Oral Cavity Hygiene Research Articles

Prevalence of Entamoeba gingivalis Among Patients Attending Dental Clinics in Wasit Province

Gingivitis and periodontitis are two inflammatory illnesses that are also considered infectious diseases in the context of periodontal disease diagnosis, periodontitis is a widespread oral illness that affects people all over the world .The current study used the wet mount technique with physiological saline and Giemsa stain to ascertain the incidence of Entamoeba gingivalis among 30 subjects (15 men and 15 females). (73%), E. gingivalis was prevalent overall (21 - 30) year olds had the highest frequency of E. gingivalis (54.55%). Infection was highly significant in female (59%) than male (41%). The conclusion that periodontal disease has a higher prevalence of E. gingivalis. The presence of E. gingivalis in the oral cavity is interpreted as an indication of inadequate dental hygiene, even though it is not often linked to pathogenesis. It is important to emphasise that patients' oral hygiene practices are not up to scratch. They employ mostly ineffective oral cavity hygiene products.

Education and training on dental and oral health as well as clean and healthy lifestyle for children

Oral health status remains a pressing concern in Indonesia, demanding urgent attention. This stems from low public awareness and understanding of the significance of dental care, high treatment costs, and a tendency among dental practitioners to prioritize treatment over prevention. This community service initiative aimed to enhance knowledge, awareness, and promote healthy lifestyle habits among children in Dusun Pakelan, Desa Sumberarum, Moyudan, Sleman, DIY. The implementation method involved five stages: education and practice of Healthy Lifestyle and Behavior (PHBS), counseling and practice of oral health (KESGILUT), distribution of free toothbrushes and toothpaste, and group exercise. The outcomes revealed a 15.17% improvement in children's knowledge, awareness, and skills regarding oral cavity hygiene. Healthy lifestyle behaviors also witnessed an improvement, with an 8.95% increase in knowledge.

INDEX ASSESSMENT OF PERIODONTAL TISSUE AND ORAL HYGIENE OF PATIENTS AT THE PREOPERATIVE STAGE OF TREATMENT OF GENERALIZED PERIODONTITIS II-III DEGREE

A significant concern in modern dentistry is the increasing prevalence of periodontitis among the Ukrainian population. At present, there is a high frequency of diagnosis for initial-І degree and II-degree periodontitis in our country. However, a comprehensive comparative chronological analysis of index evaluation of periodontal tissues before the beginning of surgical treatment of generalized periodontitis of II and III degree of severity and after its completion has not yet been carried out, which determined the relevance of this study. Therefore, this study aims to address this gap in the literature.
 The aim of the study was to evaluate the state of periodontal tissues of patients at the preoperative stage of generalized periodontitis ІІ-ІІІІ degree treatment using periodontal and hygienic indices.
 Materials and Methods. Analysis of periodontal indices (PMA, PBI, Rtg-index, HEC, and tooth mobility
 score) was performed in 39 patients with GP II degree and 21 patients with GP III degree. Assessment of oral cavity hygiene by the OHI-S index was performed in patients with GP II-III degree and compared with data from 30 practically healthy people without dental diseases. The classification of M.F. Danilevsky (1994) with the additions of I.S. Mashchenko (2002) was used to evaluate the condition of periodontal tissues. Statistical processing of the research results was carried out using the software packages for statistical analysis of data from biomedical research “Microsoft Excel” and “Statistica”.
 Results and Discussion. As a result of the study, it was found that the values of periodontal indices: PMA ranged from 49.90±2.28% in patients with GP II degree to 64.25±3.22% in patients with GP III degree, p<0.01; PBI in patients with GP III degree was 1.2 times lower than in patients with GP II degree (2.39±0.05 points vs. 2.86±0.07 points, p<0.01; tooth mobility in patients with GP II degree was 2.00±0.10 points and was 1.5 times lower than in patients with GP III degree (2. 98±0.13 points), p<0.01; the value of HEC in patients with GP III degree was 1.5 times higher than in patients with GP II degree (3.57±0.10 mm vs. 2.45±0.08 mm, p<0.01); the values of Rtg-index in patients with GP ranged from 2.45±0.08 points in patients with GP II degree to 1.49±0.06 points in patients with GP III degree. According to the OHI-S index, in the control group and in patients with GP II degree, the values of the analyzed parameter were 1.82±0.13 points and 2.26±0.14 points, p<0. 05, while in patients with GP III degree the value of OHI-S index (2.92±0.16 points) corresponded to poor hygiene of oral cavity and exceeded the value in the control group by 1.6 times, p<0.01, and in patients with GP II degree by 1.3 times, p1<0.01.
 Conclusions. Thus, the need for comprehensive treatment of GP II-III degree was emphasized by high index scores of periodontal indices, which in patients with GP III degree were significantly higher compared with similar data in patients with GP II degree, p<0.01. The assessment of the hygienic state of the oral cavity in patients of both the comparison group and patients with advanced forms of GP degree the need to strengthen and improve individual, professional and motivational measures in this cohort of subjects.

