Hyperactivity Syndrome Research Articles

Long-term outcome of a child with hyperinsulinism- hyperammonaemia syndrome

Methods A male infant was born at 38 gestational weeks with birth weight of 3.605 kg. He presented with convulsion at 28 days of life. Physical examination was unremarkable. He was initially treated as meningoencephalitis. CT brain was unremarkable. Bacterial and viral cultures were negative. Plasma glucose upon admission was 1.2 mmol/l with negative urine ketone. Glucose infusion was high up to 12.1 mg/kg/min. Two sets of critical samples were obtained during hypoglycaemia. Workup for metabolic diseases was unremarkable. But ammonia levels were persistently high up to 252353 umol/l. Octreotide injection was started to achieve euglycaemia. Protein free diet was tried but without success in lowering ammonia levels. Octreotide was later switched to oral diazoxide and hydrochlorothiazide. Full enteral feeding was established with stable glucose levels. Results Genetic analysis showed a mutation in axon 10; Asn410I1e (N410I), a mutation of AAC to ATC at codon 410. The diagnosis of hyperinsulinism-hyperammonaemia syndrome was confirmed. We follow the child until he is 6 years of age. Home blood glucose monitoring prevented him from hypoglycaemia. Fasting test was performed every year to fine tune his diazoxide dosage. He remained seizure free while ammonia levels remained high up to 123-218 μmol/l. Formal developmental assessment performed at 5 years of age showed delay in cognitive and speech development for 11.5 years, and attention-deficit hyperactivity syndrome.

Pearls & Oy-sters: Good recovery following cerebral fat embolization with paroxysmal hyperactivity syndrome

Cerebral fat embolism syndrome (FES) most often presents with gradual decline in level of consciousness and worsening motor responses.

'Is tinnitus accompanied by hemifacial spasm in normal-hearing patients also a type of hyperactive neurovascular compression syndrome? : A magnetoencephalography study

BackgroundTraditionally, tinnitus accompanied by hemifacial spasm has been considered a type of hyperactive neurovascular compression syndrome that is similar to hemifacial spasm alone because of the anatomically close relationship between the facial nerve and cochlear nerve as well as the hyperactive clinical nature.MethodsParticipants were 29 subjects who presented with hemifacial spasm and neuroradiological evidence of vascular compression of the cranial (facial/cochlear) nerve. We used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to estimate the activity of the cochlear nerve in patients with and without tinnitus on the ipsilateral side. We compared the difference in the latency and the ratio of the equivalent current dipole (ECD) strength between the ipsilateral and contralateral sides of the spasm and tinnitus.ResultsCochlear nerve activity in patients with tinnitus was increased with a shorter latency (p = 0.016) and stronger ECD strength (p = 0.028) compared with patients without tinnitus.ConclusionThe MEG results from normal-hearing patients who had tinnitus accompanied by hemifacial spasm suggest that the hyperactivity of the auditory central nervous system may be a crucial pathophysiological factor in the generation of tinnitus in these patients. The neurovascular compression that causes sensory input from the pathologic facial nerve activity may contribute to this hyperactivity of the central auditory nervous system.

Fire-Heat and Qi Deficiency Syndromes as Predictors of Short-term Prognosis of Acute Ischemic Stroke

To explore the relationships between traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndromes and disease severity and prognoses after ischemic stroke, such as neurologic deficits and decline in activities of daily living (ADLs). The study included 211 patients who met the inclusion criteria of acute ischemic stroke based on clinical manifestations, computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging findings, and onset of ischemic stroke within 72 hours with clear consciousness. To assess neurologic function and ADLs in patients with different TCM syndromes, the TCM Syndrome Differentiation Diagnostic Criteria for Apoplexy scale (containing assessments of wind, phlegm, blood stasis, fire-heat, qi deficiency, and yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity syndromes) was used within 72 hours of stroke onset, and Western medicine-based National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and Barthel Index (BI) assessments were performed at both admission and discharge. The most frequent TCM syndromes associated with acute ischemic stroke were wind syndrome, phlegm syndrome, and blood stasis syndrome. Improvement according to the BI at discharge and days of admission were significantly different between patients with and those without fire-heat syndrome. Patients with qi deficiency syndrome had longer hospital stays and worse NIHSS and BI assessments at discharge than patients without qi deficiency syndrome. All the reported differences reached statistical significance. These results provide evidence that fire-heat syndrome and qi deficiency syndrome are essential elements that can predict short-term prognosis of acute ischemic stroke.

