Hypercholesterolemic Rats Research Articles

Lingzhi or Reishi Medicinal Mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum (Agaricomycetes), Ameliorates Nonspatial Learning and Memory Deficits in Rats with Hypercholesterolemia and Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading neurodegenerative disorder affecting memory and learning of aged people. Hypercholesterolemia had been implicated as one of the stark hallmarks of AD. Recent AD control guidelines have suggested lifestyle modification to slow down the progression of AD. In this regard, medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum seems apt. In the present study, hot water extract of G. lucidum (200 mg/kg body weight) was fed to the hypercholesterolemic and AD model rats for 8 weeks. Nonspatial memory and learning abilities of the model animals was assessed using novel object recognition (NOR) test, rotarod test, and locomotor/open-field test. Then, the animals were sacrificed and transmission electron micrograph (TEM) view of the hippocampal neurons was assessed. In all the nonspatial memory and learning tests, the G. lucidum HWE fed rats performed better indicating improved memory and learning abilities. TEM view showed regular arrangement of the neurons in the G. lucidum HWE fed rats compared with those of the deranged arrangement of the AD rats. G. lucidum might have aided in restoring the memory and learning abilities of the AD model animals through maintaining neuronal structure and function. Thus, G. lucidum could be suggested as a medicotherapeutic agent against AD.

Fraxetin supplementation lowers plasma lipids and enhances antioxidant status in high fat diet induced hypercholesterolemic rats

Fraxetin supplementation lowers plasma lipids and enhances antioxidant status in high fat diet induced hypercholesterolemic rats

The Histomorphological Study on Testicular Cells of Hypercholesterolemia Rats Treated by Polysaccharides of Sea Cucumber, Holothuria nobilis

Hypercholesterolemia is a condition characterized by the presence of high levels of plasma cholesterol. This study aims to determine the morphological change of testicular cells in hypercholesterolemia rats treated by polysaccharides of sea cucumber, Holothuria nobilis. This study used 15 Sprague Dawley rats which was divided into 4 groups: non-hypercholesterolemia group (K-), hypercholesterolemia group (K+), prevention group that were given 1% cholesterol and 400 mg/kg of body weight polysaccharides (ChP), and curative hypercholesterolemia group that treated by 400 mg/kg of body weight polysaccharides (PCh). The ChP and PCh groups were treated for 28 days. Testicular tissue was processed histologically, stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Cusson's trichrome staining, and observed using a light microscope. The results indicated that the treatment of sea cucumber polysaccharides could improve the healing process of interstitial cells (Leydig cell). However, the 28 days of hypercholesterolemia has not affected adversely on testicular spermatogenic cell development.

THE PROFILE OF SUPEROXIDA DISMUTASE AND MALONDIALDEYDE LEVEL IN THE LIVER TISSUE OF HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIC RATS TREATED WITH Holothuria nobilis POLYSACCHARIDE

The aim of this research was to analyze the profile of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) on the liver tissue of hypercholesterolemic rats which were given Holothuria nobilis polysaccharides (HNP). A total of 15 male rats strain Sprague Dawley were divided into prevention and curative groups. Prevention group consisted of negative/non-hypercholesterolemic group (K-), positive/hypercholesterolemic group (K+), and hypercholesterolemic prevention group which were given 1% cholesterol diet and HNP at dose of 400 mg/kg bw (PCh). The treatments were given for 28 days. The curative group was consisted of the hypercholesterolemic group, which was given 1% cholesterol diet for 28 days, then followed by standard diet for 28 days (Ch), and the hypercholesterolemia curative group which was given 1% cholesterol diet for 28 days, then followed by 400 mg/kg bw HNP for 28 days (ChP). The antioxidant activity of HNP was analyzed by DPPH method. At the end of study the liver tissue was collected and analyzed for MDA, SOD while Cu,Zn-SOD was analyzed by immunohistochemical technique. The results showed that the antioxidant activity of HNP was weak. The MDA level (µg/g) in K-, K+, PCh, Ch, and ChP groups were 1.19±0.6; 3.37±0.79; 0.29±0.14; 9.11±0.72; and 3.14±1.06, respectively. The SOD activities (U/g) in K-, K+, PCh, Ch, and ChP groups were 2141.11±83.88; 1541±211.69; 2096.67±166.66; 1063.33±88.19; 1685.55±167.77, respectively. The immuno reactivity of Cu,Zn-SOD showed that HNP could increase Cu,Zn-SOD in the liver tissues of both groups. This study concluded that the HNP increased SOD activity, Cu,Zn-SOD antioxidant content, and decreased MDA levels in the liver tissues of hypercholesterolemic rats in both preventive and curative groups.