Results of the study of source conditions indicative factors of parodontal status and local immunity of oral cavity besides flying personnel of the civil aviation

AIM. Study the source condition of parodontal structures and local immunity of oral cavity besides flying composition of the civil aviation for the reason improvements of the algorithm treatment-preventive action of dentistry nature.MATERIALS AND METHODS. Organized parodontology and immunology examination of the oral cavity beside 120 flying personnel on the base of physician-sanitary part of International airport Dushanbe. Examined contingent was divided into 5 groups: flight personnel with chronic gingivitis of the light degree of gravity; with chronic gingivitis of the average degree of gravity; with chronic parodontitis of the light degree of gravity; with chronic parodontitis of the average degree of gravity: checking group of the flying composition with sound parodont. They were researched particularities of the clinical current of the chronic gingivitis and parodontitis with using of hygienic and parodontology factors and immunology condition of oral cavity.RESULTS. Inflammatory parodontal diseases beside flying composition with chronic gingivitis and parodontitis of the average degree of gravity (II, IV groups) runs more gravely, with expressed inflammatory reaction of near teeth tissues and disorders of the hygiene of oral cavity, in contrast with flying contingent I and III groups. At study of immunological conditions of oral cavity besides flying personnel of IV group revealed reduction of lysosome activity and increasing of immunoglobulin level that is indicative of reduction humeral protection of oral cavity.CONCLUSION. Called studies have shown that PMA-index, bleeding and hygiene of oral cavity indexes with high degree of validity increased, but importance of the lysosome activity reduced on the base of increasing immunoglobulin of oral liquid beside flying composition with chronic parodontitis light and average degree of gravity.

Local Factors for Development of Denture Stomatitis and Strategies for Their Management

One of the most frequent diseases of oral cavity in elderly people that use removable dentures is denture stomatitis. Large set of local factors predispose towards the occurrence of denture stomatitis – quantity and Ph of saliva, violations of oral mucosa integrity, surface characteristics of the denture base materials, the maintenance of dentures and oral cavity hygiene, the period of using one and the same dentures, etc. Development of denture stomatitis can deteriorate not only the oral health but general health status of patients, hence their quality of life. This predefines problem’s great social significance. The purpose of this review was to analyse the local factors that make impact on development of denture stomatitis in complete dentures wearers, the contemporary prevention strategies and the role of the patients in their realization. Successful prevention of the disease could be achieved with the application of complex approach that includes evaluation of all the general and local factors and implementation of multi-component strategy for the management of their influence. The active collaboration with patient is essential for successful prevention of the denture stomatitis. Keywords: denture stomatitis; local factors; strategies for prevention

Evaluating the Effect of Coconut Oil Pulling On PlaqueInduced Gingivitis among Young Adolescent Age Group: A Cross Sectional Study