Current neurosurgical management of glossopharyngeal neuralgia and technical nuances for microvascular decompression surgery

Glossopharyngeal neuralgia (GPN) is an uncommon facial pain syndrome often misdiagnosed as trigeminal neuralgia. The rarity of this condition and its overlap with other cranial nerve hyperactivity syndromes often leads to a significant delay in diagnosis. The surgical procedures with the highest rates of pain relief for GPN are rhizotomy and microvascular decompression (MVD) of cranial nerves IX and X. Neurovascular conflict at the level of the root exit zone of these cranial nerves is believed to be the cause of this pain syndrome in most cases. Vagus nerve rhizotomy is usually reserved for cases in which vascular conflict is not evident. A review of the literature reveals that although the addition of cranial nerve X rhizotomy may improve the chances of long-term pain control, this maneuver also increases the risk of permanent dysphagia and vocal cord paralysis. The risks of this procedure have to be carefully weighed against its benefits. Based on the authors' experience, careful patient selection with a thorough exploratory operation most often leads to identification of the site of vascular conflict, obviating the need for cranial nerve X rhizotomy.

Neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's disease are related to functional connectivity alterations in the salience network

Neuropsychiatric syndromes are highly prevalent in Alzheimer's disease (AD), but their neurobiology is not completely understood. New methods in functional magnetic resonance imaging, such as intrinsic functional connectivity or "resting-state" analysis, may help to clarify this issue. Using such approaches, alterations in the default-mode and salience networks (SNs) have been described in Alzheimer's, although their relationship with specific symptoms remains unclear. We therefore carried out resting-state functional connectivity analysis with 20 patients with mild to moderate AD, and correlated their scores on neuropsychiatric inventory syndromes (apathy, hyperactivity, affective syndrome, and psychosis) with maps of connectivity in the default mode network and SN. In addition, we compared network connectivity in these patients with that in 17 healthy elderly control subjects. All analyses were controlled for gray matter density and other potential confounds. Alzheimer's patients showed increased functional connectivity within the SN compared with controls (right anterior cingulate cortex and left medial frontal gyrus), along with reduced functional connectivity in the default-mode network (bilateral precuneus). A correlation between increased connectivity in anterior cingulate cortex and right insula areas of the SN and hyperactivity syndrome (agitation, irritability, aberrant motor behavior, euphoria, and disinhibition) was found. These findings demonstrate an association between specific network changes in AD and particular neuropsychiatric symptom types. This underlines the potential clinical significance of resting state alterations in future diagnosis and therapy.

Baseline-dependent effects of cocaine pre-exposure on impulsivity and D2/3 receptor availability in the rat striatum: possible relevance to the attention-deficit hyperactivity syndrome.

We have previously shown that impulsivity in rats predicts the emergence of compulsive cocaine seeking and taking, and is coupled to decreased D2/3 receptor availability in the ventral striatum. As withdrawal from cocaine normalises high impulsivity in rats, we investigated, using positron emission tomography (PET), the effects of response-contingent cocaine administration on D2/3 receptor availability in the striatum. Rats were screened for impulsive behavior on the five-choice serial reaction time task. After a baseline PET scan with the D2/3 ligand [18F]fallypride, rats were trained to self-administer cocaine for 15 days under a long-access schedule. As a follow-up, rats were assessed for impulsivity and underwent a second [18F]fallypride PET scan. At baseline, we found that D2/3 receptor availability was significantly lower in the left, but not right, ventral striatum of high-impulsive rats compared with low-impulsive rats. While the number of self-administered cocaine infusions was not different between the two impulsivity groups, impulsivity selectively decreased in high-impulsive rats withdrawn from cocaine. This effect was accompanied by a significant increase in D2/3 receptor availability in the left, but not right, ventral striatum. We further report that D2/3 receptor availability was inversely related to baseline D2/3 receptor availability in the ventral striatum of high-impulsive rats, as well as to the left and right dorsal striatum of both low-impulsive and high-impulsive rats. These findings indicate that the reduction in impulsivity in high-impulsive rats by prior cocaine exposure may be mediated by a selective correction of deficient D2/3 receptor availability in the ventral striatum. A similar baseline-dependent mechanism may account for the therapeutic effects of stimulant drugs in clinical disorders such as ADHD.