Myricitrin exhibits anti-atherosclerotic and anti-hyperlipidemic effects in diet-induced hypercholesterolemic rats

The present study investigated the anti-atherosclerotic potential of myricitrin in hypercholesterolemic rats. Rats were divided into the following groups: sham (standard food), control [1% high-cholesterol diet (HCD)], 1 μM myricitrin + 1% HCD, 10 μM myricitrin + 1% HCD, 100 μM myricitrin + 1% HCD, and the positive control (10 mg/kg body weight atorvastatin). The dose was given to rats via oral gavage for 45 consecutive days. Feeding of rats with 1% HCD caused substantial increases in the levels of LDL, cholesterol, and triglycerides (TG), while high-density lipoprotein (HDL) was reduced. However, rats supplemented with myricitrin had reduced levels of cholesterol, LDL, and TG to near-normal levels, whereas HDL was increased. Catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (Gpx), and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels were substantially reduced in the HCD-fed rats compared with sham rats. However, the rats supplemented with 100 μM myricitrin showed > 50% increases in these levels. Lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were reduced following myricitrin treatment. The aortic cell wall area was significantly increased by 14.5% in HCD-fed rats. However, rats supplemented with 1, 10, and 100 μM myricitrin showed significant reductions in the aortic cell wall area of 2.3%, 4%, and 27.5%, respectively. This is the first report of the anti-atherosclerotic and hypolipidemic effects of myricitrin in hypercholesterolemic rats. Myricitrin decreased the level of total serum cholesterol and the role of aortic atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic rats.

Identification of a novel cholesterol-lowering dipeptide, phenylalanine-proline (FP), and its down-regulation of intestinal ABCA1 in hypercholesterolemic rats and Caco-2 cells

There has been no report about in vivo active cholesterol-lowering dipeptide in any protein origin, despite their potential health benefits. Cattle heart protein hydrolysate ultra-filtrate (HPHU, molecular weight < ca. 1,000 Da peptide mixture) exhibits cholesterol-lowering activity in hypercholesterolemic rats, but the active peptide in HPHU that lowers serum cholesterol levels and its molecular mechanism are unknown. In this study, we separated and purified HPHU to identify a novel cholesterol-lowering dipeptide (phenylalanine-proline, FP) and characterized the mechanism underlying its effects in vivo and in vitro. We identified FP as an active peptide from HPHU by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. FP significantly decreased serum total and non-HDL cholesterol and hepatic cholesterol levels in rats. FP significantly increased serum HDL cholesterol, accompanied by a significant decrease in the atherogenic index. FP also significantly increased fecal cholesterol and acidic steroid excretion. Moreover, FP significantly decreased ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) expression in the rat jejunum and reduced cholesterol absorption in Caco-2 cells. We found a novel cholesterol-lowering dipeptide FP that could improve cholesterol metabolism via the down-regulation of intestinal ABCA1. The cholesterol-lowering action induced by FP was disappeared in PepT1KO mice. FP-induced cholesterol-lowering action is mediated via PepT1 in mice.

CHEMICAL, TECHNOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON SOME PLANTS EXTRACTS