Ayurveda medicines which is based on plantsare used for millennia for treatment of a variety of diseases which includes periodontal diseases. Most of the herbal mouthwashes have been showing positive results like reducing inflammationand bleeding of the periodontal ligament. Thisclinical study’s objective was to evaluate the efficacy of a conventional oil pulling method which uses coconut oil for the treatment of the gingivitis induced by plaque. Materials and Methods: In this study thirty-five agematched individuals (nineteen–twentyone years old) with gingivitis caused by plaque were selected. All registered participants are advised to use five millilitres of edible coconut oil for a five-minute oil pull every morning, on an empty stomach, shortly before brushing their teeth. At baseline, the fifteenthandthirtythday clinical indications such as gingival and plaque index scores were regularly evaluated. SPSS software version was utilized to analyze the data using the student paired t-test. Result:Throughout the trial period, afterpulling with coconut oil there was no unfavorable side effects reported by any of the study participants From the baseline, the fifteenth and the thirtythday, it showed a progressive and statistically significance decrease in plaque and gingival index of pre-treatment and post-treatment scores (P < 0.0001). Conclusion: Plaque production and the ensuing plaqueinduced gingivitis can be reduced by pulling using coconut oil as a supplementary tool for hygiene of oral cavity

THE EFFECT OF THE TREATMENT AND PREVENTION COMPLEX ON THE CONDITION OF PERIODONTAL TISSUES AND LOCAL IMMUNITY IN CHILDREN WITH CHRONIC

Introduction.Chronic catarrhal gingivitis remains a prevalent dental condition in children, which may subsequently lead to the development of periodontitis and tooth loss. The issue of selecting appropriate medications for the comprehensive treatment and prevention of inflammatory periodontal diseases in children with chronic gastroduodenitis remains relevant. Objective.To study the effectiveness of the proposed treatment and prevention complex for chronic catarrhal gingivitis in children with gastroduodenitis. Materials and Methods.Three groups of children were formed for the study: the first group comprised 10 somatically healthy children without signs of periodontal tissue inflammation, the second group included 20 somatically healthy children with chronic catarrhal gingivitis, and the third, main group, consisted of 20 children diagnosed with chronic gastroduodenitis and chronic catarrhal gingivitis. Results.Before treatment, all children were instructed in oral hygiene and underwent controlled tooth cleaning. Children in the third group were prescribed the treatment and prevention complex developed by our research team. The complex included brushing teeth twice a day after meals with Splat "Medicinal Herbs" toothpaste, mouth rinsing with Decasan solution, application of Cholisal on the gums, and Euro-Biotic Germina – 1 capsule twice a day after meals. Treatment of children in the second group was conducted according to protocols for 14 days. The dynamic observation was conducted before treatment and after 1, 3, 6, and 12 months by assessing Silness-Loe and Fedorova-Volodkina indices, PMA (papillary-marginal-alveolar), and PBI (papilla bleeding index) bleeding. Following the course of treatment and prevention complexes, children in the second and third groups exhibited improved oral cavity hygiene and periodontal indices; PBI (papilla bleeding index) and PMA (papillary-marginal-alveolar). Conclusion. The results of the study demonstrate that the treatment and prevention complex has a consistently positive impact on oral hygiene and the degree of periodontal inflammation, and after a year, the indicators remain better than the initial ones. We recommend prescribing the treatment and prevention complex developed by our research team for children with chronic gastroduodenitis once every six months.

Oral Streptococcus mutans load among Indian children with cerebral palsy.