Giving attention to ADHD

In Henry VIII, Shakespeare referred to it as a ‘malady of attention’. By the turn of the last century the British paediatrician Dr George Frederick Still had discovered a syndrome displaying a ‘morbid defect of moral control’ in 20 of his patients. This he referred to as a ‘volitional inhibition’ disorder. In the 1930s, doctors were referring to ‘minimal brain damage’; by the 1960s it had been downgraded slightly to ‘minimal brain dysfunction’; and by 1968 we had ‘hyperkinetic reaction of childhood’ and ‘hyperactive child syndrome’. The term ‘attention deficit hyperactivity disorder’ (ADHD) has been used since the 1990s. Today’s terminology may be more down to earth and less contentious, but in the last 100 years, how far have we come in terms of learning how to teach and support children with ADHD? ‘Still learning’ is probably the best way of summing up the answer. We have come some way to understanding more about ADHD. But scientists are still trying to understand the causes and the best way to cope with it. Today, ADHD is summed up as being a condition where children (or adults) show signs of being inattentive, impulsive and hyperactive. There are other factors which are looked at before diagnoses – how long the child has had the symptoms; from what age; the child’s behaviour in comparison to other children of the same age; and whether this behaviour is seen in more than one setting. ADHD is thought to affect at least three per cent of children, although the figure could be much higher, because not all children will be diagnosed. Boys tend to outnumber girls in terms of diagnoses, probably because they are more likely to show classic symptoms of hyperactivity and inattention. The evidence does appear to point to ADHD being largely down to genetics, and it does tend to run in families. Environment and parenting also have an impact.

Tianma Gouteng Yin as Adjunctive Treatment for Essential Hypertension: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials

Background. Tianma Gouteng Yin (TGY) is widely used for essential hypertension (EH) as adjunctive treatment. Many randomized clinical trials (RCTs) of TGY for EH have been published. However, it has not been evaluated to justify their clinical use and recommendation based on TCM zheng classification. Objectives. To assess the current clinical evidence of TGY as adjunctive treatment for EH with liver yang hyperactivity syndrome (LYHS) and liver-kidney yin deficiency syndrome (LKYDS). Search Strategy. 7 electronic databases were searched until November 20, 2012. Inclusion Criteria. RCTs testing TGY combined with antihypertensive drugs versus antihypertensive drugs were included. Data Extraction and Analyses. Study selection, data extraction, quality assessment, and data analyses were conducted according to the Cochrane standards. Results. 22 RCTs were included. Methodological quality was generally low. Except diuretics treatment group, blood pressure was improved in the other 5 subgroups; zheng was improved in angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), calcium channel blockers (CCBs), and “CCB + ACEI” treatment groups. The safety of TGY is still uncertain. Conclusions. No confirmed conclusion about the effectiveness and safety of TGY as adjunctive treatment for EH with LYHS and LKYDS could be made. More rigorous trials are needed to confirm the results.

The Factors for the Aggression in Patients with On-Line Game Addiction : Behavioral Inhibition/Activation System and Comorbid Disease

MethodsZZA total of 107 adolescent patients with on-line game addiction were enrolled in an online game clinic and research center, OO hospital. In order to rule out psychiatric Axis I comorbidity, all participants were interviewed by a psychiatrist. In addition, their symptoms were assessed using the Young Internet Assessment Scale-Korean (YIAS-K), Korean Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Rating Scale, Child depression index, Aggression scale extracted from Korean child behavior checklist, and Behavioral inhibition system (BIS)/Behavioral activation system (BAS). The participants were classified according to three groups ; pure on-line game addiction group (pure-Game), on-line game addiction with attention-deficit hyperactivity syndrome (ADHD-Game) group, and on-line game addiction with depression group (Dep-Game).

In Vivo Occupancy of Dopamine D3 Receptors by Antagonists Produces Neurochemical and Behavioral Effects of Potential Relevance to Attention-Deficit–Hyperactivity Disorder