The aim of the recent research was to study the chemical, technological and Biological of some plant extracts. Aqueous (hot and cold) water extracts of three plants (Moringa leaves , basil leaves and grape seeds ) were evaluated for their contents of bioactive compounds (phenolic and flavonoids contents) and used individually or as mixture orally (at100mg/kg and 200mg/kg) for treating blood sugar and hypercholesterolemia in rats. No significant difference (p < 0.05) in total phenolic and total flavonoid was detected between cold and hot water extracts of Moringa leaves , basil leaves and grape seeds. The major phenolic compounds in cold water extracts of Moringa leaves was catechien 571.15 ppm and it was cinnamic acid 130.88 ppm in basil leaves meanwhile, grape seeds had Catechein 19.84ppm as the major phenolic fraction as detected by HPLC. On the other side, Hesperidin 4438.53 ppm and1423.06ppm, respectively was the major flavonoid compounds in cold water extracts of Moringa leave and basil leaves Meanwhile,Rutin 6.66 ppm was the abundant in grape seeds. The antioxidant activity (by DPPH) showed no differences (p < 0.05) between cold and hot water extracts of the studied plant material. Catechein was the abundant Phenolic compound of( Mix A) 206.44ppm, (Mix B) 420.09ppm and (Mix A) 158.79ppm and Mixture( B .Gs )57.97ppm cold water extract meanwhile, Cinnamic 186.54ppm was the major phenolic compound detected in Mix D. On the other side , Narinigin was the major Flavonoid compound in ( Mix A) 2165.36ppm, (Mix B) 9201.27 and (Mix C) 2978.84ppm, While Hesperidin was the abundant in (Mix D) 910.17ppm . Mixing cold water extracts of moringa leaves, basil leaves and grape ( Mix A) as well as the mixture of basil leaves and grape Seeds (Mix D). showed the highest improve in blood glucose lipid profile, liver function, kidney function and antioxidant activity marker . The jam formulated from (Mix A) 93.7 flowed by (Mix D) 88.13 showed a higher of sensory properties of functional jam with measured. Mean while the physical analysis of jam formulated from ( Mix C) 183.85 flowed by (Mix B) 182.49. On other hand the highest total phenolic was (Mix B) 0.058 mgGAF-1dw flowed by (Mix A)0.043 mgGAF-1DW. Meanwhile a higher total flavonoid was ( Mix C) 0.013 mgQEg-1dw flowed by (Mix B) 0.009 mgQEg-1dw .

Antihypertensive and Hypocholesterolemic Activity of a Novel Herbal Formulation of Fenugreek, Cumin and Ajowan in Rats

To elucidate the antihypertensive and hypocholesterolemic effects of fenugreek, cumin, ajowan and their combined extracts along with enalapril maleate and fenofibrate in conscious 1K-1C hypertensive and hypercholesterolemic rats respectively.

HYPOLIPIDAEMIC EFFECT OF COLD AQUEOUS EXTRACT MIXTURES OF GRAPE (VITIS VINIVERA ) SEED, BASIL (OCIMUM BASILICUM) LEAVES AND MORINGA (MORINGA OLEIFERA) LEAVES IN RATS

Different mixtures of (Moringa olifera leaves. Ocimum basilcum leaves and Grape seeds) as Mix A (Moringa leaves. basil leaves and Grape seeds), Mix. B (Moringa leaves and basil leaves), Mix. C Moringa olifera leaves and Grape seeds) and Mix D (basil leaves and Grape seeds) were analyzed for its total phenolic, total flavonoids contents, phenolic and flavonoids compounds then oral administration different mixtures with (200 and 100bwmg/k) to 60 sixty albino hypercholesterolemic rats aiming to improve their lipid profile. By the end of the experiment (28days) TC, TG, LDL, HDL, atherogenic indices (AC, CRR, AI) were analyzed. Mix A contained Total phenolic and Total flavonoid 1.23 and 0.07, Mix B 1.06 and 0.07, Mix C 1.46 and 0.09, Mix D 1.16 and 0.06 respectively. The highest total phenolic content and flavonoid in Mix C (1.46mg GAE g−1 DW) and flavonoid content (0.0068 mg QE). Narinigin the major compound flavonoid of Mix A. Mix B and Mix C as 2165.36 ppm, 9201.27ppm and2978.04 ppm. While Hesperidin910.17ppm major compound flavonoid of Mix D. The total cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL ratios were improved by 14.98%, 36.93% and 25.09% in groups were treated with Mix A (200mg/kbw) compared with the positive control group. Significant high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and atherogenic indices (AC, CRR, AI), implying that hypochol-esterolemic effects of Mix. A 200mg/bw of rats were partly attributed to the reduced absorption of lipid and cholesterol.

Lactobacillus reuteri A9 and Lactobacillus mucosae A13 isolated from Chinese superlongevity people modulate lipid metabolism in a hypercholesterolemia rat model.