The motor impairments of cerebral palsy (CP) are typically accompanied by subsequent musculoskeletal issues, seizures, and abnormalities of sensation, intelligence, communication, and behaviour. These kids have a lower capacity for regulating oral health because of their poor voluntary movements. Poor oral hygiene brought on by insufficient brushing and flossing, increased use of sugary foods, and orally administered drugs puts people at risk for periodontal disorders and dental caries. Poor dental health and rising therapy demands establish a sadistic cycle that affects patient overall health and wellbeing. The purpose of this investigation was comparing kids with CP against healthy kids of comparable age group and demographic situation in order to evaluate status of oral heath, current caries behavior using measurement of Streptococcus mutans concentrations in saliva, and treatment required. 204 study participants were divided into two categories: Category A and category B. Both categories consisted of 102 study participants. Category A consisted of study participants having CP while category B consisted of healthy normal controls with same age of same demographic features. Malocclusion, trauma, DMFS/defs, gingival index, and Oral hygiene score (OHI), and were recorded for oral examinations of al study participants However, no radiological assistance was utilized since minimal patient compliance existed in CP patients. When compared with the control category, the CP category had a higher detection of the DMFS index in the permanent teeth. The estimated defs for the CP category did not differ noticeably from the control category. In the CP category, status of hygiene of oral cavity was discovered to be substantially subpar. In comparison to the control category, the gingival condition of the CP category was noticeably worse. Treatment requirements were seen to require greater preventative care in the control category while, stainless steel crowns, pulpectomy and extractions were needed in the CP category. S. mutans was found in high concentrations in the salivary specimens of the CP category compared to the control category, indicating active dental caries and greater probability of further development.

A 3D Model of Human Buccal Mucosa for Compatibility Testing of Mouth Rinsing Solutions.

Oral mucositis is the most common and severe non-hematological complication associated with cancer radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or their combination. Treatment of oral mucositis focuses on pain management and the use of natural anti-inflammatory, sometimes weakly antiseptic mouth rinses in combination with optimal oral cavity hygiene. To prevent negative effects of rinsing, accurate testing of oral care products is necessary. Due to their ability to mimic realistic in-vivo conditions, 3D models may be an appropriate option in compatibility testing of anti-inflammatory and antiseptically effective mouth rinses. We present a 3D model of oral mucosa based on the cell line TR-146 with a physical barrier, characterized by high transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and confirmed cell integrity. Histological characterization of the 3D mucosa model showed a stratified, non-keratinized multilayer of epithelial cells similar to that of human oral mucosa. By means of immuno-staining, tissue-specific expression of cytokeratin 13 and 14 was shown. Incubation of the 3D mucosa model with the rinses had no effects on cell viability, but TEER decreased 24h after incubation in all solutions except ProntOral®. Analogous to skin models, the established 3D model meets the quality control criteria of OECD guidelines and may therefore be suitable for comparing the cytocompatibility of oral rinses.

Prevention of dental caries in children with Down syndrome

Objectives: to study the effectiveness of dental caries prevention of children with Down syndrome. Sixteen children with Down syndrome (DS) aged 7 to 16 years were included in the case-control study. Indices of dental caries prevalence (DMFT) and caries experience were studied, caries risk assessment was performed by applying Cariogram software. Dental caries (DC) prevention measures included: health education, guided oral cavity hygiene and topical applications of fluoride preparations. To the subjects of the research group (L₁, nr=8) topically was applied solution Gluftored, Vladmiva, that containing nanofluorides, and to the children of the control group (L₀, nr=8) was applied the fluoride varnish Belak-F, Vladmiva. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee and was conducted after obtaining written consent from the children’s parents or their legal representatives. Implementation of complex preventive measures over 2 years to children with DS in L₁ provided statistically significant reduction of dental caries and caries risk indicators in comparison with the L₀ group. Conclusions: The superior efficacy of complex preventive measures including topical applications of nanofluoride was demonstrated.