Dopamine D(3) receptors have eluded definitive linkage to neurologic and psychiatric disorders since their cloning over 20 years ago. We report a new method that does not employ a radiolabel for simultaneously defining in vivo receptor occupancy of D(3) and D(2) receptors in rat brain after systemic dosing using the tracer epidepride (N-[[(2S)-1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl]methyl]-5-iodo-2,3-dimethoxybenzamide). Decreases in epidepride binding in lobule 9 of cerebellum (rich in D(3) receptors) were compared with nonspecific binding in the lateral cerebellum. The in vivo occupancy of the dopamine D(3) receptors was dose dependently increased by SB-277011A (trans-N-[4-[2-(6-cyano-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-2-yl)ethyl]cyclohexyl]-4-quinolinecarboxamide) and U99194 (2,3-dihydro-5,6-dimethoxy- N,N-dipropyl-1H-inden-2-amine). Both antagonists increased extracellular levels of acetylcholine (ACh) in the medial prefrontal cortex of rats and modified brain-tissue levels of ACh and choline. Consistent with these findings, the D(3) receptor antagonists enhanced the acquisition of learning of rats either alone or in the presence of the norepinephrine uptake blocker reboxetine as with the attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) drug methylphenidate. Like reboxetine, the D(3) receptor antagonists also prevented deficits induced by scopolamine in object recognition memory of rats. Mice in which the dopamine transporter (DAT) has been deleted exhibit hyperactivity that is normalized by compounds that are effective in the treatment of ADHD. Both D(3) receptor antagonists decreased the hyperactivity of DAT(-/-) mice without affecting the activity of wild type controls. The present findings indicate that dopamine D(3) receptor antagonists engender cognition-enhancing and hyperactivity-dampening effects. Thus, D(3) receptor blockade could be considered as a novel treatment approach for cognitive deficits and hyperactivity syndromes, including those observed in ADHD.

173 Clues for the Neurodevelopmental Prognosis of the High Risk Preterm and Term Newborns

Premature survivors are at increased risk for impaired neurodevelopmental outcome compared to full terms. These sequelae include cognitive abnormalities, mild fine or gross motor delay, cerebral palsy, vision and hearing...

Application of Botulinum Toxin to Clinical Therapy

The therapeutic use of botulinum toxin Type A has followed a novel and unanticipated pathway of applications, from its initial application by Scott to paralyze the extraocular muscles of the eyes to correct strabismus. In the late 1970s, Scott formed a company, called Oculinum Inc, to make botulinum toxin Type A available for this ophthalmic application. From this modest and limited beginning, it has found use for treatment of a plethora of cosmetic, neuromuscular, and skeletal disabilities, including cervical dystonia, blepharospasm, and temporary improvement in the appearance of moderate to severe glabellar lines. Botulinum toxin Type A is now being used as therapy in voiding disorders, migraine and tension-type headache, writer's cramp, and laryngeal muscle hyperactivity syndromes. It has reduced the spasm and pain associated with perianal fissures. It has found application in the reduction of glandular function in severe primary axillary hyperhidrosis and sialorrhea. Additional applications are being studied in the area of pain management based on its apparent ability to inhibit neuropeptide release from nociceptors.

Multiple Applications of L-DOPA Therapy in Children with Neurological Disorders - 25 Year Review (P04.178)

Objective: L -Dopa is well known for its use in childhood neurological disorders. formost is Dopa-responsive dystonia, Segawa9s Disease, and its variants. L-Dopa has increasingly been cited in many other childhood neurological diosrders in the literature. This review summarizes athe applications of L-Dopa in childhood based upon extensive computerized literature review expanding the clinical applications in and young adults. Background Previously isloated reports have cited the application of L Dopa in childhood movement disorders but no single review has comprehensively reviewed all the disorders in which L Dopa has been used. Design/Methods: Summarization of medical literature in the past 25 years searching the term L-Dopa in childhood, L -Dopa in Childhood movement disorders, L Dopa in children utilizing Pubmed database and a Cochrane Review was performed.Citations were grouped upon frequency of citation and applicability to clincial practice. Both well known applications and less commonly cited therapies were included. Results: Over 25 years at least 26 different disorders have been reported in childhood utilizing L-Dopa. Most frequent are the disorders related to Dopa responsive dystonia, (Segawa9s disease)and its variants. This includes disorders in dopamine synthesis including tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency and tetrahydrobiopterin pathway disorders. Significant citations also include: Juvenile Parkinson9s disease, Myoclonus- Dystonia, Familial paroxysmal Dystonia, PKAN, Lower Limb Dystonia, Chediak -Hegashi synsdrome, Dystonia-Parkinsonism, Benign Paroxysmal Tonic Upgaze of Childhood, Amblyopia, Aromatic l-aminoacid decarboxylase Deficiency, Restless Legs Syndrome and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Syndrome, and potential application in Angelman Syndrome. Conclusions: In the past 25 years, over 26 childhood neurological disorders have been described that are responsive to L-Dopa therapy. While many are well known an expanded current application is summarized. This summary brings up to date the prevalent citations and provides a review of the many less commonly and less frequently recognized disorders in childhood for which L-Dopa therapy plays a major role. Disclosure: Dr. Lavenstein has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hecht has nothing to disclose.