While there is strong evidence showing that many food-borne probiotics regulate cholesterol metabolism, few studies have examined how probiotics of human origin affect cholesterol metabolism. Because people living in so-called 'longevity villages' are unlikely to have hypercholesterolemia, we hypothesized that probiotics isolated from the residents would have cholesterol-reducing effects on rats with hypercholesterolemia. We isolated 16 strains of Lactobacillus from four longevity populations in China. The strains were tested in vitro for bile salt hydrolase (BSH) activity and two isolates, Lactobacillus reuteri A9 and Lactobacillus mucosae A13, were screened out. These two strains were then administered daily for 28 d to rats fed a cholesterol-rich diet. The serum total cholesterol levels in the L. reuteri A9 and L. mucosae A13 groups decreased by 24.3% and 21.6%, respectively. The serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels decreased by 23.8% and 25.2%, respectively. The L. reuteri A9 and L. mucosae A13 groups also exhibited upregulated hepatic mRNA expression of Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (Srebp2) by 2.71-fold and 2.54-fold, respectively. The mRNA expression levels of hepatic low-density lipoprotein receptor (Ldlr) in the two groups were significantly up-regulated by 1.28-fold and 2.17-fold, respectively. The composition of gut microbiota was recovered by oral gavage in both experimental groups, and the destroyed diversity of gut microbiota was relieved.

Effect of atorvastatin on LOX-1 and eNOS expression in collateral vessels of hypercholesterolemic rats

To investigate the effect of atorvastatin on the expression of lectin- like oxLDL receptor 1 (LOX-1) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in collateral vessels of hypercholesterolemic rats. Forty male SD rats were randomized equally into 4 groups: femoral ligation group (L), hypercholesterolemia + femoral ligation group (HL), hypercholesterolemia+atorvastatin+femoral ligation group (AL), and hypercholesterolemia+normal saline+femoral ligation group (NL). The rats in the latter 3 groups were fed atherogenic diet for 8 weeks. At the end of the 8 weeks, the rats were subjected to femoral artery ligation with or without intraperitoneal injection of atorvastatin (AL group) or saline (NL group). Two weeks later, all the rats were euthanized and the expressions of LOX-1 and eNOS in the collateral vessels were detected with immunofluorescence assay. In the in vitro experiment, cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were transfected with LOX-1 siRNA followed by treatment with oxLDL and/or atorvastatin. The expressions of LOX-1 and eNOS in the cells were detected with realtime PCR and Western blotting, and the cellular NO production was examined with Griess assay. The collateral vessels of rats with normal feeding expressed LOX-1, which was significantly increased in the collateral vessels of hypercholesterolemic rats; atorvastatin treatment significantly lowered LOX-1 expressions in the hypercholesterolemic rats. In normally fed rats, the growing collateral vessels exhibited strong eNOS expressions, which were lowered in hypercholesterolemic rats and enhanced after atorvastatin treatment. In the cell experiment, HUVECs with oxLDL treatment showed a high LOX-1 expression and a low eNOS expression, and atorvastatin treatment of the cells down-regulated LOX-1 and up-regulated eNOS expressions. Inhibition of LOX-1 mediated by a specific LOX-1 siRNA abolished the effect of oxLDL stimulation on eNOS expression in the cells. Both hypercholesterolemia and oxLDL can induce endothelial dysfunction and impair collateral vessel growth via the LOX-1/eNOS pathway in rats, and atorvastatin treatment can restore the LOX-1/eNOS pathway to promote the growth of the collateral vessels, suggesting the potential of atorvastatin as a therapeutic agent to promote repair of collateral vessel injuries in ischemic diseases.

Effects of citrus latifolia extract on dyslipidemia and tissues redox status in rats fed a high-cholesterol diet

PurposeThis study aims to investigate the possible effect of Citrus latifolia (CL) extract on biomarkers of oxidative stress, including lipid peroxidation products in rats fed a high cholesterol dietDesign/methodology/approachHypercholesterolemia was induced by feeding normocholesterolemic rats 1 per cent cholesterol-enriched diet for 15 days. An experimental group (n = 20) was divided into two groups (n = 10) and fed the same diet with or without CL lyophilized aqueous extract (1 per cent) for four weeks. At day 28, ten rats from each group were killed.FindingsTreatment with CL lyophilized aqueous extract compared with the untreated group had decreased plasma total cholesterol (TC) (−36 per cent), triacylglycerols (−48 per cent), isoprostanes values (−74 per cent) and reduced thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in erythrocytes (−21 per cent). However, the supplementation of CL peels in the hypercholesterolemic diet enhanced superoxide dismutase (+69 per cent), glutathione reductase (+30 per cent) and catalase activities (+34 per cent).Originality/valueIn hypercholesterolemic rats, administering CL extract ameliorates dyslipidemia and attenuates lipid peroxidation in tissues. These results suggest that CL could be beneficial in the primary treatment of hypercholesterolemia and oxidative damage caused by a high-cholesterol diet.