Особливості превенції ускладнень при застосуванні мостоподібних зубних протезів

Topicality. Dental morbidity continues to remain at a high level, the complication of which is partial loss of teeth. Orthopedic patient treatment after the manufacture of fixed dentures requires a special approach, since each orthopedic construction has certain retention elements for food residues and, thus, contributes to the violation of the hygienic condition of the oral cavity, the active formation of a biofilm with the phenomenon of «Quorum Sensing». One of the methods of optimizing the condition of the oral cavity and the periodontal tissues of supporting teeth is the use of photodynamic therapy. At the same time, the issue of using photodynamic therapy in the presence of dental prostheses in the oral cavity remains insufficiently studied, which determines the relevance of our research. The purpose of the study is to increase the effectiveness of orthopedic replacement of tooth row defects and prolong the period of use of fixed dental prostheses by using supportive photodynamic periodontal therapy of abutment teeth. Materials and methods. The research was conducted at the Department of Dentistry of the Institute of Postgraduate Education of the O.O. Bogomolets National Medical University, the Department of Dentistry of the National University of Health Protection of Ukraine named after P. L. Shupyk, and «Academic Dentistry» LLC, Kyiv. We observed 58 people of three age groups: 30–44 years, 45–59 years, and 60 years and older, including 22 men and 36 women with included dental defects, who were made bridge-shaped prostheses. The control group (III group) included 22 people of the same age groups with intact dentitions and physiological forms of bite, who had intact dentitions without clinically diagnosed periodontal tissue diseases and teeth affected by the carious process. 25 people (group I) underwent prosthetics after traditional therapeutic training and professional oral hygiene prior to prosthetics, and, according to clinical indications, periodontal treatment. 22 persons of the II group, were additionally prescribed photodynamic therapy of the periodontal tissues of the abutment teeth, which was applied before applying and during the period of use of orthopedic construction. For photodynamic therapy, the «Lika-Therapeut-M» dental system was used, which includes a laser with a wavelength of 660 nm and a toluidine blue preparation. To ensure the therapeutic photobiological effect directly in the periodontal tissues, before starting the photodynamic therapy procedure, professional oral hygiene was performed. The results. Prosthetics of a group of patients with the appointment of sessions of photodynamic therapy, which is applied before applying and during the period of use of orthopedic constructions in comparison with the results of prosthetics without any supporting periodontological therapy of supporting teeth, indicate an improvement in the hygienic state of the oral cavity, a reduction in inflammatory-dystrophic changes in the periodontal tissues supporting teeth during the period of use of orthopedic constructions, which allows to avoid recession of the gingival edge of teeth covered with artificial crowns and, accordingly, prolong the period of use of fixed orthopedic constructions. Conclusions. The use of fixed dentures due to the retentive properties of the intermediate part of the bridge-like dentures contributes to the deterioration of oral cavity hygiene and, accordingly, biofilm with the phenomenon of "Quorum Sensing", which requires the use of professional oral hygiene and effective oral hygiene lessons. In case of using artificial crowns, inflammatory and destructive changes in the marginal edge of the gums occur, for the prevention of which it is advisable to use photodynamic maintenance therapy of the periodontium of supporting teeth. The appointment of sessions of photodynamic maintenance therapy, which is used before applying and during the period of use of orthopedic constructions, contributes to the improvement of the hygienic condition of the oral cavity, the reduction of inflammatory and dystrophic changes in the periodontal tissues of supporting teeth during the period of use of orthopedic constructions, which allows to avoid recession of the gingival margin of teeth covered with artificial crowns and , respectively, to prolong the period of use of fixed orthopedic constructions. Keywords: bridge fixed dentures, prevention of complications, photodynamic therapy, periodontal tissues.

Assistance in Skills Training for Making Herbal Mouthwash Green Tea Leaves and Its Herbal Combinations for Posbindu Partner Cadre

The level of knowledge and awareness of the Indonesian people towards preventive efforts of various diseases related to the oral cavity and teeth has not been optimal. The importance of the role of self-effort in optimizing oral cavity hygiene and inhibiting the growth of various types of harmful bacteria that can lead to plaque formation, dental caries, causes of gingivitis, and periodontitis, such as: bacterial species Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis. The combination of green tea, cloves, cinnamon bark, and mint leaves containing secondary metabolites from the sterols, tannins, phenols, saponins, and flavonoids groups has traditionally been used as antibacterial, anti-plaque and anti-aviation. The purpose of this community service activity is to improve understanding of health and prevention of infections in the oral cavity and teeth, as well as assistance in training skills in making herbal combination mouthwash with simple formulations for Posbindu partners. This activity was attended by lecturers and students of the D-3 Pharmacy Study Program, Department of Pharmacy, Poltekkes Kemenkes Bandung. Changes in health knowledge and skills of Posbindu partners were evaluated by giving pre-test and post-test questions. In the results of the evaluation of health understanding and skills, there was an increase in the total score of Posbindu partners in the 1 st session of 20.41% from 67.35% to 87.76% (14 people were achieved, initially only 7 people exceeded the minimum score limit of 60.00%; N=14). Meanwhile, in the second session of Posbindu partners, the score increased by 28.57% from 63.64% (pre-test) to 92.21% (post-test) with the number of people who exceeded the minimum score limit of 11 people (post-test) from the pre-test results. the previous test was only 5 people (N=11). Thus, the better the health knowledge, attitudes, and skills of Posbindu partners in processing various herbal ingredients into herbal mouthwash products, it will create an increase in the degree of oral and dental health for the community. Keywords: Cloves, green tea leaves, mint leaves, cinnamon bark, herbal mouthwash.

