammatory profile in cholesterol-fed rats. METHODS: The experiment was undertaken for thirty days on 18 cholesterol-fed Wistar rats (220±10 g) divided into three groups and receiving 1 g/kg of body weight either chickpea protein hydrolysate (CPH), sardine protein hydrolysate (SPH) or casein in water (CG). RESULTS: Compared to CG, SPH and CPH treatment reduced cholesterol, hydroperoxide and malondialdehyde contents in serum, lipoproteins, erythrocytes and aorta. These same treated groups showed also lower serum isoprostane levels. However, serum paraoxonase activity and HDL-antioxidant property were improved only by CPH compared to CG. SOD activity of aorta and erythrocytes was higher in CPH but in SPH group, SOD activity was lower in these tissues and remained unchanged in serum. Furthermore, CPH and SPH stimulated glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities of aorta and erythrocytes. In CPH group, nitric oxide levels of serum, erythrocytes and aorta were increased by respectively 1.4- to 1.8-fold compared to CG and SPH. In addition, among the three groups, CPH exhibited the best anti-inflammatory effect by lowering serum C reactive protein, uric acid and albumin concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: SPH and particularly CPH possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and could be useful as nutraceuticals for health improving and preventing numerous disorders such as cardiovascular diseases.

Protective Effect of Tiger Nut (Cyperus esculentus L.) on Hypercholesterolemia Rats

The aim of the present work was to investigate the effect of tiger nut on rats suffering from hypercholesterolemia. Forty-eight male albino rats weighing 160 ± 5 g were used in this study. The rats divided into two main groups, the 1st main group (n=6) was fed on the basal diet (-ve control).The 2nd group (n = 6) was fed on hypercholesterolemic diet with addition of 1% cholesterol +0.5% colic acid+10% corn oil to induce hypercholesterolemia. Groups (3-5) were fed on basal diet supplemented with (10, 15, 25%) tiger nut, respectively. Groups (6-8) were fed on hypercholesterolemic diet supplemented with (10, 15, 25%) from tiger nut. The results revealed that all hypercholesterolemic groups which treated with 10%, 15%, and 25% of tiger nut resulted a varied increase in body weight gain, feed intake and feed efficiency ratio. Results declared that there was a significant difference (P≤0.05) among the positive control group and cholesterol groups treated with the different levels of tiger nut in internal organ weights. On the other hand, data showed that there was no significant difference (P≥0.05) in organs weight between the negative control group, and the group which treated with 25% tiger nut rats group. The results showed a significant decrease in AST, ALT, ALP enzymes activity, creatinine, blood urea and uric acid for treated groups as compared with positive control group. Results indicated that hypercholesterolemic rat groups, which treated with 10,15 or 25% tiger nut resulted in significant decreases (P≤0.05) in the values of serum total cholesterol, T.G, LDL-cholesterol, VLDL and LDL-cholesterol but showed mostly significant increase (P≤0.05) in the values of serum HDL-cholesterol compared to control (+ve) group. Tiger nut also, lowered malondialdehyde, while raised glutathione in serum. So, the study recommended using tiger nut in diets to overcome the problems of hypercholesterolemia and also improving the liver and kidney functions. ملخص البحث التأثير الوقائى لحب العزيز على الفئران المصابه بارتفاع مستوى الکولسترول أجريت هذه الدراسة لمعرفة التاثير الوقائى لحب العزيز على الفئران التى تعانى من ارتفاع مستوى الکوليسترول. تم استخدام 48 من ذکور الفئران من سلالة الالبينو يتراوح وزنهم (160±5 جرام).تم تقسيم الفئران الى مجموعتين اساسيتين . المجموعة الاولي وهي المجموعة الضابطة السالبة وتتغذي علي الغذاء الاساسي فقط . المجموعة الثانية تغذت على الغذاء الاساسى بالاضافه الى 1%کوليسترول+05 حمض الکوليک لاحداث ارتفاع فى مستوى الکوليسترول للفئران. المجاميع من (3-5) تغذت علي الغذاء الاساسي فقط بالاضافه الى (25,15,10%) من حب العزيز على التوالى. المجاميع من(6-8) تم تغذيتهم على الغذاء العالى فى مستوى الکوليسترول مع اضافة (25,15,10%) من حب العزيز على التوالى لمدة 12 اسبوع. تشير نتائج تحليل الدم الى ارتفاع کلا من معدل الزيادة فى الوزن ,معدل تناول الطعام ومعدل کفاءة الطعام فى کل المجاميع التى تغذت على الغذاء العالى فى مستوى الکوليسترول عن المجموعه الضابطه السالبه. اوضحت النتائج ان هناک اختلاف فى الوزن الداخلى للاعضاء فى المجموعه الضابطه الموجبه والمجاميع التى تغذت على الکوليسترول و(10,15,25% ) من حب العزيز.بينما لم يکن هناک اختلاف معنوى بين المجموعه الضابطه السالبه والمجاميع الصحيه.اظهرت النتائج انخفاض معنوى فى انزيمات ,AST,ALT اليوريا والکرياتينين وحمض اليورک فى المجاميع التى تمت معالجتها مقارنة بالمجموعة الضابطه الموجبه .اظهرت النتائج انخفاض فى قيم کلا من (الکولسترول الکلى ,الدهون الثلاثيه ,البروتينات ذات الکثافة المنخفضة والبروتينات ذات الکثافة المنخفضة جدا بينما کان هناک غالبا ارتفاع ملحوظ فى قيم البروتينات المرتفعه الکثافة للفئران المصابه بارتفاع مستوى الکولسترول وتغذت على الثلاث مستويات المستخدمه من حب العزيز فى الدراسة . وقد ادت التغذيه على حب العزيز ايضا الى انخفاض مالون داى الدهيد وارتفاع الجلوتاثيون فى السيرم.الترکيب الکيميائى للأحماض الدهنية لحب العزيز مناسب للدفاع والحد من تدهور حاله الدهون .لذلک اوصت الدراسة باهميه استخدام حب العزيز فى الغذاء للتغلب على مشاکل ارتفاع مستوى الکوليسترول وايضا تحسين وظائف الکلى والکبد. الکلمات المفتاحية: الکولسترول – حب العزيز – وظائف الکلى –وظائف الکبد.