Intelligenzminderung und ADHS

Hyperactivity syndromes and disorders (ADHD and HKD) include the symptoms of overactivity, inattention, and impulsivity, which occur in many other mental disorders as well, including mental retardation (MR). It is not surprising that symptoms of ADHD occur significantly higher in children with learning disabilities. Dekker and Koot (2003) found a prevalence of 14.8 % for ADHD in Dutch children attending special schools, and Emerson (2003) reported rates of 8.7 % for HKD in children with global learning disability, representing a 10-fold increased risk compared to the prevalence of hyperactivity (0.9 %) in the general population sample. Yet only very few studies have been published concerning ADHD in children with mental retardation. Several features distinguish the diagnoses of ADHD and MR. In contrast to the limited knowledge about the differences and similarities of ADHD and MR, many studies considered stimulant medication as a pharmacological management strategy for children suffering from ADHD, MR, or both. According to these studies, psychostimulants may improve the target symptoms of hyperactivity, impulsivity, disinhibition, and inattention, albeit with caveats: ADHD symptoms in patients with MR may be less responsive to medical treatment than in patients without MR. Moreover, people with MR may be more susceptible to side effects.

Urodynamic aspects of feminine urinary incontinence treated with slings

ObjectivesTreatment of feminine stress urinary incontinence (SUI) with slings aims to supplement the function of the damaged ligaments, favoring the correct transmission of the tensions. Our objective is to determine which preoperative variables could predict the outcome of surgical treatment of SUI and to study the urodynamic changes produced by the surgery. Material and methods139 women (age X¯=61.7; σ=10.88) operated on due to SUI were studied retrospectively. In 118 cases (84.8%), sling techniques (TVT, TOT, TVT-Safyre, and REEMEX) were used. Clinical evaluation and complete preoperative video-urodynamics were made pre-operatively and at 3 months of surgery. A statistical study (Fisher's test, Wilcoxon, Friedman, Student's t and Pearson's χ2) and analysis of multivariant logistic regression analysis by step elimination method were performed. ResultsPost-operatively, the SUI (p=0.000) and bladder hyperactivity syndrome decreased. The success percentages (urodynamic absence of SUI) for each technique were: TVT-Safyre (75%), TOT (73%), TVT (60%) and REEMEX (57%), without significant differences. Age (ROC cut-off: 61 years) was a prognostic factor of success (p=0.024). Preoperative maximum flow (Qmax) (16ml/s) constituted the only urodynamic parameter with a predictive value for success (p=0.026). An open bladder neck was a risk factor for persistence of postoperative SUI (RR=2.78). A significant decrease of the postsurgical Qmax (p=0.017) was verified, without increase of the post micturition residue or of the Wmax. An increase of the postsurgical urethral resistance (UR) was also observed (p=0.004). ConclusionsThe pre-operative Qmax is the most important urodynamic prognostic parameter in feminine SUI surgery, its normality being associated to a greater probability of cure of the incontinence. In the cases of decreased preoperative flow, use of slings that increase urethral resistance more (REEMEX) is not recommended. Hyperactivity of the preoperative detrusor does not significantly modify the results of surgery of the SUI.

Decreasing incidence of paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity syndrome in the vegetative state

To update knowledge of the incidence of paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity (PSH, also referred to as dysautonomia), an emergency condition tentatively attributed to sympathetic paroxysms or diencephalic-hypothalamic disarrangement associated with severe diffuse brain axonal damage or hypoxia. This condition is reportedly common in the vegetative state, threatens survival and affects outcome. The results of a retrospective study on 333 subjects in a vegetative state admitted to a dedicated unit in 1998-2005 are compared with a survey on patients admitted to the same unit in 2006-2010. In the 1998-2005 period, the incidence of PSH was 32% and 16% in post-traumatic and non-traumatic patients, respectively. It decreased to 18% and 7% in the 2006-2010 period. The PSH duration and the time spent in emergency units before admission and in the dedicated unit for the vegetative state after admission also decreased significantly. Incidence was greater among post-traumatic- patients; its effect on outcome does not appear to have changed.