Herbal Drug Compounds for Management of Dental Plaque and Gingivitis: A Review

Oral cavity hygiene has gained significance in recent years. Dental plaque is the community of microorganisms found on tooth surface as bio-film embedded in matrix of polymers of host and bacterial origin.Dental plaque is considered to be main causative factor for both dental caries as well periodontal disease. Although mechanical oral hygiene at home remains single most reliable means of cleaning teeth, however majority of people do not carry out regular activities like brushing daily due to unawareness of correct brushing techniques as well as duration hence use of mouth rinses has been widely advocated as an adjunctive treatment.Variety of antimicrobial mouthwashes are being used to treat plaque causing microorganisms however many times these mouthwashes are known give rise to adverse oral manifestations such as altered taste sensations soreness of oral mucosa/ tongue discoloration as well as staining.Herbal extracts have been used in traditional medicine for several thousand years as they are cheap and have little side effects.Herbal Medicine is still mainstay of about 75 to 80% world population mainly in developing countries for primary health care because of general belief that herbal drugs are without side effects besides cheap and locally available. According to World Health Organization, the use of herbal remedies throughout world exceeds that of the conventional drugs by two to three times.This article aims at brief description of common herbs such as Curcuma Longa, Acacia Arabica, Azadirachta indica Cymbopogon Citratus, Ocimum Sanctum, Salvadora Persica, Acacia Catechu, Aloe Barbadensis, Juglans Regia, Guaijaverin and their use. Herbs may appear to potential alternative to current treatment modalities however more research is required.

Change of parodontological status under influence surge of aluminum production

BACKGROUND: At present aluminum industry is one of leading branches of the economy of the Republic of Tajikistan. The ecological situation in condition of the modern industrialization and urbanization leaves to want best. Bad conditions of the labor render the negative influence upon tissues of the oral cavity, promotes more expressing intensity of the diseases of oral cavity. Specified aspects and define urgency of persisting studies.
 AIM: The value of the influence of risks factor of aluminum production on condition of parodontology status.
 MATERIAL AND METHODS: Conducted the complex dentistry examination with deepened study of parodontology status of 250 workmans male of Tajik aluminum plant at the age from 30 to 50 years and checking group from 230 persons similar age-sexual sign, not having contact with bad factors of aluminum production. At examination of the oral cavity used the standard method of World Health Organization.
 RESULTS: Analysis the results of clinical and epidemiological examination of aluminum plants worker allowed to reveal high prevalence of parodontal diseases. In the main group this factor formed 100% under importance of 89.73.76% in checking.
 CONCLUSIONS: In the main group established high level of importance of the index hygiene of oral cavity that is indicative of bad hygiene and insufficient level of motivations to its realization.

Mycetoma of the Head and Neck: A Re-appraisal

A neglected tropical disease, declared by the WHO in 2016, mycetoma, is a chronic granulomatous, mutilating and debilitating disease. Apart from affecting the lower limbs, it also affects the cervico-facial region, chest and abdomen. In the cervico-facial region, mycetoma of the paranasal sinuses, scalp, ear, and tongue have atypical presentation. Sinus mycetoma can be sequelae to allergic fungal sinusitis due to the raised intracranial pressure effects of mycotoxins whereas mycetoma of the scalp may present without discharging granules. Neglect of fungal sinusitis, chronic pain in the scalp can be detrimental in the long run. In the oral cavity, minor trauma and bad oral hygiene can contribute to mycetoma of the tongue or oral cavity, the latter being rare. Dental surgeons can also help in the early detection of mycetoma of the oral cavity and para-nasal sinuses, during dental examination. This article aims to review mycetoma of the cervico-facial region with the objective of addressing ways for early diagnosis.