Biological Evaluation of Hemicellulose and Carboxymethyl Cellulose in Hypercholesterolemic Rats

This investigation was conducted to study the effect of feeding on hemicellulose extracted from wheat bran (HC.Wb) and carboxymethyl cellulose produced from sugar beet pulp (CMC.Sbp) at levels 30, 60 and 90% for cellulose in hypercholesterolemic (Hyper-C ) rats. Results showed that, replacing hypercholesterolemic (Hyper-C) diet with HC.Wb and CMC.Sbp significantly reduced total cholesterol (T.C), total triglycerides (T.G), low density lipoproteins (LDL-C), very low density lipoproteins (v.LDL-C), while high density lipoproteins (HDL-C) increased .Furthermore, Hyper-C diet with (HC.Wb and CMC.Sbp at level of 90% for cellulose) replacement also recorded the best and closest of HDL-C to (control–ve).Also, ALT was Significantly increased hyper-C control group (G2). Concentration of enzyme (ALT) value in Hyper-C rats in group (G2) was 52.73 U/L, whilst group (G1) (control-ve) were 30.46 U/L. Feeding on Hyper-C diet replaced with HC.Wb at levels 30,60 and 90% (G3, G4 and G5) led to a more reduction in concentration value of (ALT) being 39.26, 36.88 and 35.73 U/L, respectively while feeding on a high cholesterol diet replaced with CMC.Sbp at levels 30,60 and 90% (G6, G7 and G8) led to a more reduction in concentration value of (ALT) were 37.50,35.38and 34.30 U/L, respectively comparing with Hyper-C control group (G2). Histopathological examination showed that feeding diets supplemented with HC.Wb and CMC.Sbp to hyper-C rats lowered the degree of liver lesions. So it can be suggested that, HC.Wb and CMC.Sbp have a clear effect in decreasing cholesterol concentration and may be beneficial for patients with liver and cholesterol diseases.

Naringin Reverses High-Cholesterol Diet-Induced Vascular Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress in Rats via Regulating LOX-1 and NADPH Oxidase Subunit Expression.

Hypercholesterolaemia is associated with oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction and leads to the development of atherosclerosis. Naringin exhibits cardiovascular protective and antioxidant properties. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the effect of naringin administration on vascular oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in hypercholesterolaemic rats and to elucidate its underlying mechanism. Sprague Dawley rats were fed a diet with 1.5% cholesterol (HCD) for 8 weeks to induce hypercholesterolaemia. Naringin (100 mg/kg body weight) was orally administrated to rats during the last 4 weeks of the diet treatment. After 8 weeks, the thoracic aorta was isolated to determine vascular function and nitric oxide (NO) levels. The aortic superoxide anion (O2−) level was detected using dihydroethidium (DHE) fluorescence staining. Protein expression of lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase subunits, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), as well as oxidative damage markers, was also evaluated in aortae. Naringin treatment of hypercholesterolaemic rats enhanced aortic NO levels, restored endothelium-dependent responses to acetylcholine (ACh), and reduced aortic O2− levels. Furthermore, naringin treatment decreased LOX-1, NADPH oxidase subunits (p47phox, Nox2, and Nox4), and iNOS as well as oxidative damage markers (3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE)) expression in aortic tissues from hypercholesterolaemic rats. These results demonstrate that naringin treatment improves endothelium dysfunction in hypercholesterolaemic rats, at least partially by decreasing oxidative stress via downregulation of LOX-1 and NADPH oxidase.

Policosanol Attenuates Cholesterol Synthesis via AMPK Activation in Hypercholesterolemic Rats.

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of policosanol on high-fat and high-cholesterol diet-induced hypercholesterolemic rats to provide strong evidence in support of its hypocholesterolemic effect. The hypercholesterolemic rats showed elevations in liver weight, total triglycerides, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in serum; however, policosanol supplementation reduced these markers significantly. In addition, we found that policosanol supplementation stimulated an increase in fecal cholesterol and bile acid contents and deactivated 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase by AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation during high-fat and high-cholesterol-containing diet-induced development of hypercholesterolemia. Policosanol supplementation decreased ApoB levels and increased LDL-receptor expression, but it did not affect the hepatic ACAT2 level in livers from hypercholesterolemic rats. Moreover, supplementation with policosanol significantly decreased aortic wall thickness and levels of P-selectin and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule (sVCAM-1) in serum. In conclusion, we suggest that policosanol supplementation induces antihypercholesterolemia by inhibiting cholesterol biosynthesis, LDL cholesterol uptake, and cholesterol excretion.