Neurobiologische Grundlagen, Klinik und Therapie des Tourette-Syndroms

Tourette's syndrome (TS) is characterised by motor and vocal tics. The clinical manifestation during childhood and the frequent remission during early adulthood point to a dysregulation in the maturation of neuronal pathways. As a neurobiological correlate, the cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuit is the main focus of research. Two main features of a movement, the speed and direction of a movement, are controlled by the basal ganglia. Both features are dysregulated in TS. Besides the motor symptoms, patients with TS suffer from comorbidities such as attention deficit hyperactivity syndrome, depression and obsessive compulsive disorders. Tics are modified in frequency and intensity by actions that require a high level of concentration such as reading or by distress, e.g., teasing by peers. The results of structural and functional imaging data support the hypothesis of altered signal transmission in the basal ganglia and a dysfunction in the limbic system. They also point to a complex interaction between cortical motor areas, the anterior cingulum, prefrontal regions and the basal ganglia.

Cranial nerve vascular compression syndromes of the trigeminal, facial and vago-glossopharyngeal nerves: comparative anatomical study of the central myelin portion and transitional zone; correlations with incidences of corresponding hyperactive dysfunctional syndromes

The aim of this study was to evaluate the anatomy of the central myelin portion and the central myelin-peripheral myelin transitional zone of the trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves from fresh cadavers. The aim was also to investigate the relationship between the length and volume of the central myelin portion of these nerves with the incidences of the corresponding cranial dysfunctional syndromes caused by their compression to provide some more insights for a better understanding of mechanisms. The trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves from six fresh cadavers were examined. The length of these nerves from the brainstem to the foramen that they exit were measured. Longitudinal sections were stained and photographed to make measurements. The diameters of the nerves where they exit/enter from/to brainstem, the diameters where the transitional zone begins, the distances to the most distal part of transitional zone from brainstem and depths of the transitional zones were measured. Most importantly, the volume of the central myelin portion of the nerves was calculated. Correlation between length and volume of the central myelin portion of these nerves and the incidences of the corresponding hyperactive dysfunctional syndromes as reported in the literature were studied. The distance of the most distal part of the transitional zone from the brainstem was 4.19 ± 0.81 mm for the trigeminal nerve, 2.86 ± 1.19 mm for the facial nerve, 1.51 ± 0.39 mm for the glossopharyngeal nerve, and 1.63 ± 1.15 mm for the vagus nerve. The volume of central myelin portion was 24.54 ± 9.82 mm(3) in trigeminal nerve; 4.43 ± 2.55 mm(3) in facial nerve; 1.55 ± 1.08 mm(3) in glossopharyngeal nerve; 2.56 ± 1.32 mm(3) in vagus nerve. Correlations (p < 0.001) have been found between the length or volume of central myelin portions of the trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves and incidences of the corresponding diseases. At present it is rather well-established that primary trigeminal neuralgia, hemifacial spasm and vago-glossopharyngeal neuralgia have as one of the main causes a vascular compression. The strong correlations found between the lengths and volumes of the central myelin portions of the nerves and the incidences of the corresponding diseases is a plea for the role played by this anatomical region in the mechanism of these diseases.

Clinical research on the relationship of TCM Syndrome type and blood lipids, blood uric acid

Objective To study the relationship between blood lipids, blood uric acid and hypertension.Methods 118 patients with hypertension, the TCM Syndrome type were collected. 20 cases over the same period were selected as the healthy control group. The total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides ( TG ), serum uric acid (SUA) were detected. Blood lipids, blood uric acid levels and abnormal rate in various syndromes of hypertension group and control group were compared.Results Of hypertension and high blood pressure phlegm dampness Yinxuyangkang card lipids, SUA exception caught was higher(P ＜ 0.05) lower blood pressure and SUA abnormal deficiency of both yin and yang( P ＜ 0.05 ). Yin card,phlegm dampness card ,anger Kang Sheng card TC higher(P ＜0.01 ) ;phlegm dampness syndromes TG than hyperactivity syndrome(P ＜0.05) ;high deficiency of both yin and yang type of blood pressure,HDL-C lower than the control group and other syndromes of hypertension(P ＜0.05 or ＜0.01 ) deficiency of both yin and yang type of high blood pressure higher than other groups SUA and other syndromes of hypertension the control group ( P ＜ 0. 01 ).Conclusion In patients with hypertension,the elevated TG was corralated with the phlegm dampness,and the phlegm dampness could be used as evidence of high blood pressure reference. HDL-C decreased,SUA increased with the yin and yang,and it could be used as the reference to deficiency of both yin and yang. Key words: Hypertension; Syndromes; Lipids; Blood uric acid