Dental health in children of senior school age with functional pathology of pancreas: interdisciplinary character of the problem

60 children of senior school age with functional pathology of pancreas and 30 apparently healthy children of the same age were examined for the purpose of dental health assessment. Risk factors of development of lesion of pancreas were detected: irregular nutrition (41.7 %), burdened heredity (33.3 %), autonomic imbalance, in particular instability of vascular tone (13.3 %), massive helminth invasion (11.7 %). There were established the clinical peculiarities of lesions of the pancreas as well as signs of edema of the head of pancreas by data of sonographic method of examination. Factors of deterioration in the condition of oral cavity, teeth and periodontal tissue in the cohort of patients are: unsatisfactory hygiene of oral cavity (absence of a toothbrush, undurable and untho­rough brushing of teeth and tongue, inability to use dental floss for removal of uneaten food from gingival sulcus and spaces between teeth), as well as rare visits to a dentist with the purpose of prevention and treatment (46.7 %).

Fungi associated oral cavity hygiene and denture stomatitis: A review on diagnostic and treatment

Oral mucosal diseases, communications of opportunistic fungi with oral bacteria, host defense, and predisposing factors can affect oral hygiene. Denture stomatitis is a common inflammatory reaction with multifactorial etiology that is affected by oral hygiene. One of the most important factors that affect this condition is fungi, particularly Candida albicans. Accurate identification of etiologic agents of stomatitis at the species level is essential for selecting an effective drug and definitive treatment. The purpose of this article is to investigate the factors that are affected by oral hygiene with priority on the effect of Candida spp. on denture wearers.

Effectiveness of Guava Leaf Steep water against the bacterial growth of S. Mutans with Microdillution Method

Indonesia is famously known for its rich plant biodiversity with medicinal properties. Guava (Psidium guajava Linn.) is one of medicinal plants which can be used as alternative for treating diseases. Guava leaf contains flavonoids, saponins, and tannins, that can act as inhibitors against bacteria, antioxidants, and antibacterial. Numerous dental and oral diseases are caused by bacteria, one of which is dental caries. Principally, dental caries can be prevented by maintaining the oral cavity hygiene, chemically or mechanically, using antiseptics possessing antibacterial activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of guava leaves steep water against S. Mutans bacterium using microdilution method. The aim also included the investigation of inhibition concentration of guava leaves steep water. This research was experimental in nature, by using the guava leaves steep water as the sample with various concentrations (0.753%, 1.563%, 3.125%, 6.25%, 12.5%, 25%, 50%, 100%). S. Mutans was obtained from the laboratory of veterinary Universitas Syiah Kuala (Unsyiah). The results of this research revealed that the guava leaves steep water was effective in inhibiting S. Mutans with Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of 6.25% In conclusion, we would like to investigate the guava leaves steep water as a mouthwash in our research with a preclinical trial.

COMPARISON OF SALIVATION RATE AND VISCOSITY OF ORAL LIQUID IN ADOLESCENTS 15-18 YEARS OLD WITH CARIES, WHO STUDY IN DIFFERENT EDUCATIONAL ESTABLISHMENTS