Cholesterol Lowering and Antioxidative Effect of Pregerminated Brown Rice in Hypercholesterolemic Rats.

Pregerminated brown rice (GBR) is assumed to be more beneficial than polished white rice (WR), with regard to nutrition and cardiovascular health. To support this with scientific evidence, cholesterol-lowering and antioxidative effects of GBR were studied in the present investigation. The most popular rice variety in Bangladesh BIRI-29 was used to prepare GBR and WR. Initially, we analyzed the proximate composition, antioxidative phytochemicals, in vitro 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)-free radical scavenging ability and anti-hemolytic effects of GBR. To examine the dietary impact and possible benefits of the GBR, experimentally-induced hypercholesterolemic (HC, 1% cholesterol) rats were fed with GBR against WR for 12 wk. At the end, plasma total cholesterol (TC), low- and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C and HDL-C), triglyceride (TG), fecal TC, and hepatic TC, lipid peroxide (LPO) and proinflammatory TNFα levels were determined. Relative to WR, GBR contained higher amounts of total polyphenols, total flavonoids, β-carotene and lycopene, and exhibited a stronger in vitro DPPH-free radical scavenging ability and antihemolytic potentials. Levels of plasma TC, LDL-C, TG, and hepatic TC and TG significantly decreased, while plasma HDL-C and fecal TC levels significantly increased in the GBR-fed HC-rats, indicating dietary GBR demonstrates a stronger antilipidemic effect than WR. The hepatic levels of LPO and TNFα also decreased (p<0.05) to a greater extent in GBR-fed HC-rats than those in the WR-fed rats. It is thus concluded that dietary GBR could be a natural treatment of hypercholesterolemia and related cardiovascular risk factors, and a source of antioxidants to reduce hemolysis and related anemia.

Dietary Ethanolic Extract of Mangosteen pericarp Reduces VCAM-1, Perivascular Adipose Tissue and Aortic Intimal Medial Thickness in Hypercholesterolemic Rat Model.

BACKGROUND:High-fat diet (HFD) is associated with dyslipidemia which is a risk factor for atherosclerosis. Dyslipidemia causes oxidative stress which induces vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). Oxidative stress also triggers the thickening of tunica intima-media (IMT) and Perivascular Adipose Tissue (PVAT). Xanthone compound in ethanolic extract of Mangosteen pericarp (EEMP) has an antioxidant property to overcome the oxidative stress.AIM:The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of dietary EEMP administration on the expression of VCAM-1 and thickness of PVAT and IMT in atherosclerotic rat model fed with HFD.METHODS:This experimental laboratory study uses 25 Wistar strain Rattus norvegicus which were divided into 5 study groups. Negative Control group (GT1) was given a normal diet, Positive Control group (GT2) was treated with HFD, and three treatment groups were each treated with HFD with Mangosteen pericarp extract of 200 mg/kg BW (GT3), 400 mg/kg BW (GT4), and 800 mg/kg BW (GT5). Measurements of VCAM-1 expression were performed using immunofluorescence. PVAT and IMT measurements were performed on rat aortic preparations.RESULTS:One-way ANOVA test showed the addition of dietary EEMP significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the expression of VCAM-1 and decreased the thickness of PVAT and IMT in treatment groups as compared with both negative and positive controls. Tukey HSD test showed a dose of 800 mg/kg BW was the most effective dose for decreasing VCAM-1 level, PVAT and IMT.CONCLUSION:Dietary EEMP significantly decreases the expression of VCAM-1, as well as the thickness of PVAT and IMT in Wistar strain Rattus norvegicus treated with HFD.