Effect of synbiotic fermented milk on serum cholesterol level in diet-induced hypercholesterolemic rats

Effect of synbiotic fermented milk on serum cholesterol level in diet-induced hypercholesterolemic rats

Achillea Fragrantissima Ethanolic Extract Exerts Hypocholesterolemia and Hepatic Antioxidant Effects in High Fat-Cholesterol Diet: An Experimental Study

Background: Hypercholesterolemia and oxidative stress consider the main causes for atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, that are one of the major non-communicable diseases responsible for more than a third of deaths in Saudi Arabia. Cholesterol-lowering medications as Atorvastatin® (ATOR) are linked to a variety of side effects. Achillea fragarntissima (AF) is a valuable medicinal plant in Saudi Arabia with potent antioxidant activity. Aim: The current study was performed to determine the efficacy of AF in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia through the antioxidant metabolic pathway. Methodology: Dried aerial parts of AF were extracted by ethanol (70%). Induction of hypercholesterolemia in rats was induced through feeding a high fat-cholesterol diet (HFCD) for 8 weeks. Rats were assigned to two main groups; control group (Cont, n=10) rats fed a standard diet, and hypercholesterolemic group (HFCD) (n=40) rats fed HFCD. The HFCD group was further assigned after measured lipid profile to confirm the induction of hypercholesterolemia to HFCD; HFCD+AF (hypercholesterolemic rats treated orally with 500 mg/kg AF); HFCD+ ATOR (hypercholesterolemic rats treated orally with 20 mg/kg ATOR, as a reference drug); and HFCD+AF+ATOR (hypercholesterolemic rats treated orally with AF+ ATOR). Different treatments were ingested to rats for 4 weeks. Results: The results revealed that the HFCD group showed significant hyperlipidemia (elevation of serum TC, TG, LDL-C, and VLDL-C levels concurrent with a reduction in serum HDL-C level); significant disturbance in liver functions (elevation in serum ALT, AST, and ALP enzymes activities); and significant oxidative stress (elevation in hepatic MDA level with a reduction in hepatic SOD activity) compared with the Cont group. Besides, hepatic central vein section showed deposition of large lipid within hepatocytes and abundant focal cell necrosis. Oral treatment with AF, ATOR, and the mixture of the drug and AF produced significant hypocholesterolemia, antioxidant, and improved liver function enzymes, with normalized hepatic central vein tissue compared with the HFCD group. The mixture of AF+ATOR had a superior effect than either treatment alone. Conclusion: In hypercholesterolemic rats, AF may be used to prevent atherosclerosis through improving lipid profile levels, protecting against hepatic oxidative stress, and ameliorating hepatic functions. Thus highlighting its valuable effects in the treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Keywords: Achillea fragarntissima, lipid profile, hepatic oxidative stress, hepatic function, hypercholesterolemia.

Effectiveness of a new rutin Cu(II) complex in the prevention of lipid peroxidation and hepatotoxicity in hypercholesterolemic rats.