Caries is the most widespread stomatological disease among children, teenagers, and adults. After their eruption, hard tooth tissues are under the constant influence of oral liquid, property, and composition of which constantly change under the influence of different factors, such as local and general. Local and general factors, among which there is the state of hygiene of oral cavity, presence of somatic pathologies, psycho-emotional state of patient and others, influence the indexes of oral liquid. Considerable influence of the development of pathology of hard tissues has increased the secretion of saliva, its viscosity. Worsening of these indexes speeds the formation of dental plaque and change of its microbial composition, which, in turn, results in the demineralization of enamel. Therefore, a study of the speed of salivation and viscosity of mouth liquid in teenagers with caries is a pressing problem for the further planning of prophylactic measures in them.
 Undertaken studies of the speed of salivation certify the difference of indexes for teenagers, that study in different establishments of education. Thus, among 15 and 16-years-old teenagers that attend school an index was higher for schoolchildren as compared to the college students (p0,01), which could be explained by better stomatological status for them: the school attenders had the compensated degree of activity of caries, and college students ̶ compensated, subcompensated and decompensated. For schoolchildren speed of salivation improves from the age of 15 to 16 (p0,01), and for the students of the college, it remains almost at the same level.
 Students of university at 17 and 18 years had an index of the speed of salivation, that met a standard and did not have a reliable difference in different age-old periods, but had a reliable difference when compared to the index of college students. Speed of salivation for college attenders decreased with age and had the worst result in 18 years old.
 Leaning on the obtained data, there is ap necessity of the study of this index, according to the degree of activity of caries. From all examined patients, the best index of the speed of salivation was in teenagers with the compensated degree of caries activity, the worst ̶ in decompensated. The students of different educational establishments have the educed reliable difference of speed of salivation. The worst indexes were found in the examined college students, regardless of the degree of caries activity. The received results need a more detailed study of the reasons of origin of the cariogenic situation of this contingent of teenagers. The viscosity of oral liquid has a considerable influence on the state of the hard tissues of teeth. Its increase results in the considerable accumulation of dental stratifications, increase in the amount of microflora that results in focal demineralization. We found the dependence of this index on the degree of caries activity in attenders of different educational establishments. The viscosity of the oral liquid increases with the increase of index of intensity of caries and reaches a maximum for teenagers with the decompensated degree of caries activity. The worst index is found in college students with the decompensated degree of caries activity. Even at the identical degree of caries activity, the viscosity of mouth liquid in teenagers, that study in a college is higher than in those, who attend school or university. The received results of research need a more detailed study of factors that influence on the origin of the cariogenic situation in the mouth cavity for college students.
 The results of our research testify to the presence of the highly expressed cariogenic situation in the oral cavity of teenagers, that study in a college that is expressed in the decline of the index of the speed of salivation and increase of viscosity of the oral liquid. Indexes that were studied deteriorate depending on age and degree of caries activity, and reach the maximum in 18-years-old college students. Both, speed of salivation and viscosity of oral liquid were the worst in teenagers with the decompensated degree of caries activity. The received results have to be directed for the development of prophylactic measures at this contingent to increase the resistance of hard tooth tissues for prevention of appearance and development of caries in them.

A higiene bucal de bebês edêntulos e sua influência na microbiota bucal: os profissionais de saúde devem preconizá-la? – revisão crítica

Introduction: The indication of oral hygiene in edentulous babies is still controversial among health professionals, being necessary the search of this recommendation and the standardization of information. Objective: To investigate critically the evidence related to the indication of oral hygiene for edentulous babies. Methods: The search for articles was performed in the PUBMED, LILACS and GOOGLE SCHOLAR databases, in order to assess the following question: "Can oral cavity hygiene of edentulous babies influence oral microbiota? A search in 8 books of Pediatric Dentistry was also performed. Results: 317 articles were found (167-PUBMED, 146-GOOGLE SCHOLAR and 4-LILACS). There were no primary studies that evaluated the effect of oral hygiene of edentulous infants on microbiota, which impair the conduction of a systematic review. Thus, it was included for this review six studies that investigated microorganisms in the oral cavity of edentulous infants and the role of salivary immunoglobulins. Among the textbooks evaluated, only 4 indicated the oral hygiene in edentulous infants. Conclusion: According to the data, there are no primary studies that assessed the effect of oral hygiene in the oral microbiota of edentulous babies. It is relevant to conduct clinical studies in order to obtain scientific evidence about the indication or no of the oral hygiene in edentulous babies.