Eugenol Reduces LDL Cholesterol and Hepatic Steatosis in Hypercholesterolemic Rats by Modulating TRPV1 Receptor

Eugenol, a component of essential oils of medicinal and food plants, has a hypolipidemic effect in experimental animals although its mechanism of action is still unclear. This study aims to explore the mechanism of the hypolipidemic effect of eugenol in rats fed a high cholesterol and fat diet (HCFD). Eugenol significantly reduced total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), atherogenic index (AI) but not high-density lipoproteins (HDL) or triglycerides (TG). Eugenol also decreased steatosis and hepatic inflammation in liver sections, decreased hepatomegaly, and the hepatic marker enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and increased the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity in hypercholesterolemic rats. Eugenol did not inhibit hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase but caused down-regulation of transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV1) channels in the liver. Docking simulation using fast, rigid exhaustive docking (FRED) software indicated a tail-up/head-down interaction of eugenol with TRPV1 channel. Data indicate that eugenol does not inhibit HMG-CoA reductase but rather induces its action by interaction with TRPV1 channels.

Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Etanol Buah Sirsak (Annona muricata L.) Pada Kadar Kolesterol Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Tikus Putih (Rattus norvegicus) Hiperkolesterolemia

Penyebab Penyakit jantung koroner (PJK) adalah peningkatan kadar kolesterol di dalam darah, sehingga berisiko terjadi penyumbatan pada pembuluh darah (aterosklerosis). Kolesterol LDL yang banyak terdapat di dalam aliran darah akan tertimbun di dalam pembuluh darah arteri dan berpotensi mengakibatkan penyumbatan. Ekstrak buah sirsak mengandung senyawa antioksidan seperti alkaloid, tannin, saponin, flavonoid dan polifenol yang sangat dibutuhkan untuk meningkatkan daya tahan tubuh dan mencegah berbagai penyakit yang masuk ke dalam tubuh. Telah dilakukan penelitian untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian ekstrak etanol buah Sirsak (Annona Muricata L.) pada Kolesterol Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) tikus putih (Rattus Norvegicus) hiperkolesterolemia. Penelitian ini dilakukan secara eksperimental dengan 10 ekor tikus putih jantan (Rattus Novergicus, L.), berumur 2-3 bulan dengan berat 150-200 g, yang dibagi dalam 2 kelompok yaitu kelompok kontrol dan kelompok perlakuan. Induksi hiperkolesterolemia dilakukan dengan pemberian makanan diet lemak tinggi selama 7 hari. Ekstrak etanol buah sirsak diberikan secara sonde pada kelompok perlakuan dengan dosis 3,6 mg/200gBB/hari selama 14 hari dan pengukuran kadar kolesterol LDL dilakukan pada hari ke 16 dan 30 dengan metode pemeriksaan CHOD-PAP. Data dianalisis dengan uji Paired t-test. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kadar kolesterol LDL pada kelompok perlakuan menunjukkan sebanyak 5 tikus mengalami penurunan, rerata penurunan sebesar 32,49 mg/dl sedangkan pada kelompok kontrol sebanyak 2 tikus mengalami penurunan, rerata penurunan sebesar 0,76 mg/dl. Ada perbedaan yang signifikan (p&lt;0.05) pada perubahan kadar kolesterol LDL pada kelompok perlakuan. Pemberian ekstrak buah sirsak dengan 3,6 mg/200gBB/hari selama 14 hari dapat menurunkan kadar kolesterol LDL tikus hiperkolesterolemia.

Effect of Bioactive Compounds of Avocado (Persea Americana) Fruit Powder on Hypercholesterolemic Rats: Biological and Biochemical Studies

This study was conducted to show the effect of different concentrations of avocado powder on some biological and biochemical parameters of hypercholesterolemic rats. Thirty male Sprague Dawley rats weighing between (180 ± 20g B.Wt) were divided into two main groups . The first main group (6 rats) was fed on basal diet as (control negative group –ve), while the second main group (24 rats) was classified into four groups (6 rats each) was fed on 1.5 % cholesterol plus 10% sheep tail for 15 days to induce hypercholesterolemia. One of these group was considered (control positive group +ve) and the other groups were fed 10% ,15% and 25% avocado powder , respectively, for 28 days. The chemical composition and bioactive compounds of avocado fruit were determined. The biological parameters as (BWG, FER, and FI and weight of internal organs) determined and biochemical parameters as (lipid profile, liver function, kidney function) and histological examination of heart, liver and kidney were performed. The results indicated that there was a significant increase in lipid profile except HDL, liver function and kidney function in the control (+ve ) group . It can be noted that all treatments of avocado powder improved the previous parameters. The best treatment was observed in the group fed on 25% avocado powder.