A new rutin copper(II) complex (R-Cu2) was prepared and characterized by spectroscopic methods and elemental analysis. The effects of rutin and R-Cu2 were evaluated on the prevention of hypercholesterolemia in animals feed with high-cholesterol diet (HCD) for 8weeks. The animals (n=5) were neither fed with HCD nor treated (control group), or were treated with vehicle, 10mg/kg simvastatin, rutin (16 and 160μmol/kg), and R-Cu2 (16 and 160μmol/kg) administered orally. Total cholesterol (TC) levels were significantly increased (p<.01) in all HCD groups. In rutin and R-Cu2 groups, it was observed a discrete, but not significant, TC and LDL-induced increase inhibition compared with vehicle-treated group. R-Cu2 treatment significantly decreased (p<.05) plasma triglycerides compared with the vehicle-treated group. All groups receiving treatments maintained the malondialdehyde at normal levels. Serum NO levels were reduced in animals treated with rutin and R-Cu2 compared with the vehicle-treated group. In addition, the results also showed that the groups treated with rutin and R-Cu2 reduced significantly (p<.01), the number of neutrophils and prevented histological changes in all evaluated liver zones. R-Cu2 group maintained the ALT, AST, and ALP enzymes at normal levels. Thus, the effects of R-Cu2 in modulating inflammation and protecting liver damage were confirmed. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Rutin, a plant-derived flavonoid, is one of phenolic compounds well known as a nutraceutical due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Findings of this study demonstrate the effects of both rutin and R-Cu2 in modulating inflammation and protecting liver damage in hypercholesterolemic rats. However, some effects analyzed became more evident in R-Cu2. Thereby, it was shown that the synthesis of a new flavonoid compound (R-Cu2) could be applied as a nutraceutical benefit option to prevent hypercholesterolemia condition.

Hypocholesterolemic Effect of Avocado (Persea americana Mill) Juice in Hypercolestrolemic Rats Model

BackgroundHypercholesterolemia is one of the risk factors of cardiovascular disease. Avocado (Persea americana Mill) is a popular fruit in tropical countries and has several benefits for health. This study aims to determine the hypocholesterolemic effect of avocado juice on the hypercholesterolemic rats model. Method: The subjects were male Wistar rats (Rattus novergicus) aged 2-3 months. The rats were divided into 5 groups consisting of negative control (NC), positive control (C), Treatment 1 (P1) with a low-dose of avocado juice (2 ml), Treatment 2 (P2) with moderate-dose (3 ml), and Treatment 3 (P3) with high-dose (4 ml). Groups C, P1, P2, and P3 have induced hypercholesterolemia with 4 ml quail egg yolk for four weeks. Then groups P1, P2, and P3 were given avocado juice for four weeks. All rats were taken plasma samples after hypercholesterolemia induction and intervention with avocado juice to check for total cholesterol levels. All data were statistically analyzed with The One-Way ANOVA test and Bonferroni Post-Hoc test. Values were considered significant at p<0.05. Result: Mean of total cholesterol (nmol/L) after hypercholesterolemia induction in both groups (NC group, C group, P1 group, P2 group, and P3 group) is 2.50±0.01, 5.98±0,09, 5.70±0.08, 5.89±0.05, and 6.06±0.09. After intervention with avocado juice, total cholesterol in both groups is 2.48±0.01, 5.75±0.04, 3.97±0.03, 3.41±0.05, and 2.85±0.06. The One-Way ANOVA test and Bonferroni Post-Hoc test showed significant change (p<0.001). Conclusion: Avocado juice can decrease total cholesterol levels in the hypercholesterolemic rats model.

Hypocholesterolemic Efficacy of Secoisolariciresinol Diglucoside and Its Polymer in Rat.

Hypercholesterolemia is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Conventional treatment methods include lifestyle changes and pharmaceutical interventions, but recently Health Canada approved a health claim for whole ground flaxseed as an alternative treatment for hypercholesterolemia. The literature suggests flaxseed lignans are responsible for the cholesterol-reducing effects of flaxseed. In this study, 96.1% secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) and a 50% SDG enriched polymer (SDG polymer) were investigated as treatments for hypercholesterolemia in rats. Wistar female rats were fed a 1% high-cholesterol diet for a one-week acclimatization prior to a 23-day intervention with enriched SDG or SDG polymer. A reduction in body weight normalized liver weight was observed in rats treated with enriched SDG when compared to the controls. Both enriched SDG (96.1%) and SDG polymer reduced serum triacylglycerol (19% and 15%, respectively) and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (15% and 24%, respectively). Histopathologic analyses revealed lipid-lowering effects of either enriched SDG or SDG polymer along with lower steatosis scores and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease activity. Furthermore, the lack of statistical significance between SDG and SDG polymer treatment groups suggests that SDG polymer may be a potential alternative to enriched SDG for hypercholesterolemia with similar efficacy but lower cost.